This thesis open the problematics of reading literacy and its development by project teaching. Dissertation is divided into two parts - theoretically and practically. In the first part there is described foundation of projects and project teaching, its history and advantages of its technique. Another topic is reading literacy, especially different concepts and ways of development by RWCT, creative drama and project teaching. Particular project is described in empiric part. Pupils of third class at primal school were observed during project. Qualitative and quantitative research is used in this thesis. The aim of research is influence of project teaching on pupil's motivation during the work with reading matter.

The dissertation refers to the issue of school evaluation. It focuses on the competence of a primary school teacher to develop self-assessment of pupils. The theoretical part is devoted to the personality of the teacher, his profession including the qualities of the teacher and the professional standard. Furthermore, the teacher's professional competences, the concept of teaching and the ability of reflection and self-reflection in the teacher's profession. Then, in this part, autor is dedicated to the personality of the pupil in the learning process, the climate in the classroom and the interaction between the pupil and the teacher. In conclusion, the author focuses on the evaluation in the learning process, the objectives of the evaluation and its types. Particular attention is paid to formative assessment, especially self-evaluation of pupils, methods and methods of implementation. The research part presents the results of the research, for which the qualitative design of the case study was used. The subject of the survey was the evaluation competence of the teacher and activities aimed at self-assessment of pupils. The main objective of the research was to find out how primary school teachers develop the self-assessment of pupils in the learning process. In addition, the author has set several...

The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out the occurrence and the main causes of pupils' truancy at secondary school and the overall description of this negative phenomenon. The thesis is a case study of a particular secondary school. The name of the secondary school is not mentioned in the thesis for ethical reasons. The diploma thesis is of a theoretical- empirical character. The thesis describes truancy as a socially pathological phenomenon and its definition is not missing here. The causes and factors of truancy are also mentioned in the theoretical part. The legislative framework, the solution of the truancy problem and mainly the prevention, which is a part of the thesis, are not left out. The methods of a questionnaire and interview were used in the empirical part of the thesis. In the empirical part there is a subsequent evaluation, analysis and evaluation of the overall situation of the truancy occurrence at a particular secondary school. The research respondents were both pupils and teachers of the relevant secondary school.

This diploma thesis deals with the problematics of new media in the field of media education in the second stage of basic education. In the first part of the thesis, history of social media is presented. Their influence and conduct in society have changed with their mass growth. The development of media production presents risks which need to be faced through complex education of society; development of media literacy, digital literacy, critical thinking, and reading is therefore crucial. The theoretical part of this thesis describes how the age group of lower secondary education students utilizes media. Moreover, the reader is introduced to risks which adolescents face online, and subsequently, means of preparing students for these risks are devised. The second part of the thesis consists of three projects dealing with media literacy and critical thinking advancement. Students are learning to critically asses media messages and they examine all factors which influence message production. Furthermore, the students work with visual image material in a similar way, and they reflect on their own media and digital technology usage.

The work of teacher in excluded localities with Romany pupils is demanding, it requires a high degree of resilience, adaptability, perseverance and resilience. Children growing up in an environment of social exclusion have acquired values, habits and behavior patterns that make it more difficult for them to integrate into the school environment. A teacher from an excluded location should understand the acting and behavior of Romany pupils and help these pupils to successfully master the educational process. The aim of my work is to find out the specifics of the teacher's work in the excluded locality. The qualitatively oriented research is focused on the problems, that teachers face from Roman pupils in their education in excluded localities, their opinions on the education of Romany pupils and on their motivation to educate these pupils in an excluded location. Data are obtained using semi-structured interviews with teachers from excluded localities. The conclusion of my work is a discussion of the research results, where the information from the professional literature is compared with my personal experience and the respondents' testimonies. Keywords Socially excluded locality, Romany, Romany pupil, parent, teacher, education

