A divulgação de informação sobre qualidade das águas para um público não especialista é fundamental para subsidiar ações políticas e institucionais de gestão dos ambientes aquáticos. Para tanto, índices de qualidade de água têm sido propostos por serem capazes de sintetizar em um único valor ou categoria a informação normalmente descrita a partir de um conjunto extenso de variáveis químicas, físicas e biológicas de qualidade de água. A maioria das metodologias propostas para o desenvolvimento de índices de qualidade de água é baseada no conhecimento de especialistas quanto à escolha das variáveis a serem utilizadas, a ponderação da importância relativa de cada variável e métodos utilizados para agregar os dados das variáveis em um único valor. Este trabalho propõe um novo índice de qualidade de água, baseado em lógica nebulosa e direcionado para o ambiente lótico. Esse índice, o IQAFAL, foi desenvolvido com a colaboração de especialistas com ampla e comprovada experiência na área de qualidade de água. A essência do desenvolvimento de um índice, usando-se lógica nebulosa, está na capacidade dessa metodologia representar, de forma mais eficiente e clara, os limites dos intervalos de variação dos parâmetros de qualidade de água para um conjunto de categorias subjetivas, quando esses limites não são bem definidos ou são imprecisos. O índice proposto neste trabalho foi desenvolvido com base no conhecimento dos especialistas em qualidade de água do Instituto Estadual do Ambiente - INEA e aplicado aos dados de qualidade de água do Rio Paraíba do Sul, obtidos pelo INEA, nos anos de 2002 a 2009. Os resultados do IQAFAL mostraram que esse índice foi capaz de sintetizar a qualidade da água deste trecho do Rio Paraíba do Sul correspondendo satisfatoriamente às avaliações de qualidade de água descritas nos relatórios disponíveis. Verificou-se também que com essa metodologia foi possível evitar que a influência de uma variável em condições críticas fosse atenuada pela influência das outras variáveis em condições favoráveis produzindo um resultado indesejável no índice final. / The dissemination of information on water quality for a non-specialist audience is essential to support programs and institutional policies for the management of aquatic environments. Therefore, water quality indices have been proposed since they are able to synthesize into a single value or category information usually described from an extensive set of chemical, physical and biological water quality variables. Most of the proposed methodologies for the development of water quality indices are based on expert knowledge regarding the choice of variables used, weighting the relative importance of each variable, and methods used to aggregate data variables in a single value. This research proposes a new index of water quality, based on fuzzy logic and aimed at the lotic environment. This index, the IQAFAL, was developed through the collaboration of experts with broad and proven experience in the area of water quality. The essence of developing an index, using fuzzy logic is the ability of that methodology to represent, more efficiently and clearly, the limits of the ranges of the variables of water quality for a set of subjective categories, where these limits are not well defined or are inaccurate. The index proposed in this paper was developed based on knowledge of experts in water quality of the Rio de Janeiro Environmental Agency - INEA and applied to data of water quality of the Paraíba do Sul river, obtained by INEA, in the years 2002 to 2009. The results of IQAFAL showed that the index was able to synthesize the water quality of this stretch of the Paraíba do Sul, corresponding satisfactorily to the assessments of water quality described in the reports available. It was also noted that with this methodology it was possible to avoid the attenuation of the influence of a variable in critical condition by the influence of other variables in good conditions producing an undesirable result in the final index.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-10-05T18:24:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovana Vignoli.pdf: 5851191 bytes, checksum: 42b1c55a5895de392a8243bfa74f8643 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T18:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovana Vignoli.pdf: 5851191 bytes, checksum: 42b1c55a5895de392a8243bfa74f8643 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Estudos hidrogeoquímicos baseado nas variações sazonais da composição química dos rios podem investigar a origem e os processos que controlam a química das águas numa bacia de drenagem. A bacia hidrográfica do rio São João possui grande importância para a região dos Lagos, a mais importante região turística do Rio de Janeiro, abastecendo cerca de 700 mil habitantes. A fim de estudar sobre a qualidade da água e o comportamento das espécies dissolvidas nas águas desta bacia, foi realizado