Thesis (MIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Dans les technologies CMOS sur substrat FDSOI, la consommation de silicium dans les zones sources/drains des transistors par les étapes successives de gravure est un paramètre critique. La gravure plasma des espaceurs de Si3N4, qui a lieu après la gravure de la grille, doit permettre la fabrication d'espaceurs au profil droit déterminant la longueur effective du canal sous la grille tout en minimisant la consommation de la couche mince de silicium sous-jacente. De plus, l'état de surface du silicium généré par la gravure des espaceurs ne doit pas entraver la croissance de silicium par épitaxie nécessaire à la fabrication des zones sources/drains surélevées.L'étude des procédés actuels de gravure des espaceurs basés sur des chimies CHxFy/O2 nous apprend que le silicium est consommé par oxydation lors de l'atterrissage du plasma sur le silicium. De plus, l'analyse XPS montre que du carbone est implanté par les ions du plasma dans le substrat de silicium, et celui-ci empêche la recroissance de silicium par épitaxie. Nous sommes en mesure de réduire cette concentration de carbone sans pour autant augmenter la consommation de silicium par l'utilisation de post-traitements plasmas non-oxydants à base d'hydrogène.Fort de cette analyse mettant en avant les limitations des procédés actuels, nous avons développé et caractérisé des procédés de gravure des espaceurs de Si3N4 utilisant des plasmas CH3F/O2/He pulsés synchronisés. La modulation en impulsions courtes avec de faibles rapports cycliques diminue la dose d'ions énergétique reçue par le substrat, ce qui permet de réduire l'épaisseur de silicium oxydé ainsi que la concentration de carbone implanté. L'ajout dans le plasma d'un gaz contenant du silicium, le SiCl4 ou le SiF4, entraine également une réduction de la consommation de silicium grâce au dépôt d'une couche SiOxFy par les radicaux de la phase gazeuse. Le meilleur résultat est obtenu avec un plasma CH3F/O2/He pulsé à 1kHz et 10% de rapport cyclique auquel sont ajoutés 5 ou 10 sccm de SiF4 : la consommation de silicium est alors quasi nulle.Une méthode de gravure alternative basée sur l'implantation d'ions He+ et H+ suivie d'une gravure humide dans une solution HF a également été développée et évaluée pour la gravure des espaceurs de Si3N4. Ce procédé de gravure novateur ne génère aucune consommation de silicium et présente des résultats très prometteurs. / In CMOS technologies on FDSOI substrate, the silicon recess in transistor's source/drain regions caused by multiple etch steps is a critical parameter. The plasma etching of Si3N4 spacers, which occurs after the gate etch step, must allow the fabrication of straight spacer profiles which will define the effective channel length under the gate, while minimizing the consumption of the underlying silicon thin film. Moreover, the silicon surface state generated by the spacers etching must not prevent the epitaxial silicon growth used for the realization of raised source/drain regions.The study of current spacers etch processes based on CHxFy/O2 chemistries shows that silicon is consummated by oxidation when the plasma lands on the silicon surface. Furthermore, the XPS analysis shows that carbon is implanted in the silicon substrate by plasma ions, and that it inhibits the silicon epitaxial regrowth. We are able to reduce the implanted carbon concentration without any additional silicon recess by using non-oxidizing plasma post-treatments based on hydrogen.After identifying the limitations of current etch processes, we developed and characterized Si3N4 spacers etch processes using synchronously pulsed CH3F/O2/He plasmas. The modulation in short pulses with low duty cycles decreases the dose of high energy ions bombarding the substrate, which allows to reduce the oxidized silicon thickness as well as the concentration of implanted carbon. The addition in the plasma of a Si-containing gas, SiCl4 or SiF4, also leads to a reduction of the silicon consumption thanks to the deposition of a SiOxFy layer by radicals from the gas phase. The best result is obtained with a CH3F/O2/He plasmas pulsed at 1 kHz and 10% duty cycle with the addition of 5 or 10 sccm of SiF4 : the silicon recess is then almost zero.We also developed and evaluated an alternative etching technique, based on the implantation of He+ and H+ ions followed by a HF wet etch, for the etching of Si3N4 spacers. This innovative etch process does not generate any silicon recess and shows some promising results.

