<p>In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.</p>

In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.

Problem: Interim and annual reports are some of the most crucial sources of information regarding companies’ performances. Interested parties such as analysts and investors assess this information and compare it with expectations. Analysts’ expectations of companies’ interim reports are of great importance when analysing the future development of share movement. Possible deviations between analysts’ expectations and actual presented results from the individual companies might change the perceptions of specific future stock prices. Furthermore business sectors have different characteristics and might respond differently to unexpected earnings news. Over- and underperformance of the presented results in relation to analysts’ expectations could create specific stock price movements over a forthcoming period depending on the nature of the report. The authors label this phenomenon as persistent trends. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to establish whether persistency and trends could be observed in the future development of companies’ stock prices with regard to analysts’ expectations and the true result presented by the companies. Method: With a quantitative approach the authors conducted an event study aiming to fulfill the purpose of this thesis. The study consisted of all fourth quarter reports presented 2001 throughout 2004 by the companies presently listed on the Most traded section of the Stockholm stock exchange A-list. The authors defined the nature of the studied reports as positive or negative depending on whether the pre-tax earning exceeded or were lower than the analysts’ expectations. Furthermore the authors constructed a mathematical formula which distinguished if the possible deviation of actual results compared to expectations was significant. The share price performance for two months subsequent to the earnings announcement was recorded and compared with the OMXS30 development for the equivalent time, thereby the authors gathered empirical evidence to fulfill the purpose. Furthermore the data was also divided into business subcategories to provide answers to whether there was uniform response to unexpected earnings information among business sectors. Results: The authors presented empirically founded evidence for the existence of persistent trends following the presentation of both positive and negative reports. The authors also rejected the presence of a uniform response to deviating earnings information in the business sectors.

<p>Problem: Interim and annual reports are some of the most crucial sources of information regarding companies’ performances. Interested parties such as analysts and investors assess this information and compare it with expectations. Analysts’ expectations of companies’ interim reports are of great importance when analysing the future development of share movement. Possible deviations between analysts’ expectations and actual presented results from the individual companies might change the perceptions of specific future stock prices. Furthermore business sectors have different characteristics and might respond differently to unexpected earnings news. Over- and underperformance of the presented results in relation to analysts’ expectations could create specific stock price movements over a forthcoming period depending on the nature of the report. The authors label this phenomenon as persistent trends.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to establish whether persistency and trends could be observed in the future development of companies’ stock prices with regard to analysts’ expectations and the true result presented by the companies.</p><p>Method: With a quantitative approach the authors conducted an event study aiming to fulfill the purpose of this thesis. The study consisted of all fourth quarter reports presented 2001 throughout 2004 by the companies presently listed on the Most traded section of the Stockholm stock exchange A-list. The authors defined the nature of the studied reports as positive or negative depending on whether the pre-tax earning exceeded or were lower than the analysts’ expectations. Furthermore the authors constructed a mathematical formula which distinguished if the possible deviation of actual results compared to expectations was significant. The share price performance for two months subsequent to the earnings announcement was recorded and compared with the OMXS30 development for the equivalent time, thereby the authors gathered empirical evidence to fulfill the purpose. Furthermore the data was also divided into business subcategories to provide answers to whether there was uniform response to unexpected earnings information among business sectors.</p><p>Results: The authors presented empirically founded evidence for the existence of persistent trends following the presentation of both positive and negative reports. The authors also rejected the presence of a uniform response to deviating earnings information in the business sectors.</p>

Esta dissertação trata dos conflitos entre distintos agentes sociais pelo espaço urbano na metrópole paulistana. Para tanto, descreve e analisa dois eventos ocorridos na região sudoeste: a compra de setenta barracos por parte de uma construtora na favela Jardim Panorama e uma reintegração de posse na favela Real Parque. Depreendem-se da descrição e da análise de ambos os eventos basicamente três fenômenos: o aprofundamento do processo de privatização da gestão urbana já observado em outros estudos, sobretudo na região sudoeste da metrópole; a reconfiguração do campo de conflito expresso na relativa diminuição da presença dos movimentos sociais urbanos e do poder público como agente mediador dos eventos em questão, que foram protagonizados por empresas, ONGs, advogados e movimento hip-hop; por fim, apresentam-se mecanismos de deslegitimação da população pobre como interlocutora. Para esta dissertação, esses conflitos constituem processos de segregação sócioespacial. / This dissertation deals with the conflicts between distinct social agents for the urban space in the São Paulo metropolis. In such a way it describes and analyzes two events occurred in the southwestern region: the purchase of seventy barracos (precarious dwelling) by a constructor in the slum quarter Jardim Panorama and a reintegration of ownership in the Real Parque slum quarter. From the description and the analysis of both events, we basically infer three phenomena: the deepening of the process of privatization of the observed urban management, already observed in other studies, specially in the southwestern region of the metropolis; the reconfiguration of the field of express conflict in the relative reduction of the presence of the urban social movements and the public power as mediating agent of the events in question, that had been carried out by private companies, NGOs, lawyers and hip-hop movement; and finally, mechanisms of disqualification of the poor population as interlocutor are presented. For this dissertation, these conflicts constitute processes of social-spatial segregation.

Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’interaction entre une lumière contrôlée en polarisation et deux structures sub-longueurs d’onde gravées dans un film métallique opaque, en utilisant la méthode de la « matrice de Mueller ». Tout d’abord, nous avons montré qu’un réseau concentrique de fentes sub-longueurs d’onde percées à travers le film permet de filtrer et de convertir une polarisation incidente, ce qui génère une polarisation radiale. Nous avons aussi montré sa capacité à générer des faisceaux de Bessel non-diffractifs J0 ou J2 à travers de telles structures, et à contrôler leur hélicité en changeant la polarisation circulaire en préparation ou en analyse. Ensuite, nous avons montré la création d’une cible plasmonique ayant les propriétés d’une lame quart d’onde, en travaillant sur l’ellipticité des anneaux – pour générer une phase plasmonique – etdu trou central – pour compenser les forts effets de dichroïsme induits par l’absorption différentielle des plasmons de surface. / In this work, we studied the interaction between light with well-defined polarization and two subwavelength structures milled through an opaque metallic film by using the « Mueller matrix » method. In a first part, we showed that a subwavelength annular concentric slit array, milled completely through the film, allows the filtering and conversion of the incident polarization,generating a radial polarization after transmission. We also showed that it was possible to generate non-diffracting J0 or J2 Bessel beams through such structures and to control their helicity by changing the circular polarization either in preparation or in analysis. In a second part, we showed the creation of a plasmonic bull’s eye structure having the same properties as a quarter wave-plate, by acting on the ellipticities of the rings - to generate a plasmonic phase - and of the central hole - to compensate the strong dichroïsm induced by the differential surface plasmon absorption.

Esta pesquisa trata do estudo de narrativa biográfica e trajetória social e da técnica de etnografia sonora no estudo da memória da vida cotidiana dos habitantes do território Bairro Navegantes, Porto Alegre-RS, tendo como ponto de partida a interpretação das formas de negociação dos habitantes locais com as transformações produzidas, ao longo das últimas décadas, na paisagem do bairro. Através da pesquisa etnográfica das formas de trabalho, gestos de ocupação, e sociabilidades dos moradores de dois lugares dos bairros São Geraldo e Navegantes, e das suas formas de narrar as transformações no interior do coração do Quarto Distrito, esta pesquisa pretende compreender o fenômeno da duração da memória do lugar integrando as formas destes habitantes experienciarem a cidade de Porto Alegre. Busca-se contemplar as tensões, as diferenças de visões de mundo, e estilos de vida dos diferentes atores da cena social etnografada, relacionando-os às distintas práticas sociais no bairro como chave interpretativa das possíveis acomodações por parte de seus habitantes das transformações espaço-temporais do lugar. / This research is a study about biographic account and social path and the audio ethnography technique regarging the study of inhabitants' everyday life memory in the Bairro Navegantes territory, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The interpretation of dealing methods of the local with the transformations produced in the area's landscapte throughout the last decades is the starting point of this study. Through the ethnographic research of the forms of work, occupation acts, and sociabilities from Porto Alegre's neighborhoods of São Geraldo's and Navegantes' inhabitants - and their ways of accouting the transformation in the inner area of Quarto Distrito - , this research aims at understanding the place memory duration phenomenon integrating the ways these subjects experienced the city of Porto Alegre. Moreover, it aims at contemplating the tensions, the differences of worldview, and lifestyles of the diverse actors of the ethnographic social scene, relating them to distinct social practice in the studied area as interpretative key to possible accomodation for the space-time transformation of the place by its inhabitants.