um estudo ao longo de 14 meses utilizando-se da estatística (descritiva, bivariada e multivariada) para discernir mudanças hidrogeoquímicas entre o período de estiagem e de chuvas. O índice de qualidade das águas mostrou que a água é boa no geral, porém, coliformes fecais e turbidez apresentaram valores de “q” muito abaixo da média, tornando preocupante o destino da sua utilização. O pH não mostrou grandes variações, excetuando-se dentro da represa de Juturnaíba, que atingiu 8,9 no período de estiagem. Os resultados mostraram que no período de estiagem, a concentração média de Al, Fe e Ba foram mais representativos. Já no período chuvoso, há uma diluição natural dos íons, enquanto que os alguns traços estão sendo liberados mecanicamente na destruição de matrizes geológicas devido e a força das enxurradas, aumentando suas concentrações. Os metais traços se mostram ligados à geologia regional, apresentando associações geoquímicas calcófilas (In, Tl, Cd e Bi) e associações representativas de rochas máficas (Fe, Cr e V). / Hydrogeochemical studies based on seasonal fluctuations in the chemical composition of rivers can investigate the origin and processes that control the chemistry of water in a drainage basin. The watershed of the São João river has great importance for the Região dos Lagos, the most important tourist region of Rio de Janeiro, supplying about 700 thousand inhabitants. In order to study on the water quality and behavior of the dissolved species in the waters of the basin, a study was conducted over 14 months using statistics (Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate) to discern hydrogeochemical changes between the drought and rainfall. The water quality index showed that water is good overall, but showed fecal coliform and turbidity values of "q" well below average, making the troubling fate of its use. The pH did not show significant variations, except for within the Juturnaíba dam, which reached 8,9 in the dry season. The results showed that in the dry season, the average concentration of Al, Fe and Ba were more representative. Already in the rainy season, there is a natural dilution of the ions, while some features are being released mechanically in the destruction of geological matrices and strength because of runoff, increasing their concentrations. The trace metals are shown connected to the regional geology, presenting calcophiles geochemical associations (In, Tl, Cd and Bi) and associations representing mafic rocks (Fe, Cr, and V).

Submitted by PPG Engenharia El?trica (engenharia.pg.eletrica@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-29T13:30:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO BENETTI_DIS.pdf: 5038519 bytes, checksum: 95fa8d1b367b574eee27e772a55a9a49 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-30T17:21:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO BENETTI_DIS.pdf: 5038519 bytes, checksum: 95fa8d1b367b574eee27e772a55a9a49 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-30T17:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO BENETTI_DIS.pdf: 5038519 bytes, checksum: 95fa8d1b367b574eee27e772a55a9a49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / Heart rate monitoring using Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals acquired from the individuals pulse has become popular due to emergence of numerous low cost wearable devices. However, monitoring during physical activities has obstacles because of the influence of motion artifacts in PPG signals. The objective of this work is to introduce a new algorithm capable of removing motion artifacts and estimating heart rate from pulse PPG signals. Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithms are proposed for an adaptive filtering structure that uses acceleration signals as reference to remove motion artifacts. The algorithm uses the Periodogram of the filtered signals to extract their heart rates, which will be used together with a PPG Signal Quality Index to feed the input of a Kalman Filter. Specific heuristics and the Quality Index collaborate so that the Kalman filter provides a heart rate estimate with high accuracy and robustness to measurement uncertainties. The algorithm was validated from the heart rate obtained from Electrocardiography signals and the proposed method with the RLS algorithm presented the best results with an absolute mean error of 1.54 beats per minute (bpm) and standard deviation of 0.62 bpm, recorded for 12 individuals performing a running activity on a treadmill with varying speeds. The results make the performance of the algorithm comparable and even better than several recently developed methods in this field. In addition, the algorithm presented a low computational cost and suitable to the time interval in which the heart rate estimate is performed. Thus, it is expected that this algorithm will improve the obtaining of heart rate in currently available wearable devices. / O