Os radicais livres são espécies químicas que reagem rapidamente com diversos compostos e alvos celulares, por possuírem tempo de meia vida muito curto e serem espécies altamente instáveis. A formação destes compostos constitui uma ação contínua e fisiológica, cumprindo funções biológicas essenciais as quais ocorrem pela perda ou adição de um único elétron a um composto não radicalar. Estas reações podem ocorrer em processos bioquímicos do sistema imune ou químicos, causando prejuízo às células através da destruição de componentes, como proteínas, lipídios, açúcares e nucleotídeos. Sabe-se que existem compostos que são efetivos contra tais espécies, prevenindo os danos provocados pelo estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar compostos heterocíclicos que possuam nitrogênio em sua estrutura (azóis), que figuram na literatura como moléculas exemplares de compostos de aplicação farmacológica de amplo espectro. Dentre estes compostos foram analisados os derivados de pirazóis (26 compostos), tiazóis (7 compostos) e 1 isoxazol (3,5-dimetilisoxazol). Estes 34 compostos foram avaliados pela metodologia ORAC (Capacidade de Absorção de Radicais Oxigênio) a fim de determinar e/ou de avaliar seu potencial antioxidante. A escolha do método ORAC se deu pelo fato das moléculas estudadas apresentarem características hidrofílicas e lipofílicas, além de ser um método validado pela literatura, disponível e de ampla aplicação. O método ORAC avalia a capacidade antioxidante da amostra, medindo sua habilidade de proteger a fluoresceína (FL) da oxidação pelo AAPH no meio reacional. O AAPH é um gerador de radicais livres que a 37°C retira hidrogênio do meio, promovendo a redução da fluorescência da fluoresceína em λ medido pelo tempo. Seis compostos apresentaram atividade antioxidante de boa à moderada: 3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol (2.382 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(4-fluorfenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.354 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(2-metoxifenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (8.739 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorofenil)-3-fenil-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.022,226 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-metoxifenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (3.135 µmol eq.Trolox/g); e finalmente 2-[5-(3-nitrofenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (2.700 µmol eq.Trolox/g). Os experimentos com o método ORAC para os azóis estudados apresentaram reprodutibilidade na execução experimental e demonstraram ser uma alternativa viável para estudos de moléculas sintéticas de potencial antioxidante. / Free radicals are chemical species that react rapidly with various compounds and target cells, as they have a very short half life and are highly unstable. The formation of these compounds consists of a continuous, physiological action, which includes essential biological functions and occurs through the loss or addition of a single electron to a non-radical compound. These reactions may occur in biochemical processes of the immune system, or by chemical reactions, causing damage to the cells through the destruction of components such as proteins, lipids, sugars and nucleotides. It is known that compounds exist which are effective against these species, preventing damage caused by oxidative stress. The object of this work was to study heterocyclic compounds that have nitrogen in their structure (azoles), which appear in the literature as exemplary molecules of compounds with a wide spectrum of pharmacological applications. Of these compounds, derivatives of pyrazoles (26 compounds), thiazoles (7 compounds) and 1 isoxazole (3,5-dimethylisoxazole) were analyzed. These 34 compounds were evaluated by the ORAC (Oxygen Radicals Absorption Capacity) in order to determine and/or evaluate its antioxidant potential. The choice of ORAC method is based on the fact that the molecules studied have hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics, as well as a method validated by the literature, which is available and widely used. The ORAC method evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the sample, measuring its ability to protect the fluorescence (FL) of the oxidation by the AAPH in the reaction medium. AAPH is a generator of free radicals which, at 37°C, removes hydrogen from the medium, promoting the reduction of fluorescence from fluorescein in λ measured by time. Six compounds present good to moderate antioxidant activity: 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (2.382 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(4-fluorphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.354 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (8.739 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.022,226 µmol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]-4-phenylthiazole (3.135 µmol eq.Trolox/g); and finally, 2-[5-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]- 4-phenylthiazole (2.700 µmol eq.Trolox/g). Experiments with the ORAC method for the azoles studied present reproducibility in the experimental execution, and have proven to be a viable alternative for studies of synthetic molecules with antioxidant potential.

Pyrazoles, isoindolinones, benzodizepinones and dihydroquinolinones are very important heterocycles for their biological properties. Many pharmaceutical agents include these units as core structures. Reactive molecules such as acyl azides, free radicals and formyl groups are used as key step reactants in these studies. Regiospesific hydrolysis and esterifications are used to reach target starting materials. Two different methodology are used for critical ring closure steps. Benzodiazepinones, and isoindolinones are obtained by base mediated ring closure reactions whereas thionyl chloride mediated procedure is used for dihydroquinolinones. Moreover, chloroacetonylation of the double bonds is also examined. Addition of acetylacetone to various alkenes was performed with in the presence of Mn(OAc)3 and HCl. Removal of one of the acetyl groups with ammonia under very mild conditions provided compounds derived from chloroacetonylation of the double bonds.