Esta pesquisa trata do estudo de narrativa biográfica e trajetória social e da técnica de etnografia sonora no estudo da memória da vida cotidiana dos habitantes do território Bairro Navegantes, Porto Alegre-RS, tendo como ponto de partida a interpretação das formas de negociação dos habitantes locais com as transformações produzidas, ao longo das últimas décadas, na paisagem do bairro. Através da pesquisa etnográfica das formas de trabalho, gestos de ocupação, e sociabilidades dos moradores de dois lugares dos bairros São Geraldo e Navegantes, e das suas formas de narrar as transformações no interior do coração do Quarto Distrito, esta pesquisa pretende compreender o fenômeno da duração da memória do lugar integrando as formas destes habitantes experienciarem a cidade de Porto Alegre. Busca-se contemplar as tensões, as diferenças de visões de mundo, e estilos de vida dos diferentes atores da cena social etnografada, relacionando-os às distintas práticas sociais no bairro como chave interpretativa das possíveis acomodações por parte de seus habitantes das transformações espaço-temporais do lugar. / This research is a study about biographic account and social path and the audio ethnography technique regarging the study of inhabitants' everyday life memory in the Bairro Navegantes territory, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The interpretation of dealing methods of the local with the transformations produced in the area's landscapte throughout the last decades is the starting point of this study. Through the ethnographic research of the forms of work, occupation acts, and sociabilities from Porto Alegre's neighborhoods of São Geraldo's and Navegantes' inhabitants - and their ways of accouting the transformation in the inner area of Quarto Distrito - , this research aims at understanding the place memory duration phenomenon integrating the ways these subjects experienced the city of Porto Alegre. Moreover, it aims at contemplating the tensions, the differences of worldview, and lifestyles of the diverse actors of the ethnographic social scene, relating them to distinct social practice in the studied area as interpretative key to possible accomodation for the space-time transformation of the place by its inhabitants.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram os de verificar a validade do método de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) para detectar e quantificar o Staphylococcus aureus em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol oriundas de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados, e de avaliar os efeitos da presença e da quantidade de células da bactéria sobre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), a composição do leite (lactose, gordura, proteína bruta, proteína verdadeira e caseína), e a produção de leite de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados pelo patógeno. Para a quantificação do S. aureus e das células somáticas bovinas por meio do qPCR, foi utilizado leite cru bovino para o preparo dos padrões como meio de diluição da inoculação seriada de células somáticas e do S. aureus ATCC 29213, e construídas as equações log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU e log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, com base nos resultados obtidos pelas metodologias de referência para cada procedimento. Para testar a equivalência dessas equações aos respectivos métodos de referência, determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a repetibilidade do método proposto, foram coletadas amostras de leite dos quartos mamários de 60 animais de 2 rebanhos leiteiros da região de Pirassununga dos quais se determinou previamente a ocorrência de casos subclínicos de mastite por S. aureus. Dos quartos mamários também foram mensuradas as produções e coletadas amostras de leite para análise de composição, diagnóstico da mastite, e determinação da sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas do procedimento de qPCR estabelecido no estudo. Cada amostra foi submetida à análise de composição, CCS, cultura microbiológica, contagem em placas do S. aureus, processadas para a extração do DNA genômico bovino e do S. aureus, e submetida à reação de qPCR. Para análise da concordância entre os resultados obtidos pelos métodos de referência para o diagnóstico da mastite por S. aureus e o de qPCR foi utilizado o teste Kappa. Para avaliação da equivalência das contagens obtidas pelos métodos de referência do S. aureus e de células somáticas bovinas, foi utilizado o teste das diferenças de Bland-Altman. Para a identificação do efeito da infecção subclínica pelo S. aureus sobre a composição e produção de leite do quarto mamário afetado foi utilizada a análise da variância num delineamento em parcelas subdivididas em faixas. Para estimar o grau de relação entre as contagens de S. aureus, a CCS, produção e composição do leite produzido pelo quarto mamário afetado foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. A correlação entre os resultados de contagem de células somáticas bovinas determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação de células somáticas apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,978 (P < 0,001). A correlação entre os resultados da contagem do S. aureus ATCC 29213 determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação do patógeno apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,989 (P < 0,001). A especificidade analítica do qPCR para a detecção do S. aureus em amostras de leite frente a Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, os estafilococos coagulase-negativa, e as espécies coagulase-positiva Staphylococcus hyicus e Staphylococcus intermedius foi de 100%. O método de qPCR aplicado à detecção de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 em amostras de leite é replicável e apresentou sensibilidade analítica com limite de detecção para a faixa de 10 UFC/mL à 4,2 x 106 UFC/mL. Em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol provenientes de quartos mamários subclinicamente infectados, o S. aureus pôde ser detectado, mas não pôde ser quantificado pelo método de qPCR. Nessas amostras, a CCS pôde ser determinada de forma equivalente ao método de rotina. A CCS independe da contagem de S. aureus viáveis, mas foi observada correlação linear e negativa entre o número total de células do patógeno e a CCS. A mastite subclínica pelo S. aureus aumentou a CCS nos quartos mamários, mas não alterou a composição do leite. A doença diminuiu a produção de leite e de gordura dos quartos mamários anteriores acometidos pela infeção, mas não se observou efeito da interação entre o posicionamento da glândula e a infecção sobre a produção de leite. Houve correlação entre as concentrações de lactose (r = 0,42; P = 0,0051), de gordura (r = 0,46; P = 0,0016), de produção de gordura (r = 0,49; P = 0,001), e de leite com produção ajustada para o teor de 3,5% de gordura (r = 0,41; P = 0,006), e o número de S. aureus presentes na amostra de leite. / The objectives of this study were to verify the validity of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect and quantify Staphylococcus aureus in bronopol-preserved milk samples from subclinically infected mammary quarters, and to assess the effects of the presence and amount of the pathogen on the somatic cell count (SCC), the composition of milk and milk yield of bovine mammary quarters subclinically infected by the pathogen. In order to quantify S. aureus and bovine somatic cells through qPCR, raw bovine milk was used as a means of serial inoculation media of somatic cells and S. aureus ATCC 29213. From that, equations based on the reference methods for each procedure were built, log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU and log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, respectively. To test their equivalence with the reference methods, determine the analytical sensitivity and specificity, and repeatability of the proposed method, milk was sampled from quarters of 60 animals from two dairy herds in Pirassununga, where subclinical S. aureus mastitis cases had been previously diagnosed. Also, quarter milk yield had been measured and samples collected for milk composition analysis, diagnosis of mastitis, sensitivity and specificity of the procedure established in the study had been determined. Each sample was subjected to composition analysis, SCC, microbiological culture, plate counting of S. aureus, DNA extraction, and subjected to qPCR reaction. Agreement between results from reference methods and qPCR for the diagnosis of mastitis by S. aureus was assessed by Kappa test. Equivalence between S. aureus, SCC scores obtained by reference and qPCR was assessed with Bland-Altman procedures. The effect of S. aureus subclinical infection on milk composition and milk yield of affected quarters was measured using a strip plot design. To estimate the degree of relationship between the counts of S. aureus, SCC, yield and composition of the milk from affected quarters was assessed by the Pearson Correlation. Correlation between SCC determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.978 (P <0.001). Correlation between S. aureus ATCC 29213 determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.989 (P <0.001). Analytical specificity of qPCR to detect S. aureus in milk samples against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, coagulase-negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive species, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus intermedius was 100%. The use of the qPCR to detect S. aureus ATCC 29213 in milk samples is replicable. Analytical sensitivity detection limit of the method ranged from 10 CFU/mL to 4.2 x 106 CFU/mL. S. aureus could be detected, but not quantified by qPCR in bronopol-conserved milk samples from subclinically infected quarters. In these samples, SCC could be determined by qPCR as it had been done by routine method. SCC was not dependent on S. aureus viable cells, but a negative linear correlation between the total number of cells of the pathogen and SCC was observed. S. aureus subclinical mastitis increased quarters SCC, but did not change milk composition. The disease decreased quarter milk and fat yield, but no interaction effect was observed between the gland positioning and S. aureus subclinical infection on milk production. Correlations between lactose (r = 0.42, P = 0.0051), fat (r = 0.46, P = 0.0016), fat yield (r = 0.49, P = 0.001), and 3.5% fat adjusted milk yield (r = 0.41, P = 0.006), and the number of S. aureus present in the milk sample were observed.