monitoramento da frequ?ncia card?aca utilizando sinais de Fotopletismografia ou PPG (do ingl?s, Photopletismography) adquiridos do pulso de indiv?duos tem se popularizado devido ao surgimento de in?meros dispositivos wearable de baixo custo. No entanto, o monitoramento durante atividades f?sicas tem dificuldades em raz?o da influ?ncia de artefatos de movimento nos sinais de PPG. O objetivo deste trabalho ? introduzir um novo algoritmo capaz de remover artefatos de movimento e estimar a frequ?ncia card?aca de sinais de PPG de pulso. Os algoritmos do M?nimo Quadrado M?dio Normalizado ou NLMS (do ingl?s, Normalized Least Mean Square) e de M?nimos Quadrados Recursivos ou RLS (do ingl?s, Recursive Least Squares) s?o propostos para uma estrutura de filtragem adaptativa que utiliza sinais de acelera??o como refer?ncia para remover os artefatos de movimento. O algoritmo utiliza o Periodograma dos sinais filtrados para extrair suas frequ?ncias card?acas, que ser?o utilizadas juntamente com um ?ndice de Qualidade do Sinal de PPG para alimentar a entrada de um Filtro de Kalman. Heur?sticas espec?ficas e o ?ndice de Qualidade colaboram para que filtro de Kalman forne?a uma estimativa da frequ?ncia card?aca com alta acur?cia e robustez a incertezas de medi??o. O algoritmo foi validado a partir da frequ?ncia card?aca obtida de sinais de Eletrocardiografia e o m?todo proposto com o algoritmo RLS apresentou os melhores resultados com um erro m?dio absoluto de 1,54 batimentos por minuto (bpm) e desvio padr?o de 0,62 bpm, registrados para 12 indiv?duos realizando uma atividade de corrida em uma esteira com velocidades variadas. Os resultados tornam o desempenho do algoritmo compar?vel e at? mesmo melhor que v?rios m?todos desenvolvidos recentemente neste campo. Al?m disso, o algoritmo apresentou um custo computacional baixo e adequado ao intervalo de tempo em que a estimativa da frequ?ncia card?aca ? realizada. Dessa forma, espera-se que este algoritmo melhore a obten??o da frequ?ncia card?aca em dispositivos wearable atualmente dispon?veis.

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a promising thermomechanical technique that is used to modify the microstructure of metals locally, and thereby locally improve mechanical properties of the material. FSP uses a simple and inexpensive tool, and has been shown to eliminate pores and also reduce the sizes of intermetallics in aluminum alloys. This is of great interest for research on solidification, production and performance of aluminum alloy castings because FSP can enhance the structural quality of aluminum casting significantly by minimizing the effect of those structural defects. In the literature, there is evidence that the effectiveness of FSP can change with tool wear of the tool used. Therefore, a study was first conducted to determine the effect of FSP time on the tool life and wear in 6061-T6 extrusions. Results showed the presence of two distinct phases in the tool life and wear. Metallographic analyses confirmed that wear in Phase I was due to fracture of the threads of the tool and Phase II was due to regular wear, mostly without fracture. Moreover, built-up layers of aluminum were observed between threads. The microhardness profile was found to be different from those reported in the literature for 6061-T6, with Vickers hardness increasing continuously from the the stir zone to the base material. To investigate the degree of effectiveness of FSP in improving the structural quality of cast A356 alloys, ingots with different quality (high and low) were friction strir processed with single and multiple passes. Analysis of tensile test results and work hardening characteristics showed that for the high quality ingot, a single pass was sufficient to eliminate the structural defects. Subsequent FSP passes had no effect on the work hardening characteristics. In contrast, tensile results and work hardening characteristics improved with every pass for the low quality ingot, indicating that the effectiveness of FSP was dependent on the initial quality of the metal. The evolution of microstructure, specifically the size and spacing of Silicon (Si) eutectic particles, was investigated after friction stir processing of high quality A356 castings with single and multiple passes. Si particles were found to coarsen with each pass, which was in contrast with previous findings in the literature. The nearest neighbor distance of Si particles also increased with each FSP pass, indicating that microstructure became progressively more homogeneous after each pass. In the literature, the improvement observed after FSP of Al-Si cast alloys was attributed to the refinement of Si particles. Tensile data from high quality A356 ingot showed that there was no correlation between the size of Si particles and ductility. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time that the absence of a correlation between Si particle size and ductility has been found.