abstract: This thesis gives a detailed design process for a pulsed type thruster. The thrust stand designed in this paper is for a Pulsed Plasma Thruster built by Sun Devil Satellite Laboratory, a student organization at Arizona State University. The thrust stand uses a torsional beam rotating to record displacement. This information, along with impulse-momentum theorem is applied to find the impulse bit of the thruster, which varies largely from other designs which focus on using the natural dynamics their fixtures. The target impulse to record on this fixture was estimated to be 275 μN-s of impulse. Through calibration and experimentation, the fixture is capable of recording an impulse of 332 μN-s ± 14.81 μN-s, close to the target impulse. The error due to noise was characterized and evaluated to be under 5% which is deemed to be acceptable. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Aerospace Engineering 2017

Neuromodulation is being recognized as “technology impacting on the neural interface” And noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is becoming an interesting alternative for this interface. Transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) is emerging as an option in the field of neuromodulation as a technique that employs weak, pulsed current at different frequency ranges, inducing electrical fields that reach cortical and subcortical structures; however, little is known about its properties and mechanistic effects on electrical brain activity and how it can modulate its oscillatory patterns. Moreover, there is not clear understanding in how tPCS can affect cognition and behavior or its neurophysiological correlates as indexed by autonomic responses. This research looked at the mechanisms behind tPCS in four randomized clinical trials; the main aim of each experiment was to evaluate the effects of tPCS in quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and cognitive-behavioral testing by exploring different parameters of stimulation. Based in the findings obtained per experiment, tPCS can be defined as a safe and tolerable technique that modulates the power spectrum of qEEG signals by means of applied randomized frequencies in a pre-defined range, tPCS also facilitates connectivity in the area of influence by the electrical field and this has an impact on optimization of performance by decreasing reaction times (RT) in attention switching task and by facilitating wide-ranging network processing as in the case of arithmetic functioning. This work also delivered an insight about the potential that tPCS has for future clinical applications.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Metallic materials play an essential role in assisting with the repair or replacement of bone tissue that has become diseased or damaged. Metals are more suitable for load bearing applications compared to ceramics or polymeric materials due to high mechanical strength and fracture toughness that are exhibited by metallic materials. However, the main limitation in the application of these metallic materials is the release of the toxic metallic ions. The release of these ions is caused by the interaction of metallic materials with human body fluids. These ions react with body tissue, which might lead to various adverse tissue reactions and/or hypersensitivity reactions. Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys are one of the most useful alloys for biomedical applications such as dental and orthopedic implants because of acceptable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the use of these alloys in biomedical applications has of late come under scrutiny recently due to unacceptable revision rates of applications such as hip resurfacing and total hip arthroplasty designs. Failure analysis has demonstrated that solid and soluble wear debris and corrosion products resulted. This release of ions from the joints has resulted in adverse local tissue reactions. Laser-aided deposition is a material additive based manufacturing process via metallurgically bonding the deposited material to the substrate. Due to its capability to bond various materials together, it became an attractive technology. The principal aims of this study were to 1a) fabricate nanocomposite materials by depositing fluorapatite nanopowder onto the Co-Cr-Mo dental alloy using pulsed laser deposition and 1b) evaluate which laser beam energy and layer thickness, based on the exposure time period, would be applicable, and 2) evaluate bioactivity properties on biological material.