Esta pesquisa trata do estudo de narrativa biográfica e trajetória social e da técnica de etnografia sonora no estudo da memória da vida cotidiana dos habitantes do território Bairro Navegantes, Porto Alegre-RS, tendo como ponto de partida a interpretação das formas de negociação dos habitantes locais com as transformações produzidas, ao longo das últimas décadas, na paisagem do bairro. Através da pesquisa etnográfica das formas de trabalho, gestos de ocupação, e sociabilidades dos moradores de dois lugares dos bairros São Geraldo e Navegantes, e das suas formas de narrar as transformações no interior do coração do Quarto Distrito, esta pesquisa pretende compreender o fenômeno da duração da memória do lugar integrando as formas destes habitantes experienciarem a cidade de Porto Alegre. Busca-se contemplar as tensões, as diferenças de visões de mundo, e estilos de vida dos diferentes atores da cena social etnografada, relacionando-os às distintas práticas sociais no bairro como chave interpretativa das possíveis acomodações por parte de seus habitantes das transformações espaço-temporais do lugar. / This research is a study about biographic account and social path and the audio ethnography technique regarging the study of inhabitants' everyday life memory in the Bairro Navegantes territory, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The interpretation of dealing methods of the local with the transformations produced in the area's landscapte throughout the last decades is the starting point of this study. Through the ethnographic research of the forms of work, occupation acts, and sociabilities from Porto Alegre's neighborhoods of São Geraldo's and Navegantes' inhabitants - and their ways of accouting the transformation in the inner area of Quarto Distrito - , this research aims at understanding the place memory duration phenomenon integrating the ways these subjects experienced the city of Porto Alegre. Moreover, it aims at contemplating the tensions, the differences of worldview, and lifestyles of the diverse actors of the ethnographic social scene, relating them to distinct social practice in the studied area as interpretative key to possible accomodation for the space-time transformation of the place by its inhabitants.