Ο χαρακτηρισμός της ποιότητας των χυτών κραμάτων αλουμινίου , γίνεται μέχρι σήμερα μέσω του χαρακτηρισμού της ποιότητας της μικροδομής, μετρήσεων σκληρότητας και πειραμάτων κρούσης και σε μικρότερο βαθμό, δοκιμών εκφυλισμού. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, προτείνεται ένας νέος εμπειρικός δείκτης για τον ποσοτικοποιημένο χαρακτηρισμό της ποιότητας χυτών κραμάτων αλουμινίου. Ο προτεινόμενος δείκτης αξιολογεί την ποιότητα ενός υλικού από την πλευρά του μηχανικού που σχεδιάζει ένα κατασκευαστικό στοιχείο και επομένως την αξιολογεί ως την ικανότητα του υλικού για μηχανικές επιδόσεις. Για την αξιολόγηση αυτή ο προτεινόμενος δείκτης συνεκτιμά την αντοχή και την ολκιμότητα του υλικού σε εκφυλισμό. Παράλληλα, για το χαρακτηρισμό της ποιότητας, ο δείκτης παίρνει υπόψη τη δυσθραυσότητα του υλικού καθώς και τη διασπορά των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων του υλικού. Η διατύπωση του δείκτη στηρίχτηκε σε έναν ευρείας έκτασης πειραματικό χαρακτηρισμό της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς σε εφελκυσμό καθώς και της μικροδομής των κυριότερων αεροπορικών χυτών κραμάτων αλουμινίου σε συνάρτηση με τη μεταβολή α) της χημικής σύστασης, β) του ρυθμού στερεοποίησης και γ) της θερμικής κατεργασίας αυτών καθώς και στη διατύπωση εμπειρικών συναρτήσεων για την εξάρτηση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των κραμάτων που εξετάστηκαν από τις παραπάνω μεταβολές των παραμέτρων χύτευσης. Προκειμένου να διευκολυνθεί η αξιοποίηση του δείκτη, διατυπώθηκαν απλουστευμένες προσεγγιστικές εκφράσεις που επιτρέπουν τον υπολογισμό του από δεδομένα των απλών πειραμάτων της σκληρομέτρησης και της κρούσης. Τέλος προτάθηκε μεθοδολογία δημιουργίας χαρτών ποιότητας με βάση τον προταθέντα δείκτη για την υποστήριξη της επιλογής υλικού όταν είναι γνωστές οι απαιτήσεις σε μηχανικές επιδόσεις συγκεκριμένων κατασκευαστικών στοιχείων. / Quality evaluation of cast aluminum alloys is currently made mainly by means of the met- allographic characterization of the alloy’s niicrostructure, hardness measurements, impact tests and, to a lesser extend, tensile tests, are involved, as well. Yet, the overall decision is not a straight forward procedure, relies heavily on the experience of the quality engineer and involves an appreciable amount of subjective judgment. In the present Thesis, a new empirical quality index for the quantitative evaluation of the quality of cast aluminum alloys is introduced. The proposed index evaluates quality which is regarded as the ability of a material for mechanical performance. The index evaluates the quality of a cast alloy on the basis of a balance between the material’s tensile strength and ductility with regard also to the material’s toughness. In the proposed index the scatter in mechanical properties is also accounted. The formulation of the index has been based on an extensive experimental characterization of the tensile behavior and the microstructural features of the main aircraft aluminum cast alloys by varying chemical composition, solidification rate and artificial aging treat- ment. To facilitate the wide spread use of the index, simplified approximate expressions of the index have been formulated as well. These expressions allow for the calculation of the proposed quality index based on hardness measurements and impact test results. The index has been also exploited to devise quality maps, which may be used to support material selection with regard to the mechanical properties required by the design office for a certain application.