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié des décharges nanosecondes répétitives pulsées dans une géométrie pointe-pointe à la pression atmosphérique dans l’air et dans des mélanges hydrogène-air. Expérimentalement, trois régimes de décharges ont été observés dans l’air à pression atmosphérique entre 300 et 1000 K : couronne, diffus et arc. Pour étudier ces différents régimes, nous avons tout d’abord simulé une décharge ayant lieu pendant un des pulses de tension nanosecondes. Nous avons montré qu’un paramètre clé pour la transition entre les régimes est le rapport entre le temps de connexion entre les décharges positives et négatives initiées aux pointes et la durée du pulse de tension. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons étudié la dynamique des espèces chargées entre les pulses de tension à 300 et 1000 K et nous avons montré que les caractéristiques de la décharge pendant un pulse de tension dépendaient très peu du niveau de préionisation (dans la gamme 109-1011 cm��3) laissé par les décharges précédentes. Nous avons ensuite simulé plusieurs pulses de tensions consécutifs à Tg=1000 K à une fréquence de 10 kHz. Nous avons montré que, en quelques pulses de tension, la décharge atteint un régime diffus "stable", observé dans les expériences. Nous avons ensuite étudié le régime de décharge de type arc nanoseconde. Nous avons montré que la fraction d’énergie de la décharge allant dans le chauffage rapide de l’air est de 20-30 %. A cause de ce chauffage rapide, nous avons observé la propagation d’une onde de choc cylindrique suivie par la formation d’un canal chaud, sur le passage initial de la décharge, qui se dilate radialement sur des temps courts (t 6 1 _s), comme observé dans les expériences. Ensuite nous avons pris en compte un modèle de circuit externe pour limiter le courant et ainsi nous avons simulé plusieurs pulses consécutifs pour étudier la transition entre les régimes diffus et d’arc nanoseconde. Pour finir, les résultats de cette thèse ont été utilisés pour trouver des conditions d’obtention d’un régime diffus stable à 300 K et à la pression atmosphérique. Puis nous avons étudié l’allumage sur des temps courts (t 6 100 _s) d’un mélange pauvre H2-air par une décharge de type arc nanoseconde à 1000 K et à pression atmosphérique avec une richesse de 0.3. Nous avons comparé les importances relatives pour l’allumage du chauffage rapide et de la production d’oxygène atomique. Nous avons montré que l’allumage par l’oxygène atomique semble être légèrement plus efficace et a une dynamique complètement différente de celle initiée par le chauffage rapide. / In this Ph.D. thesis, we have carried out numerical simulations to study nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges (NRPD) in a point-to-point geometry at atmospheric pressure in air and in H2-air mixtures. Experimentally, three discharge regimes have been observed for NRPD in air at atmospheric pressure for the temperature range Tg = 300 to 1000 K: corona, glow and spark. To study these regimes, first, we have considered a discharge occurring during one of the nanosecond voltage pulses. We have shown that a key parameter for the transition between the discharge regimes is the ratio between the connection-time of positive and negative discharges initiated at point electrodes and the pulse duration. In a second step, we have studied the dynamics of charged species during the interpulse at Tg = 300 and 1000 K and we have shown that the discharge characteristics during a given voltage pulse remain rather close whatever the preionization level (in the range 109-1011 cm��3) left by previous discharges. Then, we have simulated several consecutive nanosecond voltage pulses at Tg = 1000 K at a repetition frequency of 10 kHz. We have shown that in a few voltage pulses, the discharge reaches a stable quasi-periodic glow regime observed in the experiments. We have studied the nanosecond spark discharge regime. We have shown that the fraction of the discharge energy going to fast heating is in the range 20%- 30%. Due to this fast heating, we have observed the propagation of a cylindrical shockwave followed by the formation of a hot channel in the path of the discharge that expands radially on short timescales (t < 1 _s), as observed in experiments. Then we have taken into account an external circuit model to limit the current and then, we have simulated several consecutive pulses to study the transition from multipulse nanosecond glow to spark discharges. Finally the results of this Ph.D. have been used to find conditions to obtain a stable glow regime in air at 300 K and atmospheric pressure. Second we have studied on short time-scales (t_ 100_s) the ignition by a nanosecond spark discharge of a lean H2-air mixture at 1000 K and atmospheric pressure with an equivalence ratio of _ = 0:3. We have compared the relative importance for ignition of the fast-heating of the discharge and of the production of atomic oxygen. We have shown that the ignition with atomic oxygen seems to be slightly more efficient and has a completely different dynamics.