This dissertation covers two different topics within the area of diaza-containing aromatic five-membered rings: biimidazoles and pyrazoles. With the exception that both these subject matters are explored in the context of developing new anion binding agents, the background and research associated with these two topics are vastly different and will be treated as such. Chapter two, dealing with biimidazoles, focuses solely on expanded porphyrins, while chapter three discusses pyrazoles as potential macrocyclic building blocks and as diamidic-functionalized anion binders. The first chapter covers several different topics in order to put into perspective the diverse subject matter presented in this dissertation. It begins with an overview of some well-known expanded porphyrins. The synthesis, classical applications, and newer studies of the biimidazole synthetic efforts are then described. The third part of the introductory chapter covers the synthesis and applications of pyrazoles. The use of heterocycles with more than one heteroatom in the construction of expanded porphyrins is just beginning to be explored, and is the focus of chapter two. The synthesis of a novel expanded porphyrin is described and its applications are investigated. More specifically, chapter two covers the synthesis of several biimidazole dialdehydes and their condensation with three 3,3',4,4'-functionalized bis-[alpha]-free bipyrroles to form a series of novel macrocycles. The characterization of these new compounds has been investigated and is discussed in detail. Also presented are preliminary studies of their anion binding properties. Pyrazoles, the subject of chapter three, are another overlooked class of potential building blocks in the area of expanded porphyrins and molecular recognition chemistry. Pyrazoles have rarely been reported in the literature as being part of a larger molecular framework. Until this work, their anion binding potential had remained unexplored. Thus, the attempted incorporation of a pyrazole fragment into an expanded porphyrin framework is described. Second, and more significantly, the design, synthesis, and anion binding properties of a new series of diamidic pyrazoles are reported. / text

Access to abstract permanently restricted. / Aldol condensation to synthesize substituted chalcones -- Synthesis and testing of substituted 4,5-dihydropyrazoles -- Biological testing of synthesized 4,5-dihydropyrazoles. / Access to thesis permanently restricted. / Department of Chemistry

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The synthesis of two 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (where alkyl = butyl, octyl; [BMIM]BF4 and [OMIM]BF4) based on room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) is reported. The usefulness of these ionic liquids in organic synyhesis was evaluated through three reactions such as: (i) preparation of the N,N-dimethylenaminones (RCOCH=CHNMe2, where R = Ph, 4-Me-Ph, 4-F-Ph, 4-Cl-Ph, 4-Br-Ph, 4-O2N-Ph, fur-2-yl, tien-2-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrid-2-yl, CH(OMe)2, octyl) from the condensation reaction of N,Ndimethylformamide dimethyl acetal with methylketones; (ii) preparation of the 6-dimethylamino-1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxy-3,5-dien-2-one [CF3COCH=CH(OMe)CH=CHNMe2, from the condensation reaction of N,Ndimethylformamide dimethyl acetal with appropriated 1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxy-3-penten-2- one and (iii) N-alkylation reaction of 3,5-dimethyl- and 5-trifluoromethyl-3-methyl-1Hpyrazoles, from the reaction of the N-H pyrazoles with alkyl halides (R1 X, where R1 = Bu, octyl, allyl, benzyl, CH₂CH₂CONEt₂). The reaction time, and the yields were investigated and this method showed advantages over the methods described in the literature. / Neste trabalho é relatado a síntese de dois líquidos iônicos, tetrafluorborato de 1-alquil-3-metil imidazolíneo, com alquil = butil, octil ([BMIM]BF4 and [OMIM]BF4) e sua utilização como meios reacionais. A adequabilidade dos líquidos iônicos foi avaliada em três reações: (i) síntese de N,N-dimetilenaminonas (RCOCH=CHNMe2, com R = Ph, 4-Me-Ph, 4-F-Ph, 4-Cl-Ph, 4-Br-Ph, 4-O2N-Ph, fur-2-il, tien-2-il, pirrol-2-il, pirid-2-il, CH(OMe)2, octil) a partir da reação de condensação N,N-dimetilformamida dimetilacetal com metilcetonas; (ii) síntese de 6-dimetilamino-1,1,1-trifluor-4-metoxi-3,5-dien-2-ona [CF3COCH=CH(OMe)CH=CHNMe2, a partir da reação de condensação de N,Ndimetilformamida dimetilacetal com 1,1,1-trifluor-4-metoxi-3-penten-2-ona e (iii) reação de N-alquilação de 3,5-dimetil- and 5-trifluorometil-3-metil-1H-pirazol, a partir da reação de NH pirazóis com haletos de alquila (R¹ X, com R¹ = Bu, octil, alil, benzil, CH₂CH₂CONEt₂). O tempo reacional e os rendimentos foram avaliados e o método mostrou vantagens em relação aos outros métodos descritos na literatura.