For railways, risk analysis is carried out to identify hazardous situations and their consequences. Until recently, classical methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) were applied in modelling the linear and logically deterministic aspects of railway risks, safety and reliability. However, it has been proven that modern railway systems are rather complex, involving multi-dependencies between system variables and uncertainties about these dependencies. For train derailment accidents, for instance, high train speed is a common cause of failure; slip and failure of brake applications are disjoint events; failure dependency exists between the train protection and warning system and driver errors; driver errors are time dependent and there is functional uncertainty in derailment conditions. Failing to incorporate these aspects of a complex system leads to wrong estimations of the risks and safety, and, consequently, to wrong management decisions. Furthermore, a complex railway system integrates various technologies and is operated in an environment where the behaviour and failure modes of the system are difficult to model using probabilistic techniques. Modelling and quantification of the railway risk and safety problems that involve dependencies and uncertainties such as mentioned above are complex tasks. Importance measures are useful in the ranking of components, which are significant with respect to the risk, safety and reliability of a railway system. The computation of importance measures using FTA has limitation for complex railways. ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Possible) risk acceptance criteria are widely accepted as ’\'best practice’’ in the railways. According to the ALARP approach, a tolerable region exists between the regions of intolerable and negligible risks. In the tolerable region, risk is undertaken only if a benefit is desired. In this case, one needs to have additional criteria to identify the socio-economic benefits of adopting a safety measure for railway facilities. The Life Quality Index (LQI) is a rational way of establishing a relation between the financial resources utilized to improve the safety of an engineering system and the potential fatalities that can be avoided by safety improvement. This thesis shows the application of the LQI approach to quantifying the social benefits of a number of safety management plans for a railway facility. We apply Bayesian Networks and influence diagrams, which are extensions of Bayesian Networks, to model and assess the life safety risks associated with railways. Bayesian Networks are directed acyclic probabilistic graphical models that handle the joint distribution of random variables in a compact and flexible way. In influence diagrams, problems of probabilistic inference and decision making – based on utility functions – can be combined and optimized, especially, for systems with many dependencies and uncertainties. The optimal decision, which maximizes the total benefits to society, is obtained. In this thesis, the application of Bayesian Networks to the railway industry is investigated for the purpose of improving modelling and the analysis of risk, safety and reliability in railways. One example application and two real world applications are presented to show the usefulness and suitability of the Bayesian Networks for the quantitative risk assessment and risk-based decision support in reference to railways.

Background: Financial constraints challenge evidence of the effectiveness of dermatological inpatient management. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hospitalization in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis regarding initial and sustained benefits. Methods: Prospective study on adults with psoriasis vulgaris (n = 22) and atopic dermatitis (n = 14). At admission, discharge, and 3 months after discharge, validated outcomes of objective and subjective disease severity were assessed by trained investigators. Results: Hospitalization resulted in substantial benefit in quality of life and clinical disease severity. Looking at mean scores, the observed benefit appeared stable until 3-month follow-up. The analysis of individual patient data revealed significant changes in disease severity between discharge and 3-month follow-up with some patients relapsing, others further improving. Reasons for hospitalization and treatment performed were not related to sustained benefit. Conclusions: In psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, hospitalization effectively improved quality of life and clinical disease severity. Further research should focus on prognostic factors for sustained improvement. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

A pressão antrópica crescente impõe a necessidade de um monitoramento sistemático da água e de seus ambientes aquáticos. O desenvolvimento de Índices de Qualidade de Água (IQAs) tem como objetivo transformar dados em informações acessíveis e de fácil entendimento para os gestores e usuários das águas, visando refletir a deterioração deste recurso em nível de bacia hidrográfica e ao longo do tempo. O Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) adotou um novo Índice de Qualidade de Água para ambiente lótico, baseado em lógica nebulosa, o IQAFAL, desenvolvido no âmbito do rio Paraíba do Sul. O objetivo principal deste estudo consiste em aplicar o IQAFAL aos rios dos Macacos, Cabeça e Rainha, contribuintes da bacia de drenagem da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, de grande interesse sócio-político-ambiental para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Busca-se analisar a sua adequação em sintetizar a qualidade de água em bacias hidrográficas de pequeno porte e primordialmente urbana. Para tanto, utilizam-se