This document focuses on the formal structures and tonal language of four trios that include horn by American composer Simon A. Sargon: "Huntsman, What Quarry?" Two Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay for Soprano, Horn, and Piano (1990); Trio for Horn, Violin, and Piano: "The Legacy" (1993); A Clear Midnight: Six Songs Set to Poems of Walt Whitman for Baritone, Horn, and Piano (1996); and Sonic Portals: Trio for Oboe, Horn, and Piano (2003). Comparisons with precedent works of like instrumentation demonstrate that Sargon's trios, though musically unique, merit a place alongside masterworks like Carl Reinecke's Trio, op. 188, for oboe, horn, and piano; Franz Schubert's Auf dem Strom for soprano, horn, and piano; and especially Johannes Brahms's Trio, op. 40, for violin, horn, and piano. Other precedent, contemporary, and related works are also mentioned. Sargon's ability to write idiomatically for the horn and other instruments is discussed, and consideration is given to some elements required to create a good performance of Sargon's chamber music. Included are a brief biography of Simon Sargon, letters from colleagues with whom he has worked closely, lists of his instrumental music and recordings of some of these pieces, and lists of other works in the genres discussed herein.

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Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to characterize the quarry by-products: particle size distribution, helium pycnometry, X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and a modified ASTM C1897 Method A that utilizes isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. These various methods allowed for the determination of the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious system). The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. These quarry by-products were found to be non-pozzolanic and non-hydraulic. However, there are indications that there may be reactions with the various clays and feldspars in the quarry by-products with calcium hydroxide, which suggests a degree of reactivity that is not necessarily pozzolanic or hydraulic. / Master of Science / Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to determine the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious solution) of the materials. The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. In general, these quarry by-products were not found to be reactive as a supplementary cementitious material, although the data may suggest some degree of reactivity between calcium hydroxide and the clays and/or feldspars in the quarry by-products.

In der Geschichte Libanons sind Steinbrüche immer für die Gewinnung von Baumaterialien wie Sand, Kies, Steine, Zement usw. genutzt worden. Durch die Komplexität dieses Sektors im Libanon gibt es kaum verfügbare Daten, Erhebungen und Studien über Ausmaß und Auswirkungen der Abbautätigkeit. Deshalb behandelt die vorliegende Untersuchung eines der drängendsten Probleme und legt eine aktuelle Datenübersicht über die Steinbrüche vor. Es ist ein vollständiger und integrierter Überblick über die Steinbrüche im Libanon im Allgemeinen und das Problem ihre Rehabilitation im Besonderen unter Berücksichtigung des schwierigen Themas eines integrierten Steinbruchmanagements in einem nachhaltigen Konzept. Meilensteine und Etappen bei der Etablierung eines Rehabilitationsprogrammes werden auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen wie der öffentliche Sektor, der private Sektor und den öffentlichen Kommunen entwickelt. Um die Nachhaltigkeit des Rehabilitationskonzeptes aufzuzeigen, wurde ein Feldexperiment in einem ehemaligen Steinbruch nördlich von Beirut angelegt. Bei dieser Rehabilitation wurden in die aufgebrachte Bodenschicht Johannisbrotbäume (Ceratonia siliqua) aufgepflanzt. Durch diese Fallstudie konnte die Nachhaltigkeit der Maßnahme für das Management natürlicher Ressourcen geprüft, unterschiedliche Ergebnisse validiert und untersucht werden. / Throughout Lebanon’s history, quarries have been used as a means to extract essential construction materials such as sand, aggregates, stone masonry, cement, block stone, and others. Due to complexity of the quarry sector in Lebanon very few data are available, records and studies in this field are limited. Therefore, the presented research tackles one of Lebanon’s most pressing issues and represents the most updated database on quarries in Lebanon. A comprehensive and integrated overview of the quarries issue in Lebanon in general and the problem of rehabilitation in particular are given and the problematical topic of an integrated quarry planning within a sustainable development concept in Lebanon is pointed out. Milestones and landmarks toward the adoption of a setup needed for the proper rehabilitation approach at different levels as public sector, private sector and local communities are developed. In order to demonstrate the rehabilitation concept was realised a field experiment in a closed quarry northerly from Beirut. The rehabilitation was finalised by planting of carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) in a layer of top soil. By this case study it was possible to address a sustainable procedure for natural resources management, examine and validate.

This paper deals with village history around millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö in Malung, Sweden, in the hope of finding deposits that could date the quarry, in that the quarry in the current situation is dated only by the millstone fragments outside the resort. My purpose was to conduct a discussion on the quarry alone can be dated by deposits outside the resort. I have used FMIS RAÄ:s fornsök and a lot of literature to identify village history. The results showed that it is not possible to date the millstone quarry from village history, but through deposits outside the resort of Malung, which have been found around Mälardalen, Sweden through archaeological excavations, and derived from the millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö, can put an age on the quarry.

