《世說新語》在晚明時期（嘉靖至清初）造成空前之盛況，受到士人相當的重視與喜愛。就目前所知而言，單是《世說新語》原作的刻本，便至少有十八種。而《世說新語》之續作、仿作（世說體著作），更高達三十餘部之多；其中《世說新語補》一書，又有九種以上不同的版本。此外，嘗對《世說新語》原作、續作、仿作進行注釋、評點者，亦有十三家左右。至於為其撰作序、跋的文人，更是不勝枚舉、無從計數，甚至有一人撰作兩篇者。如此之盛況，乃歷代所絕無僅有。由此可知，《世說新語》在晚明確實扮演著相當重要的角色。　　 所謂季世，大抵均有若干類似之時代現象與特質。惟魏晉與晚明二者，實有更多相通之處。晚明文人便已自覺此點，如王宇〈清紀序〉論季世，即獨舉漢末魏晉與晚明對映。而晚明世說體著作乃至清言小品之蔚盛，更證明魏晉與晚明之關聯。因此，若以《世說新語》與魏晉時期的部分特質，觀照晚明之文學、思想、文化等現象，當不無所得。則晚明世說體著作，實頗值得吾人注意。 然而，現今對晚明時期的探討，不論是文學理論或士人風氣，皆鮮少觸及晚明世說體著作。晚明性靈思潮之興起，固與王陽明心學（王學泰州學派）之啟發及前、後七子擬古風氣之刺激有關，然其為何以此種面貌呈現？晚明文人為何以率真任性為處世準則？他們心中的理想人物典型又是哪些？而「清言」作品何以大盛於晚明？凡此問題，皆可自晚明世說體著作獲得啟發。事實上，晚明時期大量世說體著作的出現，即意味著《世說新語》與魏晉名士對當日文人而言，確實有特殊之意義。魏晉對晚明的影響，不僅是在文學審美興趣方面，士人思想風尚方面的影響，恐怕才是更為重大的。 在研究方向上，本文著重於魏晉與晚明彼此關係之探討，透過《世說新語》與晚明世說體著作的對照、比較，呈顯出晚明世說體著作的特色，並進一步反映出晚明時期之士人風尚與文學興趣。本文第二章探討晚明世說體著作之興起背景與原因；第三章分析晚明世說體著作之形式體制；第四章則自德行、言語、政事、文學、聰慧、賢媛等向度，論述晚明思想風尚及文學現象。希冀藉由對晚明世說體著作的研究，能發掘出其於晚明文學、思想、文化史中的意義與價值，並進而對整個晚明學術思潮、士人風尚及文學理論，有更為深刻的了解與掌握。 第一章　緒言 1 第二章 晚明世說體著作之興起 7 第一節 魏晉風流之企羨 7 第二節 短文小說之好尚 10 第三節 知名文士之推動 12 第三章 晚明世說體著作之體制 17 第一節 門類篇目 20 第二節 注文、小序、按語 27 第四章 晚明世說體著作之內容 47 第一節 德行 48 一、道德教化之編撰理念 54 二、細大不捐之選材標準 58 第二節 言語 68 一、清 71 （一）清之內涵 72 1、清與汙濁 72 2、清與雅俗 76 3、清與玄虛 81 4、清與風流 83 （二）晚明之清 88 1、名士風流之清 92 2、山林隱逸之清 97 （三）晚明世說體著作與晚明清言之關係 100 1、清言名義 101 2、清言形式 102 二、韻 112 （一）以疵為美 115 （二）多情率真 119 （三）任達放誕 123 （四）嗜酒耽色 127 第三節 政事 135 一、廣任才智之士 138 二、措意民生經濟 148 三、加強國防邊政 158 第四節 文學 160 一、文學詞章 162 （一）詞義兼備、文質彬彬 162 （二）文發於意見、詩本乎性情 164 （三）嚮慕魏晉詩文風韻 167 （四）推尊白居易、蘇軾 169 二、玄學佛理 172 三、博學多識 179 第五節 智慧 185 一、智 185 二、慧 196 第六節 賢媛 202 第五章 結語 213 參考書目 225 / During the Late Ming, the New Account of Tales of the World (Shih-shuo hsin yu) reached unprecedented heights in popularity; it was held in highest esteem by the era's scholars. Based on what we know now, there were at least 18 versions of the original printed edition of New Account of Tales of the World . Supplements and imitations of it numbered more than 30; among them, Addendum to New Account of Tales of the World had more than 9 different editions. Further, in comparisons of the original, supplements, and imitations, we find there are about 13 commentators and annotators. The number of scholars who wrote prefaces and colophons is too great to cite; in fact there was even one who wrote two. Such a profusion of interest was rare in the history of Chinese literature and it is because of this fact we can see what an important role New Account of Tales of the World played in the Late Ming. This paper focuses on a study of the interrelation between the Wei Chin period and the Late Ming. By comparing and contrasting New Account of Tales of the World with the Late Ming Shih-shuo form, unique characteristics of the latter are revealed as well as the tastes and literary interests of Late Ming scholars. Chapter 2 explores the background and causes for the rise in the Late Ming Shih-shuo form. Chapter 3 analyzes the structure and style of Late Ming Shih-shuo form. Chapter 4 discusses Late Ming trends in thought and literary imagery from several points of view: moral conduct, language, politics, literature, etc. Through this research, the author hopes to flesh out the significance and value of Late Ming Shih-shuo form on the literature, thought, and culture of that era and also gain a