dados físicos, químicos e biológicos do INEA, no período 2003 - 2010. Os resultados mostraram que o IQAFAL foi capaz de refletir a qualidade da água de modo satisfatório e compatível com os registros disponíveis e a percepção de especialistas acerca da real qualidade dos rios. Ou seja, este Índice se mostrou mais sensível às condições ruins, traduzindo a verdadeira condição destes corpos dágua, ao contrário do IQACETESB, que classifica estas águas como de qualidade mediana. Os resultados confirmam também as vantagens deste índice, observadas em estudos anteriores, sobretudo quanto à capacidade de identificar as variáveis de qualidade de água que são mais determinantes para o resultado final do Índice, através do estudo dos subíndices. / The increasing anthropogenic pressure imposes the need for a systematic monitoring of water and its aquatic environments. The development of Water Quality Indexes, WQIs (IQAs, acronym in Portuguese) aims to turn data into accessible and easy understandable information for managers and water users, in order to reflect the deterioration of this resource in terms of watershed, throughout the time. The State of Rio de Janeiro Environmental Institute (INEA) has adopted a new Water Quality Index for lotic environments, based on fuzzy logic, the WQI, developed for the study in the range of the Paraíba do Sul river. The main goal of this study is to apply IQAFAL to the dos Macacos, the Cabeça, and the Rainha rivers, which are tributary rivers of the drainage basin of the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, of a great socio-political-environmental interest for the city of Rio de Janeiro. The aim is to analyze their suitability in synthesizing the water quality in small river basin and primordially urban. To this end, we used physical, chemical and biological data from INEA, in the period 2003 to 2010. The results showed that the WQI was able to evidence the water quality in a satisfactory way and consistent with the available records and the perceptions of experts about the real quality of the rivers. In other words, this index was more sensitive to bad conditions, showing the true condition of these water bodies, unlike WQICETESB, which classifies these waters as average quality ones. The results also confirm the advantages of this index, observed in previous studies, especially its ability to identify the variables of water quality which are more decisive for the index outcome, through the study of subindexes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_eb_dr_rcla.pdf: 1118558 bytes, checksum: 4b3fe4c2f68bd64211a9cd9b6d7a602f (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi a determinação de indicadores microbiológicos, metais e IQA (Índice de Qualidade da Água) na microbacia do rio Cabeça, SP. Também foi realizada a avaliação da evolução do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nesta microbacia visando a preservação não somente das águas, mas toda “teia complexa” das relações existentes entre parâmetros físicos, biológicos e antrópicos em uma bacia hidrográfica. A crescente degradação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos devido a ações antrópicas torna necessário o monitoramento da qualidade ambiental desses ecossistemas. O rio Cabeça é um afluente na bacia do rio Corumbataí, unidade ambiental de extrema importância econômica e social por apresentar potencial hídrico capaz de abastecer as cidades de Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina e Charqueada e ainda permitir a exportação de água para municípios localizados em bacias vizinhas, tais como Araras e Piracicaba, onde os problemas hídricos são bastante sérios. Cinco pontos de amostragem foram determinados ao longo do rio Cabeça além de outros dois pontos no corpo hídrico que recebe a suas águas, o rio Passa Cinco, um a montante e outro a jusante do ponto de encontro de ambos os rios. Coletas foram realizadas uma vez por mês durante o período de abril/2007 a março/2009. Os parâmetros DBO e Escherichia coli estiveram em desacordo com o estabelecido pelo Decreto Estadual 8468/1976 e pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 para rios de classe 2. Ferro e pH também desrespeitaram os padrões fixados na Resolução citada. Os metais Cu, Cr e Ni não foram detectados durante o período de estudo e Cd e Pb foram encontrados somente em algumas amostras. Há predomínio de pastagem e de cana-de-açúcar e uma tendência de aumento dessas atividades. O rio Passa Cinco não teve alterações significativas dos parâmetros... / In this study, the microbiological indicators, metals and WQI (Water Quality Index) in the Cabeça river watershed, SP, were evaluated. The evolution of land use and vegetation cover was also studied to preserve not only the water, but the “complex web” of relations between physical, biological and social parameters in a watershed. Due the increasing degradation of water quality by the human activities is necessary to monitor the environmental quality of these ecosystems. The Cabeça river is a tributary in the Corumbataí river watershed, an environmental unit of extreme economic and social importance due the water potential able to supply the cities of Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina and Charqueada and allow to export water to cities located in neighboring watershed, such Araras and Piracicaba, where water problems are serious. Five sampling points were selected over the course of the Cabeça river and other two points on the Passa Cinco river, that receiving the water of that river, one point upstream and one downstream from the point of encounter between the two rivers. Samples were collected once a month during the period from April/2007 to March/2009. The results showed that the BOD and Escherichia coli were above the limits establishing to river class 2 by State Decree 8468/1976 and CONAMA 357/05 Resolution. Iron and pH were also out of the limits recommended by Resolution. The metals Cu, Cr and Ni were not detected during the study period and Cd and Pb were found only in a few samples. There is a predominance of pasture and cane sugar and a tendency to increase these activities. The Passa Cinco river had not significant changes in the water quality parameters, after receiving the waters from Cabeça river. The WQI showed that the water quality of the rivers studies is classified as good, but risks of degradation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