Ballast som byggnadsmaterial är viktigt för att utveckla vårt samhälle då det bland annat används som beståndsdel i asfalt och betong. Det är därför viktigt att bergkross som bryts i bergtäkter har en fungerande produktion för att möta efterfrågan men också för att Sverige ska kunna nå målet att vara klimatneutralt 2045. Syftet med arbetet är att minska miljöpåverkan i en bergtäkt från de interna transporterna och målet är att ta fram åtgärder för att uppnå detta. De metoder som har använts är litteraturstudier, beräkningar, simuleringar och intervjuer. Genom beräkningarna kunde ett resultat i detta arbete visa att en reducering med 88 % av koldioxidutsläpp kan göras genom att använda biodrivmedlet HVO Diesel 100. Det har med hjälp av intervjuer och litteraturstudier dessutom dragits en slutsats att framtidens bergtäkter antas producera bergkross med elektriska autonoma maskiner. / Ballast as a building material is important for developing our society as it’s used as a component in asphalt and concrete. Hence it is important that crushed rock extracted from a quarry have a functioning production to meet the demand that exists, but also because Sweden should be able to reach the goal of being climate neutral 2045. The purpose of this study is to reduce the environmental impact in a quarry from the internal transports and the aim is to bring out suggestions to achieve this. The methods that have been used are literature studies, calculations, simulations and interviews. Through the calculations, a result in this work showed that a reduction of 88 % of carbon dioxide emissions can be made by using the biofuel HVO Diesel 100. In addition, with the help of interviews and literature studies, conclusions have been drawn that the future quarries are believed to produce crushed rock with electric autonomous machines.

<p> </p><p>The today quarry planning at Klinthagen is rough, which provides an opportunity to introduce new exciting methods to improve the quarry gain and efficiency. Nordkalk AB, active at Klinthagen, wishes to start a new quarry at a nearby location. To exploit future quarries in an efficient manner and ensure production quality, multivariate statistics may help gather important information.</p><p>In this thesis the possibilities of the multivariate statistical approaches of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression were evaluated on the Klinthagen bore data. PCA data were spatially interpolated by Kriging, which also was evaluated and compared to IDW interpolation.</p><p>Principal component analysis supplied an overview of the variables relations, but also visualised the problems involved when linking geophysical data to geochemical data and the inaccuracy introduced by lacking data quality.</p><p>The PLS regression further emphasised the geochemical-geophysical problems, but also showed good precision when applied to strictly geochemical data.</p><p>Spatial interpolation by Kriging did not result in significantly better approximations than the less complex control interpolation by IDW.</p><p>In order to improve the information content of the data when modelled by PCA, a more discrete sampling method would be advisable. The data quality may cause trouble, though with sample technique of today it was considered to be of less consequence.</p><p>Faced with a single geophysical component to be predicted from chemical variables further geophysical data need to complement existing data to achieve satisfying PLS models.</p><p>The stratified rock composure caused trouble when spatially interpolated. Further investigations should be performed to develop more suitable interpolation techniques.</p>

The today quarry planning at Klinthagen is rough, which provides an opportunity to introduce new exciting methods to improve the quarry gain and efficiency. Nordkalk AB, active at Klinthagen, wishes to start a new quarry at a nearby location. To exploit future quarries in an efficient manner and ensure production quality, multivariate statistics may help gather important information. In this thesis the possibilities of the multivariate statistical approaches of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression were evaluated on the Klinthagen bore data. PCA data were spatially interpolated by Kriging, which also was evaluated and compared to IDW interpolation. Principal component analysis supplied an overview of the variables relations, but also visualised the problems involved when linking geophysical data to geochemical data and the inaccuracy introduced by lacking data quality. The PLS regression further emphasised the geochemical-geophysical problems, but also showed good precision when applied to strictly geochemical data. Spatial interpolation by Kriging did not result in significantly better approximations than the less complex control interpolation by IDW. In order to improve the information content of the data when modelled by PCA, a more discrete sampling method would be advisable. The data quality may cause trouble, though with sample technique of today it was considered to be of less consequence. Faced with a single geophysical component to be predicted from chemical variables further geophysical data need to complement existing data to achieve satisfying PLS models. The stratified rock composure caused trouble when spatially interpolated. Further investigations should be performed to develop more suitable interpolation techniques.

Le site de la carrière du mont Royal (BjFj-97), découvert en 1993 par Yvon Codère et inventorié en 1997 par l’équipe d’Ethnoscop Inc., constitue une énigme archéologique intéressante pour quiconque s’intéresse à la préhistoire de l’île de Montréal et de sa région adjacente. Lors des activités archéologiques de 1997, quelques idées furent émises quant à son affiliation chronologique et sa nature, suggérant une occupation remontant à l’Archaïque terminal (4000 à 3000 AA) orientée vers l’extraction et la transformation de la cornéenne, une pierre métamorphique résultant de la transformation du substrat rocheux en place suite à des intrusions magmatiques lors du Crétacé qui ont créé les Montérégiennes. Le matériel, comprenant plus de 10 000 déchets de taille et un peu plus de 70 artéfacts divers, ne fît pas l’objet d’analyses poussées hormis la datation approximative du site par un examen sommaire des pointes de projectile. Ce mémoire reprend les données de 1997 et apporte une perspective nouvelle au site en décrivant morphologiquement et technologiquement le débitage de la pierre de façon à comprendre la chaîne opératoire de la cornéenne, une matière peu étudiée, mais fort commune au Québec méridional, appréhender les possibilités de la matière et aborder les questions de datation. L’ensemble du matériel lithique fît l’objet d’une analyse lithique poussée axée sur le débitage et les produits finis et propose la prépondérance de la taille bifaciale, ponctuée par un débitage sur éclat conséquent. L’ensemble des étapes de la chaîne opératoire est présent sur le site de la carrière du mont Royal. La cornéenne est une matière difficile à tailler en raison de son imprévisibilité, liée à la structure même de la matière, menant à un fort taux d’échecs lors de l’élaboration des outils. La datation de l’occupation principale du site pointe vers l’Archaïque terminal, mais le caractère équivoque des diverses classes d’objets rend difficile sa définition absolue, faute d’objets parfaitement diagnostiques. Le site BjFj-97 ressemble grandement à un site homologue en Nouvelle-Angleterre où la cornéenne fût travaillée suivant le même schéma opératoire, suggérant un apparentement culturel possible. La cornéenne abonde et domine dans les assemblages archéologiques de la région montréalaise, substituant ainsi des matières de meilleure qualité absentes régionalement. Leurs correspondances chronologiques transcendent celles établies lors de l’analyse du matériel de la carrière et montrent un étalement chronologiquement plus étendu, de l’Archaïque laurentien au Sylvicole supérieur. La cornéenne se retrouve habituellement sous forme d’outils bifaciaux fonctionnels (bifaces, couteaux et pointes de projectile) de piètre facture et d’outils sur éclats (grattoirs et racloirs) rudimentaires, suggérant une signification strictement utilitaire, le propre des matières de basse qualité. Les modes d’extraction de la cornéenne restent inconnus sur le mont Royal. Le mont Royal est plus qu’un vulgaire point défensif, il constitue la base de la subsistance des populations préhistoriques de jadis où se trouvent les matériaux nécessaires à la taille d’outils de prédation liés à un mode de vie mobile où domine la chasse. / The Mount Royal quarry site (BjFj-97), discovered in 1993 by Yvon Codère and test pitted in 1997 by Ethnoscop Inc., is an interesting archaeological puzzle for anyone interested in the Montreal region prehistory. Following the 1997 archaeological testing, some ideas were raised about the quarry’s cultural affiliation and its chronological position. Archaeologists proposed a primary occupation focused on hornfels extraction and transformation dating back to the Terminal Archaic period (4000-3000 BP). Hornfels is a metamorphic rock that resulted from bedrock being “cooked” during cretaceous magmatic intrusion that created the Monteregian hills. The material recovered, includes more than 10,000 flakes and over 70 artefacts, and is analysed here for the first time. This thesis provides a new perspective on the Mount Royal quarry site describing morphologically and technologically the stone tool production in order to better understand the hornfels’ chaîne opératoire. This lithic material is common on archaeological sites in southern Quebec can help us to address some issues of dating the quarry site. The entire lithic collection was subjected to an extensive analysis including all of the debitage and finished products, and shows the dominance of bifacial flintknapping, with some flake tools also being produced. All stages f the lithic reduction sequence are present on the Mount Royal quarry site. Hornfels is a difficult material to work because of its unpredictability, due to structure of matter, leading to a high rate of failures in the manufacture of tools. The main occupation of the site is dated to the Terminal Archaic, but the equivocal nature of the various objects makes it difficult to clearly define the period of occupation and exploitation. Site BjFj-97 is similar to another site in New England where hornfels was worked using a similar lithic reduction sequence, suggesting a possible cultural kinship. Hornfels is common on sites in the Montreal area, often substituting for better materials. The presence of hornfels on these sites suggests a wider chronological spread than that established from the material analysis from the quarry and covers the Laurentian Archaic to Woodland periods. Hornfels is usually found in formal bifacial tool forms (bifaces, knives and projectile points) and less formal flakes tools (scrapers) suggesting a strictly utilitarian significance, characteristic of low quality materials. Little is known about hornfels extraction methods on the mountain. Mount Royal is more than a defensive point: it forms the basis of the livelihood of the prehistoric people where predation tools were associated with a mobile lifestyle dominated by hunting.

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