This work describes an efficient method to obtaining new heterocycles from the reaction of acetalization of the ketonic carbonyl, followed by acylation of the enolether, generated in situ from the acetal derivative of 1,1-diphenylacetone, with trifluoroacetic anhydride, tricloroacetila of chloride, clorodiflúoracético anhydride, pentaflúorpropiônico anhydride in the absence of solvents. There were performed reactions of cyclocondensation between 1,1,1-trialo-4-alkoxy-3-alquen-2-ones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, forming, in general, the 5-trialometil-5-hydroxy-4,5-diidroisoxazóis. To obtaining pyrazoline compounds, was proposed the cyclocondensation between the β-ketones alcoxivinil (ou é β-alcoxivinil ketones?) and four different dinucleophiles: monohydrate hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, thiosemicarbazide and aminoguanidine carbonate. All compounds synthesized on this work, since the acetal to the final heterocycles are inedited and their structures were confirmed by RMN 1H e 13C data. In this work, were also performed antimicrobial activity tests of some compounds against microorganisms, wherein some showed significant result for bacteria of great clinical interest, Staphylococcus aureus. / Este trabalho descreve um método eficiente para a obtenção de novos heterociclos a partir da reação de acetalização da carbonila cetônica, seguida pela acilação do enoléter, gerado in situ a partir do acetal derivado da 1,1-difenilacetona, com anidrido trifluoracético, cloreto de tricloroacetila, anidrido clorodiflúoracético e anidrido pentaflúorpropiônico na ausência de solventes. Foram realizadas reações de ciclocondensação entre as 1,1,1-trialo-4-alcoxi-3-alquen-2-onas e cloridrato de hidroxilamina, formando, de maneira geral, os 5-trialometil-5-hidroxi-4,5-diidroisoxazóis. Para obtenção dos compostos pirazolínicos, foi proposta a ciclocondensação entre as β-alcoxivinil cetonas e quatro diferentes dinucleófilos: monohidrato de hidrazina, fenilhidrazina, tiosemicarbazida e carbonato de aminoguanidina. Todos os compostos sintetizados neste trabalho, desde o acetal até os heterociclos finais são inéditos e suas estruturas foram confirmadas por dados de RMN 1H e 13C. Neste trabalho, também foram realizados testes de atividade antimicrobiana de alguns compostos contra microorganismos, sendo que alguns apresentaram significativo resultado para a bactéria de grande interesse clínico, Staphylococcus aureus.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study describes the attainment of twenty three (23) bis-heterocycles derived from the Levulinic Acid: Bis-Pyrazoles (6a-k) by the reaction of cyclecondensation between the 3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-il)propanohidrazidamand a series of replaced β-alcoxiviniltrifluorometilcetonas. 1,3,4-oxadiazole 2-5-disubstituted (8-11) by reactions like [4 + 1] [OCNN+C], through the reactions of cyclecondensation between the 3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)propanohidrazida with different orthoesters as well as with carbon disulfide. It was also produced hydrazides (16c-d, g-h e 17c-d, g-h) derived of synthesized pyrimidines, to be used as precursorsn in the synthesis of bis-heterocycles, derivatizated of the reaction of those with some β- Ketones alcoxiviniltrifluormetil. The bis-heterocycles were obtained by the ordinary methodology, with efficiency between 61-97%.It was also gotten other original compounds (3i-k, 5), used as precursors in this study. The structure of these synthesized compounds were confirmed by the data of RMN 1H, 13C, besides the data of mass spectrometry. / Este trabalho descreve a obtenção de 23 novos bis-heterociclos derivados do Ácido Levulínico: Bis-Pirazóis (6a-k) a partir da reação de ciclocondensação entre o 3-(5-(trifluorometil)-4,5-dihidro-1H-pirazol-3-il)propanohidrazida e uma série de β-alcoxiviniltrifluorometilcetonas substituídas; 1,3,4-oxadiazóis 2-5-dissubstituídos (8-11) via reações do tipo [4 + 1] [OCNN+C], através de reações de ciclocondensação entre a 3-(5-(trifluorometil)-4,5-dihidro-1H-pirazol-3-il)propanohidrazida com diferentes ortoésteres, bem como com dissulfeto de carbono. Foram produzidas ainda, hidrazidas( 16c-d, g-h e 17c-d, g-h) derivadas de pirimidinas sintetizadas, para serem utilizadas como precursores na síntese de bis-heterociclos, derivatizados da reação destas com algumas β-alcoxiviniltrifluormetil cetonas. Os bis-heterociclos foram obtidos por metodologia convencional, com rendimentos entre 61-97%. Foram obtidos