[pt] Uma forma de avaliar a qualidade da água e a qualidade ambiental de um reservatório para monitoramento futuro é listar e analisar as concentrações de tudo o que a mesma tem. Tal lista poderia ser tão longa quanto o número de elementos analisados, podendo ir de 20 e poucos componentes comuns a centenas. É assim que vários índices de qualidade têm sido propostos por serem capazes de sintetizar o maior número destes parâmetros de qualidade em um único valor de fácil interpretação. Não obstante, uma vez que a maior parte dos índices formulados serem para águas moventes, os mesmos têm pouca utilidade para lagos e reservatórios. Lagos e reservatórios são geralmente avaliados e classificados com base em índices de estado trófico e em análises de suas composições químicas. Porém, um índice de estado trófico não tem a mesma representatividade de um índice de qualidade, visto que o termo qualidade sugere uma avaliação subjetiva, importante ressaltar essa distinção de conceitos. Excelente ou pobre, a referência de qualidade da água depende do seu uso e das atitudes locais das pessoas. A definição de estado trófico e seu índice correspondente deveriam permanecer neutros a tais julgamentos subjetivos, mantendo-se numa estrutura dentro da qual podem ser feitas várias avaliações da qualidade da água. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho, criou-se um modelo de avaliação da qualidade da água e da qualidade ambiental para um reservatório tropical oligo-mesotrófico (reservatório das Lajes) capaz de representar em uma escala numérica as gradações nos níveis de qualidade, além de levar em consideração a subjetividade implícita no conceito de qualidade. A subjetividade da avaliação em discussão motivou o emprego da Lógica Fuzzy, metodologia capaz de representar, de forma mais eficiente e clara, os limites dos intervalos de variação dos parâmetros de qualidade para um conjunto de categorias subjetivas, quando esses limites não são bem definidos ou são imprecisos. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional baseada em Sistemas de Inferência Fuzzy que avalia automaticamente a qualidade em função de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas do reservatório. O referido modelo foi desenvolvido com base no conhecimento de especialistas em qualidade de água e qualidade ambiental do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) e do Departamento de Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). O modelo foi avaliado utilizando dados de coleta do reservatório das Lajes coletados no ano 2005, 2008 e 2009. / [en] There are many approaches to monitor the water and environmental qualities of a reservoir. One approach is to list and analyze the concentration of chemicals and physical characteristics that the amount of water it contains. Such a list could be as long as the number of elements analyzed, from a few common components to hundreds. Thus, many indices have been proposed since they are able to synthesize as many of these quality parameters into a single value for an easy interpretation. However, majority of the indices are formulated to evaluate lentic ecosystems, they have little use for lakes and reservoirs. Lakes and reservoirs are generally evaluated and classified based on trophic state indices and chemical composition analysis. Nevertheless, a trophic state index does not have the same representativeness of a quality index. The term quality implies a subjective judgment that is best kept separate from the concept of trophic state. Excellent or poor, water quality depends on the use of that water and the local attitudes of the people. The definition of trophic state and its corresponding index should remain neutral to these subjective judgments, remaining a framework within which various evaluations of water quality may be made. Accordingly, in today s world of technology and advancement there exists a unique model to evaluate water quality and environmental quality for a tropical oligo-mesotrophic reservoir which is located and known as the reservoir of Lajes in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This model is capable of representing quality levels on a numerical scale gradation, and also takes into consideration the subjectivity implicit in the concept of quality. The subjectivity, implicit in the concept of quality, motivated the use of fuzzy logic. This is a methodology to represent more efficiently the limits of ranges of quality parameters for a set of subjective categories, when these limits are not well defined or are inaccurate. As a result, we developed a computational tool based on a Fuzzy Inference System that automatically assesses the quality in terms of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the reservoir. The model was developed based on the knowledge of experts on water quality and environmental quality from the Biological Sciences and Health Center of Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) and from the Department of Animal Biology of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The model was evaluated with data from the Lajes reservoir during the years 2005, 2008 and 2009.