Syftet med den här studien är att bidra med ett elevperspektiv på hur elever i årskurs 3 upplever att bli bedömda och hur de upplever bedömningsmetoder som är vanligt förekommande i svenskämnet. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har vi utfört åtta elevintervjuer på två skolor. Materialet har analyserats utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet och självbestämmandeteorin. Resultatet visar att eleverna upplever bedömning som positiv och motiverande när de har en förståelse för att bedömning är till för att stötta deras lärande. Resultatet visar att eleverna upplever återkoppling från läraren som en värdefull bedömningsmetod. Prov är den bedömningsmetod som skapar viss stress och oro hos eleverna men är ändå uppskattat som bedömningsmetod, eftersom de anser att det är ett konkret sätt att se hur de ligger till kunskapsmässigt. Eleverna upplever att både kamratbedömning och självbedömning stöttar deras lärande men det framgår att det krävs stödstrukturer för att inte bedömningen ska bli för generell eller konkret.

TITLE: Didactic use of knowledge, competence, learning strategies and habits acquired when learning English (L2) in teaching French (L3) AUTHOR: PhDr. Radek Vít DEPARTMENT: Department of French language and literature SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Marie Fenclová, CSc ABSTRACT: In the Czech Republic, French is most often taught as a second foreign language after English. Factors influencing cross-linguistic transfer (English - French) are analyzed. Its areas are delimited. By means of a questionnaire and an experiment, it is examined whether learners of French can make use of knowledge, competence, learning strategies and habits acquired when learning English to facilitate learning French and make it more efficient. The questionnaire revealed that 87% grammar school teachers highlighted similarities between English and French in subject matter in French lessons, 70% claim that their learners make use of learning strategies, metalinguistic competence and learning habits acquired previously in English lessons and 90% state that their learners make mistakes probably due to interference of English. After the experiment at grammar schools, the posttests showed that making use of activities based on similarities between the subject matter in English and French when presenting new grammar in French lessons does not...

As humans age, the attenuation of dopamine and norepinephrine neuromodulation in the fronto-striatal network could lead to deficits in decision-making and reward learning. However, the questions about the nature of how age-related decline in the dopamine and norepinephrine systems may alter decision-making and reward learning are not well understood. This doctoral dissertation used a multimodal approach to investigate the contributions of dopamine and norepinephrine in decision-making and reward learning in old age. The first study of this dissertation focused on how age-related decline in the norepinephrine system may affect anticipatory values and reward prediction errors during reward learning. Specifically, a probabilistic decision-making task was conducted, and a reinforcement Q-learning model was applied to investigate anticipatory values of choice options for each trial and individual’s value sensitivity. Potential psychophysiological proxies of norepinephrine functioning, such as task-related pupillary responses and locus coeruleus structural integrity, were assessed in younger and older adults. Results showed that after the choice options and feedback were shown, younger adults’ pupil dilations negatively correlated with anticipatory values, suggesting uncertainty about outcome probabilities. However, this effect was smaller in the choice phase and absent in the feedback phase in older adults, indicating impairments in value estimation and updating in old age. Although older adults showed a lower locus coeruleus integrity than younger adults, which might indicate reduced norepinephrine functioning, individual’s value sensitivity was only associated with task-related pupil dilations but not with locus coeruleus integrity. The second study investigated whether increasing the saliency of specific information of choice options may improve older adults’ decision performance during value-based decision-making and what the mechanisms of increasing information saliency could be. In particular, the saliency of outcome probabilities was highlighted using a color-coding scheme as a decision-aid in a mixed lottery choice task. Spontaneous eye-blink rate and pupillary responses were measured in younger and older adults as potential proxies of dopamine and norepinephrine functioning, respectively. In addition, the task-related pupil dilations also served as the function of cognitive demands during value computation. Results showed that older adults exhibited lower value sensitivity than younger adults; however, increasing information saliency benefitted choice behaviors in both age groups. Furthermore, the decision-aid reduced pupil size during decision-making in both age groups, suggesting decreased cognitive demands of value computation. The beneficial effects from the decision-aid were related to individual’s value sensitivity and the psychophysiological indicators of dopamine and norepinephrine functioning in old age. Lastly, in the third study, a time-vary drift diffusion model that includes starting time parameters was applied to fit the behavioral datasets acquired from the second study. It was aimed to better understand how increasing the saliency of outcome probabilities may affect the dynamics of value-based decision-making. Results showed that older adults started to consider probability, relative to magnitude information, sooner than younger adults, but that their evidence accumulation processes were less sensitive to reward probabilities than that of younger adults. These findings may indicate a noisier and more stochastic information accumulation process during value-based decisions in old age. The decision-aid increased the influence of probability information on the evidence accumulation rate in both age groups but did not alter the relative timing of accumulation for probability versus magnitude in either group. Taken together, the findings in this dissertation not only showed age-related deficits in decision-making and reward learning but also demonstrated that the psychophysiological measures such as spontaneous eye-blink rate, pupillary responses, and locus coeruleus structural integrity may serve as indicators of age and/or individual differences in dopamine and norepinephrine functioning during decision-making and reward-based learning. Moreover, the model-based approach further unraveled age-related alterations in the psychometrics and dynamics of the decision process. The present dissertation may help to identify mechanisms to promote successful aging and the discovery of understanding the role of dopamine and norepinephrine neuromodulation in many fundamental cognitive functions.