L'opération de précipitation oxalique du plutonium dans les usines de retraitement du combustible nucléaire est délicate à mettre en œuvre en raison de la nature collante du précipité. Dans l'idée de pallier ce problème gênant vis à vis d'une production industrielle, le Laboratoire de génie chimique et d'instrumentation du CEA Marcoule propose de réaliser cette opération en colonne pulsée à garnissage. Le précipité est alors confiné à l’intérieur des gouttes de l’émulsion et suffisamment loin des surfaces de l'appareil.Cependant si les surfaces en contact son en acier inoxydable, l'appareil s'encrasse invariablement. La thèse s'insère alors dans une démarche de compréhension fine de ces mécanismes d'encrassement. Bien que les travaux réalisés balayent l'ensemble du problème posé, la thèse est essentiellement centrée sur l’analyse du rebond des gouttes de l’émulsion avec les parois de l'appareil. Les résultats acquis permettent d’enrichir la base de données de la littérature dans une configuration peu usitée tout en ciblant les paramètres clés de ce type d'interaction. Les résultats montrent qu'utiliser en première approche, une colonne pulsée non optimisée et conçue intégralement en acier inox ne peut convenir pour réaliser l'opération de précipitation de radionucléides. Cette précipitation peut cependant être menée en s'orientant vers une technologie différente et brevetée à l'issue de cette thèse. Ce dernier point doit cependant être nuancé car l'exploration à des débits industriels de production n'est pas encore acquise. D'un autre coté, cela peut constituer un enjeu intéressant de génie des procédés. / The process dedicated to the oxalic precipitation of plutonium is very sensitive to the high sticking behavior of the produced precipitates. Therefore, the laboratory of génie chimique et instrumentation based in Marcoule in France puts forward the idea of carrying out the process in a pulsed column. In this way, the precipitates is confined inside in the droplets of the emulsion, far from the surfaces of the apparatus. Nevertheless if those surfaces are made of stainless steal the fouling of the column is inevitably observed. The thesis also introduces the concept and tools dedicated to a fine understanding of the fouling issue. Though the work carried out scans the whole issue, the thesis mainly focuses on drop bouncing. the results provide experimental data in a low-studied configuration and target the key parameters driving th bounce. The application of the these results point out that using an unoptimized stainless steal pulsed column for the precipitation of radionucleides does not prevent from the fouling. The process could still be carried out using another technology patented during the PhD. This last poitn needs more investigations. Especially, the CEA has work on the scale-up steps to design an apparatus wich could be able to porcess industrial flow rates. Bsides ths might be an interessing issue in process engineering.