ainda outros compostos inéditos (3i-k, 5) utilizados como precursores nesse trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos sintetizados foram confirmadas por dados de RMN 1H, 13C, além de dados de espectrometria de massas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work describes the application of the method of trifluoroacetic anhydride acetal acylation to four new functionalized ketones: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 4-phenyl-4- oxobutanoic acid (3-benzoylpropionic acid), 5-bromo-2-acetylthiophene and 2- propionylthiophene. The acylated products were obtained as β-trifluoromethyl ketones alkoxyvinyl and β-diketones. The product derived from 2-propionylthiophene was obtained as dihydrate, 3,3-dihydroxy-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-2-butanone, its structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction crystallography. The acylated dielectrophilic precursors were cyclized with dinucleophiles hydroxylamine, hydrazine, semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide to form the corresponding 5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles, 5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles and trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole in good yields (>80%). The molecular structure of the synthesized products were assigned based on the data of 1H NMR, 13C and X-ray diffraction. / Este trabalho descreve a aplicação do método de acilação de cetais com anidrido trifluoracético, (CF3CO)2O, a quatro novas cetonas funcionalizadas: 6-metil-5-hepten-2- ona, ácido 4-fenil-4-oxobutanóico (ácido 3-benzoilpropiônico), 5-bromo-2-acetiltiofeno e 2-propioniltiofeno. Foram obtidos os produtos acilados na forma de β-alcoxivinil trifluormetil cetonas e β-dicetonas. O produto derivado do 2-propioniltiofeno foi obtido na forma de hidrato, o 3,3-dihidroxi-4,4,4-trifluor-1-(2-tienil)-2-butanona, sua estrutura foi confirmada por difração de raio-X em monocristal. Os precursores acilados dieletrofílicos foram ciclizados com dinucleofilos hidroxilamina, hidrazina, semicarbazida e tiosemicarbazida formando os respectivos 5-trifluorometil-4,5-diidroisoxazóis, 5- trifluorometil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazóis e trifluorometil-1H-pirazóis em bons rendimentos (>80%). As estruturas moleculares dos produtos sintetizados foram atribuídas a partir dos dados de RMN 1H, 13C e difração de raios-X.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / An efficient method to obtain pyrimidinones and pyrimidines trialomethylated from the cyclocondensation reaction of compounds of methyl 7,7,7-trihalo-4-methoxy-6-oxoheptenoate with urea and differents amidines providing the series of compounds pyrimidines and pyrimidinones trifluoromethylated and trichloromerthylated is reported.Some compounds of the series were selected and brought to reaction with hydrazine monohydrate obtaining the series of new 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-propanehydrazide, of which two were later brought to reaction with a series of β-alkoxyvinyltrifluoromethyl ketones giving the new series of bis-heterocyclic 4-[(5-(trifluoromethyl)-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-propan-1-one-3-yl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine compounds. The structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR data, and two-dimensional NMR techniques like HETCOR and COLOC, ans mass spectrometry data. / Este trabalho descreve um método eficiente para a obtenção de pirimidinonas e pirimidinas trialometiladas a partir da reação de ciclocondensação [3+3] dos compostos (7,7,7-trialo-4-metoxi-6-oxo-4-heptenoatos de metila com uréia e diferentes amidinas fornecendo a série de pirimidinas e pirimidinonas 6-trifluormetil substituídas e 6-triclorometil substituídas. Alguns compostos da série de pirimidinas trifluormetiladas foram selecionados e levados à reação com monohidrato de hidrazina obtendo-se a série de novas 6-trifluormetilpirimidina-4-propanohidrazida, das quais, duas posteriormente foram levadas à reação de ciclocondensação com uma série de β-alcoxivniltrifluormetil cetonas alquil e aril substituídas dando a nova série de compostos bi-heterocíclicos 4-[(5-(trifluormetil)-5-hidroxi-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il)-1-propan-1-ona-3-il]-6-(trifluormetil)pirimidinas. As estruturas de todos os compostos sintetizados foram confirmadas por dados de RMN 1H, 13C e técnicas de RMN bidimensionais como HETCOR e COLOC, além de dados de espectrometria de massas.