Problem och syfte: Vaccinationstveksamhet är ett uppseglande globalt problem och ett av tio prioriterade hot mot världshälsan. Elevhälsovårdens vaccinationer utgör en viktig del av elevers skydd mot sjukdomar. Ingen generell beskrivning av skolsköterskors strategier och arbetssätt med elever och vårdnadshavare som uttrycker vaccinationstveksamhet har identifierats och därför syftar aktuell studie till att belysa dessa. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med tio skolsköterskor yrkesverksamma inom grundskolor i delar av södra Sverige. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Huvudkategorin Att så ett frö för vaccinationsacceptans framkom i dataanalysen. Arbetssättet och strategierna riktar sig mot både vaccinationstveksamma vårdnadshavare och elever. Två kategorier Att respektfullt stimulera vårdnadshavaren till att överväga sitt beslut och Att möjliggöra elevens delaktighet beskriver detta arbete. Underkategorierna som relateras till arbetet med vårdnadshavare beskriver bland annat regelbundet säkerställande av vaccinationsbeslutet och individualisering av information. Underkategorierna som relateras till arbetet med eleverna beskriver bland annat insatser för motvilligt ovaccinerade elever och anpassningar till tveksamma elever. En tredje kategori Skolsköterskans kompetens används långsiktigt beskriver övergripande hur skolsköterskornas arbetssätt och strategier utförs. Slutsats: Skolsköterskors arbete är långsiktigt och präglas av respekt för vårdnadshavarnas beslut samt elevernas självbestämmanderätt ur ett barnperspektiv. Skolsköterskor behöver bygga en god relation med familjen och informera dem utifrån en bred kunskapsgrund. / Objective: Vaccine hesitancy is a growing global problem and one of ten prioritised threats to world health. The vaccinations in school health services make up an essential part of pupils’ disease resistance. No generalised description of school nurses’ strategies and methods with pupils and guardians who express vaccine hesitancy has been identified and therefore the aim of this study is to elucidate these strategies and methods. Methods: Qualitative interviews with ten school nurses working in primary schools in parts of southern Sweden were performed. The data were analysed with content analysis. Results: The findings revealed the main category To plant a seed of vaccine acceptance. The strategies and methods target both vaccine-hesitant guardians and pupils. Two categories To respectfully stimulate guardians to consider their decision and To enable pupils’ participation describe these strategies and methods. The sub-categories related to work targeting guardians describes regular checking of the guardian’s decision and individualised information among other things. The sub-categories related to work targeting pupils describes actions for unwillingly unvaccinated pupils and individual arrangements for vaccine-hesitant pupils. A third category A long-term initiative using the school nurse’s competence describes the overarching strategies and methods of the school nurse. Conclusions: The school nurses have a long-term strategy marked by respect for the guardians’ decisions as well as the pupils’ rights of self-determination from a child rights’ perspective. The school nurses need to build a good relationship with the family and inform them using a broad base of knowledge.