Este trabalho tem como finalidade usar a técnica do pulso eletroacústico (PEA) para investigar a formação de carga espacial em materiais poliméricos utilizados na isolação elétrica, tais como, polietileno de alta densidade e o XLPE e a também investigar a resposta ferroelétrica do PZT durante o processo de polarização. O método de pulso eletroacústico é baseado na propagação do sinal acústico gerado pela aplicação de um pulso de tensão elétrico de 5ns de largura. Apresentamos todas as etapas da montagem do sistema PEA, a análise do sistema elétrico e o tratamento matemático dos sinais de forma obter urna melhor resposta do sistema. Iniciamos o trabalho utilizando duas amostras de PET polarizadas previamente no triodo corona. O par de amostras carregado com a mesma polaridade foi unido pelas faces carregadas eletricamente e foi determinada a origem do sinal obtido na interface inferior amostra-eletrodo. Confrontamos os resultados experimentais obtidos no PEA (com a amostra em curto-circuito) com a análise teórica o qual nos forneceu subsídios para determinar o sinal da carga que aparece nas faces da amostra e de onde o sinal era proveniente na interface. Empregamos a mesma idéia aplicada ao PET para determinar a origem do sinal na interface PZT-eletrodo, concluímos que a origem do sinal era proveniente do material de maior impedância acústica. Investigamos com a técnica do pulso eletroacústico, originalmente desenvolvido para polímeros, o chaveamento ferroelétrico de cerâmicas ferroelétricas. Abordamos o comportamento do decaimento da polarização ferroelétrica após a remoção do campo elétrico de saturação, determinamos a curva de histerese e o perfil do campo elétrico dentro da amostra quando se aplica rampa de tensão com taxa muito baixa e admitimos que o processo era quase-estacionário. Nos polímeros utilizados na isolação elétrica investigamos a formação da carga espacial no PE e nos materiais relacionados sob alto campo elétrico e em função do tempo de polarização. / The purpose this work was using to PEA method for investigation of the ferroelectrics response in PZT and space charge formation in polymeric materials (PE, XLPE) used as electrical insulation for high voltage devices. The PEA method is based on propagation acoustic signal generated by the application of a short electric field pulse, typically 5 ns in duration. Show all the steps of the experimental set-up PEA system, analysis of the electrical system and the mathematical treatment of the signals. Start up the work with double layer PET samples previously poled in corona triode with aim of determination of the origin of the signal obtained to in the sample-lower electrode interface and the experimental results obtained to PEA satisfactorily explain the theory. Make up his mind to apply a same idea to PZT, but only one sample it was poling. From that measurements with PET and PZT, is found that the signal come from of material biggest acoustic impedance. With the PEA method, in the first place development for polymers, it was investigated the ferroelectrics ceramics: ferroelectric switching, decaying of ferroelectric polarization after removal saturation electrical field, hysteresis loop measurements and the determination of coercive field. To obtain the electrical field profile through the thickness of the ferroelectrics ceramics it was applied ramp voltage method in process steady-state (low rate). The space charge formation in polymers under high electric field and in time function was investigated.

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegali, Gustavo Cesar Dacanal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T15:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hirata_TalitaAkemiMedeiros_M.pdf: 4514869 bytes, checksum: b65281144cb361473556f15e38d9a709 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Com o aumento da variedade de produtos em pó, produzidos por diversas indústrias alimentícias, há a necessidade de informações detalhadas a respeito do seu manuseio e processamento voltadas para a aplicação em diversos produtos alimentares. O aumento do tamanho de partículas finas pelo processo de aglomeração em leito fluidizado proporciona benefícios que incluem redução de perdas de finos e perigo ou desconforto na manipulação, e principalmente, melhoria das propriedades de instantaneização do pó, por exemplo, solubilidade, dispersão em líquidos etc. Os leitos fluidizados pulsados possuem uma série de vantagens em relação aos leitos convencionais, podendo-se destacar a fácil fluidização de partículas irregulares com tamanhos distintos. A pectina é muito conhecida como agente geleificante e vem sendo utilizada na forma de pó. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as modificações nas propriedades físicas da pectina em pó produzida por aglomeração em leito fluidizado pulsado. As condições ótimas de processo foram obtidas por meio de planejamento experimental, ou delineamento composto central 24. As variáveis estudadas foram temperatura do ar, vazão de ligante, velocidade de fluidização do ar e frequência de pulsação do ar. Obteve-se um rendimento no processo superior a 80% e o aumento de tamanho da partícula foi de quase 340%. O produto foi caracterizado por análises de umidade, instantaneização, dissolução, morfologia, distribuição do tamanho da partícula e do diâmetro médio, fluidez e fragilidade do aglomerado. O aglomerado se mostrou mais poroso e irregular comparado com a matéria-prima que é mais compacta e circular. As partículas aglomeradas apresentaram melhora na aparência, na fluidez, bem como nas propriedades de instantaneização e dissolução. Verificou-se também que a tensão na ruptura e o módulo de elasticidade do gel formado pelo produto aglomerado foram superiores ao gel da matéria-prima / Abstract: The agglomeration of food powders is commonly used to produce porous granules with higher wettability and dispersability. The agglomeration process promotes the particles enlargement and reduction of fines and result in some benefits, including lower rates of particles elutriation and danger reduction in handling or inhalation. Fluid bed agglomeration is commonly used to improve the instant properties of spray-dried food powders. However, the fluidization of spray-dried particles is characterized by cracks and channels. The pulsed fluid bed has some advantages over the conventional fluid bed equipment, including easy fluidization of irregular particles of different sizes. Pectin is widely used in the food industries as a gelling agent and has been used in powder form. The aim of this work was to study the changes in the physical properties of pectin powder produced by agglomeration in pulsed fluidized bed. The optimal process conditions were obtained by a full factorial design 24. The variables studied were fluidizing air temperature, binder flow rate, fluidizing air velocity and air pulsation frequency. Agglomerated process presented a process yield above 80% and an increase of almost 340% in the mean particle diameter. The product was characterized by moisture, wettability, dissolution, morphology, particle size distribution and mean diameter, fluidity and fragility of the agglomerated. The agglomerated was more porous and irregular compared with the raw material that is more compact and circular. The agglomerated particles showed an improvement in appearance, fluidity and the properties of wettability and dissolution. It was also found that the stress at fracture and modulus of elasticity of the gel formed by the agglomerated product were higher than the gel obtained from the raw material / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

L’interaction plasma-flamme résulte d’une interaction complexe entre processus physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques. Toutefois, dans la littérature, l’influence des effets hydrodynamiques est souvent négligée au profit des effets thermiques et chimiques. L’objectif de nos travaux est de mettre en évidence expérimentalement le rôle des effets hydrodynamiques des décharges NRP dans l’interaction plasma-flamme. La PIV est d’abord mise en oeuvre pour caractériser l’écoulement d’air et étudier l’interaction plasma-écoulement inerte. Cette démarche a permis de mettre en évidence les effets hydrodynamiques des décharges NRP, caractérisés par une onde de choc (1-30 μs) et un noyau chaud (30-500 μs). Ensuite, une chambre de combustion à volume constant est utilisée pour réaliser des expériences d’allumage par décharges NRP de mélange méthane-air en régimes laminaire et turbulent. Nous avons effectué simultanément la PLIF OH et la chimiluminescence OH*. Une analyse basée sur la vitesse apparente du front réactif est conduite afin de comprendre le mécanisme d’allumage et le plissement du front de flamme à mesure que le nombre de décharges augmente. / Different phenomena are involved in plasma-assisted ignition/combustion and result in a complex interaction of physico-chemical and hydrodynamic processes. However, in the literature, the influence of the hydrodynamic effects is often neglected and most of studies support chemical and thermal effects as the main mechanisms of interaction. The aim of this experimental study is to highlight the role of the hydrodynamic effects of NRP discharges for a better comprehension of the main mechanisms involved in plasma-flame interaction. PIV is performed to characterize the airflow and study plasma-inert flow interaction. This approach enabled highlight hydrodynamic effects of NRP discharges, namely a shock wave (1-30 μs) and a hot kernel (30-500μs). A constant volume combustion chamber is then used in reactive case to conduct single shot experiments of methane-air mixture ignition by NRP discharges in laminar and turbulent configurations. Simultaneous PLIF and chemiluminescence respectively on OH and OH* radicals are performed. An analysis based on apparent flame velocity of the reactive front is conducted in order to understand the ignition process as well as the observed flame front wrinkling as the number of discharges pulses is increased.