deeper understanding of Late Ming academic trends, scholar's proclivities, and literary theory. Chapter One: Introduction p. 1 Chapter Two: The Rise of Late Ming Shih-shuo Form p. 7 Part One: Admiration of the Wei Chin Style p. 7 Part Two: Affection for Short Stories p. 10 Part Three: Promotion by Famous Scholars p. 12 Chapter Three: The Structure of the Late Ming Shih-shuo Form p. 17 Part One: Categories of Titles p. 20 Part Two: Annotations, "Little" Prefaces, and Editorial Comments p.27 Chapter Four: Content of the Late Ming Shih-shuo Form p. 47 Part One: Moral Conduct p. 48 Section One: Theory of Compositions of Ethical Instruction p. 54 Section Two: The "Nothing Too Large or Small" Standard of Selecting Material p. 58 Part Two: Language p. 68 Section One: Purity p. 71 a. The Meaning of Purity p. 72 1. The Pure and The Polluted p. 72 2. The Pure and The Refined and Vulgar p. 76 3. The Pure and The Mysterious p. 81 4. The Pure and Matters of Style p. 83 b. The Late Ming's "Purity" p. 88 1. The Purity of the Rich and Famous p. 92 2. The Purity of the Recluse p. 97 c. The Relationship Between the Late Ming Shih-shuo Form and the Pure Language of the Er p. 100 1. The Meaning of Pure Language p. 101 2. The Form of Pure Language p. 102 Section Two: Deportment p. 112 a. The Flawed As Beautiful p. 115 b. Great Emotion and Candor p. 119 c. Unrestrained and Rash p. 123 d. Indulgence in Wine and Women p. 127 Part Three: Political Matters p. 135 Section One: Broad Employment of Men of Intelligence p. 138 Section Two: Attentitiveness to the National Economy p. 148 Section Three: Strengthen National Defense in Border Adminstrations p. 158 Part Four: Literature p. 160 Section One: Literary Works p. 162 a. If the Words and Meaning are In Accord, the Literature's Quality Will Be Elegant p. 162 b. Prose Comes From Ideas, Poetry From Disposition p. 164 c. Admiration of Wei Chin Literature's Charms p.167 d. Promotion of Pai Chu-yi and Su Shih p. 169 Section Two: Metaphysics and Buddhism p. 172 Section Three: Erudition p. 179 Part Five: Perfect Wisdom p. 185 Section One: Knowledge p. 185 Section Two: Intelligence p. 196 Part Six: Talented Women p. 202 Chapter Five: Conclusion p. 213 Bibliography p.225

The chiral vicinal diamine moiety is “privileged” and is widely found in catalysts and bio-active compounds. A series of seven chiral vicinal diamines with heterocyclic substituents have been synthesized with great enantiospecificity via the resonance assisted hydrogen bond driven diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction using 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and heterocyclic aldehydes as starting materials. This thesis will also discuss the development of a new guanidine-based chiral shift rea-gent for determining the enantiopurity and the absolute configuration of α-amino acids by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The chiral shift reagent is easily synthesized from the commercially-available 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaminoethane. This method is advantageous over many previously described procedures for determining amino acid enantiopurity as it does not require prior derivatization of the analyte.