La détection des exoplanètes et de l’environnement d’étoiles jeunes tel que les disques de débris fait face à deux difficultés majeures : d’une part, la faible distance angulaire entre le compagnon (ou le disque) et son étoile hôte, et d’autre part, le contraste élevé entre les deux composantes en terme de flux. L’interférométrie est une des techniques permettant de palier ces deux problématiques en apportant une détection à la fois à haute résolution angulaire et à haute dynamique. C’est tout particulièrement le cas dans la mise en oeuvre de l’interférométrie annulante, aussi appelée interférométrie en frange noire, lors de laquelle on vient éteindre le flux de l’étoile principale grâce aux propriétés de cohérence de la lumière.On recombine la lumière issue de deux télescopes ou plus de sorte à faire interférer destructivement les photons provenant de l’étoile principale et constructivement pour les photons venant du compagnon ou du disque environnant. Mon travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre, avec l’étude de données observationnelles de huit disques de débris réalisées au Very Large Telescope, grâce à la technique interférométrique de masquage de pupille. Lors de cette étude j’ai réalisé la réduction des données interférométriques et une analyse des termes de clôtures de phase. Puisque aucun compagnon n’a été détecté dans les données, j’en ai déduit les limites de détection en termes de luminosité et de masse estimée à l’aide d’isochrones issue de modèle d’évolution.Ma thèse à également consisté en une composante expérimentale, avec la conception et l’étalonnage de l’instrument FIRST-IR (Fibered Imager foR a Single Telescope InfraRed) en laboratoire, à l’Observatoire de Meudon. Cet instrument est un interféromètre qui associe la technique de réarrangement de pupille fibré et la recombinaison de la lumière paroptique intégrée. Le type d’optique intégrée étudié ici est un composant optique planaire sur lequel des guides d’ondes ont été gravés. l’optique intégrée est de type nuller et prend en entrée le flux de quatre sous-pupilles. Les guides sont agencés selon une certaine architecture permettant de réaliser dans un premier temps une fonction annulante sur trois bases puis une mesure des franges d’interférence sur les trois voies annulées. J’ai réalisé un étalonnage complet de cette optique intégrée ainsi que des mesures de clôture de phase.En conclusion, j’ai pu montrer la viabilité de l’instrument FIRST-IR avec ce nouveau concept d’optique intégrée de type nuller. En particulier j’ai démontré que la mesure de la clôture de phase reste stable pour une cible point source, quel que soit le taux d’annulation interférométrique appliqué. / The detection of exoplanets and young stars environment such as debris disks deals with two major difficulties: on one hand, the low angular distance between companion (or disk) and its host star, and on the other hand, the high contrast of flux between the two components. Interferometry is one of the techniques that solves these two issues. It is particularly the case in the application of nulling interferometry, in which we extinguish the flux from the main star thanks to coherence properties of the light.My thesis work takes part in this context, with the study of eight debris disks observationnal data made at the Very Large Telescope, using the Sparse Aperture Maskig interferometric technique. I achieved the data reduction and the analysis of closure phases. As no companion was found in the data, I derived detection limits in terms of luminosity and estimated mass.My thesis also consisted in an instrumental part, with the conception of the FIRST-IR (Fibered Imager foR a Single Telescope InfraRed) instrument in laboratory. This instrument is an interferometer which associates fibered pupil remapping technique and integrated optic based recombination of light.To conclude, I have shown the viability of FIRST-IR instrument using this new integrated optic based nuller architecture. Particularly, I demonstrated that closure phase remains stable for a source point target, regardless of the nulling level applied.