The chiral vicinal diamine moiety is “privileged” and is widely found in catalysts and bio-active compounds. A series of seven chiral vicinal diamines with heterocyclic substituents have been synthesized with great enantiospecificity via the resonance assisted hydrogen bond driven diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction using 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and heterocyclic aldehydes as starting materials. This thesis will also discuss the development of a new guanidine-based chiral shift rea-gent for determining the enantiopurity and the absolute configuration of α-amino acids by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The chiral shift reagent is easily synthesized from the commercially-available 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaminoethane. This method is advantageous over many previously described procedures for determining amino acid enantiopurity as it does not require prior derivatization of the analyte.

No description available.

Personal archives are a largely neglected subject in archival theory. Among the consequences of this is the absenceof any general established or formalized practices when it comes to arrangement and description. Thisstudy opposes the notion that an archival institution without formal systems of arrangement and description doesnot order and describe archives in accordance with a general conceptual framework of a correct order. Supportingitself on the anthropological theory of Mary Douglas on dirt and cleanliness, it studies the implicit notions oforder that can be found in the archival descriptions of the personal archives kept by the Swedish national archives.Several patterns where revealed by the study: among them the primacy of quantity stood out. The vaguesystem of categories based on Martin Grass description model appears only to be employed loyally where quantitiesof the particular categories are such that they constitute complete volumes, which seem to be the cardinaljustifier of categorical division within the archive. The model itself is rarely applied with orthodoxy, and itsroughness often means that the categories engage in “border clashes” over which documents belong in whichcategory. Though these are often caused and generally determined by quantities, they also reveal an internalhierarchy of relations between specific types of records and categories. Furthermore, certain categories appearsmore stable than others, and when Grass system collapses, it reveals how certain of them – based on a principleof pertinence or theme – habitually fall out of use whereas categories defined by document types appear to remainfar more stable even in smaller archives and archives with low degree of differentiation.

The study, “Between honor and shame: Martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6-7 within the socio-cultural arena”, presents a look at how the community viewed martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 from the perspective of honor and shame. The chief objective is to determine whether or not the community supported or challenged the notion of the martyrs’ death being either honorable or shameful. In order to reach a satisfactory conclusion to this objective, this study set as goals the identification of key themes which shed light upon the views of the community in regard to the martyrs, as well as the investigation of the community’s understanding of honor and shame found in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42. This study incorporates a contextual analytical method comprising of an analysis of sociocultural vocabulary, an analysis of the socio-cultural vocabulary within the Greek text of 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 and a synthesis of the analysis of both the socio-cultural and the Greek context. As criteria for the study of the socio-cultural context the aspects of sacred-profane, pure-impure, the patron-client relationship and the relationship between individual and group(s) are implemented. Core-findings of this study may be divided into two main categories: evidence in defence of an honorable conduct during death, and evidence in defence of the dishonorable manner of death. Evidence in defence of honorable conduct during death, are: • The martyrs remain completely loyal and devoted to God (their Chief-Patron), His laws and • the customs of the forefathers. • They are portrayed as being bodily whole. • They safeguard their set-apartness. • They remain pure – especially in the ritualistic sense. • As individuals belonging to the collected identity of various groups, the martyrs prove themselves loyal and honorable. Evidence in defence for the dishonorable manner in which the martyrs die, are: • Torture was deemed disgraceful by the community and would therefore degrade honor. • Mutilation went into the very fabric of the wholeness of the body by destroying the bodily unity, thereby disqualifying a person to come into the realm of the sacred. • Certain members of the community would regard the martyrs’ rejection of the lesser patrons’ favor as disrespectful and therefore as dishonorable conduct. Despite this evidence, it is still found that the community could remain undecided on how to judge the martyrs and martyrdom. Therefore, it is proposed, and successfully implemented, that an emotional argument might be the key to tipping the scale toward viewing the martyrs and martyrdom as honorable. It must therefore be concluded that the community would have indeed challenged the notion of martyrdom being honorable, for torture and mutilations in themselves, were regarded as being disgraceful. Yet the community would have been persuaded to accept the honor of the martyrs because of their honorable conduct and the emotional appeal made by the author of Maccabees. / Thesis (MA (Greek))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Este trabalho apresenta a medida do espectro de energia dos nêutrons no núcleo do Reator IPEN/MB-01. Para tal, foram inseridos detectores de ativação na forma de diminutas folhas metálicas no núcleo do reator, na região moderadora, utilizando um dispositivo articulado que permite que as folhas fiquem posicionadas na posição central do núcleo do reator, garantindo que todas as folhas sejam irradiadas na mesma posição. Os detectores de ativação foram selecionados de forma a cobrir grande parte do espectro de energia dos nêutrons no Reator, para tanto foram utilizadas folhas de Au197, Mg24, Ti48, In115, Sc45 entre outras. Após a irradiação os detectores de ativação foram submetidos a espectrometria gama num sistema de contagem de Germânio hiper-puro, o que possibilitou a obtenção da atividade de saturação por núcleo alvo, um dos principais dados de entrada do código computacional de desdobramento de espectro unfolding SANDBP, que através de um processo iterativo, ajusta o espectro que melhor se adequa ao conjunto de dados de entrada do código, composto principalmente pelas taxas de reação por núcleo alvo obtidas experimentalmente e um espectro inicial de entrada, neste caso obtido à nível celular pelo código Hammer-Technion para a célula representativa do núcleo do Reator, fornecendo assim a solução do espectro. / This work presents the neutron spectrum measurements in the Reactor IPEN/MB- 01 using very thin activation detectors in the metallic form, in reactor core, in moderator region. An articulated device allows that the foils are inserted in the central position of reactor core, ensuring that all the foils are irradiated in the same position. The activation detectors of different materials such Au197, Mg24, Ti48, In115, Sc45 and others, were selected to cover a large range of neutron spectrum. After the irradiation, the activation detectors were submitted to a spectrometry gamma by using a system of counting with high purity Germanium, to obtain the saturation activity per target nuclide. The saturation activity is one of the main data of input of unfolding code SANDBP, that through an iterative adjustment, modify the spectrum that better agree with the dataset of code input, composition mainly for measure reaction rate per target nuclide and a initial input spectrum, calculated for Hammer-Technion code, supplying a solution spectrum.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The ageing state of the world's nuclear power infrastructure, and the need to reduce humanity s dependency on fossil fuels, requires that this electrical energy generating capacity is replaced. Economic factors, and its physical and chemical properties, make high purity iron-chromium binary alloys a strong candidate for use in the construction of the pressure vessels of the next generation of nuclear reactors. This relatively inexpensive metal retains the oxidation resistance property of so-called stainless steel alloys, and has demonstrated dimensional stability and low degradation under harsh experimental environments of temperature and radiation. In this work, we consider radiation induced interstitial damage to the atomic lattices of iron-chromium binary alloys using the atomistic modelling methods, Molecular Dynamics and Adaptive Kinetic Monte Carlo, simulating collision cascade sequences, and the migration of defects in the aftermath. Variations in chromium content does not effect the initial damage production in terms of the number of Frenkel pairs produced, but iron and chromium atoms are not evenly distributed in defect atoms with respect to the bulk concentration. In simulations conducted at low temperature, chromium is under-represented, and at high temperature, a greater proportion of interstitial atoms are chromium than in the lattice overall. The latter phenomena is most strongly pronounced in systems of low bulk chromium content. During the simulation of post-cascade defect migration, interstitials atoms are observed to form temporary clusters and vacancies align along adjacent lattice sites, with the two types of defect also migrating to annihilate by recombination. Calculating the energy spectra of cascade events corresponding to an example experimental configuration using the SRIM package, we investigated the evolution of lattice systems in which a sequence of multiple cascade events occurred, both with and without a physically representative time gap between events. These simulations gave us the opportunity to observe the behaviour of cascades in the proximity of damage remaining from previous events, such as the promotion of defect clustering when this occurs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07612.pdf: 5577228 bytes, checksum: 86856f19b569f944e37500784558338a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP