A Dissertation submitted to the School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Political Science by research. Johannesburg, January 2016 / A Tale of Two Temples: An Exploration of Caste addresses the notion of caste in South Africa, specifically among the Gujarati community in Cape Town. Caste within this community has been discussed with regard to the Indian diaspora in general and Natal in South Africa, but there is not a vast amount of literature regarding this phenomenon among Indians in Cape Town. Through the description of a dispute between a caste-based organisation of mochis –those of a leatherworking and cobbler caste- and a non-caste-based organisation predominantly of agricultural patidars over control of the space of worship, the recreation, dynamics and interplay of the caste system are discussed. Louis Dumont’s influential synoptic theory of caste serves as the frame of reference when addressing the system. Dumont focuses on the idea of purity and hierarchy. The system includes four varnas or classes, which are positioned along a pure-to-impure hierarchy. In Cape Town, this hierarchy is not entirely recreated; all four varnas are not represented. Instead patidars or agriculturalists have claimed to be of high status, which is normally attributed to a Brahmin or clerical caste, and have asserted themselves as the reference group for other castes. They perceive the mochis to be of low caste. The mochis have not accepted this and through the influence of the Arya Samaj, they have recreated a new historical narrative classifying themselves as high caste. This new narrative and the empowerment of the mochis created a conflict that escalated as a result of apartheid’s Group Areas Act, which legally enforced racially segregated residential areas. This conflict provides insight into the recreation of caste in Cape Town. Keywords and Terms Cape Town, Caste, Diaspora, Dumont, Durban, Fiji, Gujarati, Indenture, Indian Diaspora, Johannesburg, Migration, South Africa, Trinidad / MT2016

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Political Studies, 2016 / This dissertation is a critical examination of anti-Indian racism in post-apartheid South Africa. While racism presents an intractable problem for all racial groups in South Africa, this dissertation will show that Indian South Africans are especially framed by a specific racist discourse related to broad perceptions of economic exploitation within the context of redistributive and resource-allocation conflicts, political corruption, insularity and general lack of a socio-cultural ‘fit’ with the rest of South African society. This is not unique to present day South Africa and is (albeit in evolving ways) a long standing phenomenon. Key concerns addressed by the dissertation are: the lack of critical attention to the matter of anti-Indian racism, the historical origins of anti-Indian racism, the characteristics and dynamics of anti-Indian racism and its persistence in post-apartheid South Africa despite an avowed commitment of South Africa’s new post-apartheid dispensation to a non-racial society. / MT2017

On August 28, 1955, Emmett Louis Till was abducted from the home of his uncle, Mose Wright, near Money, Mississippi. A body was recovered three days later in the nearby Tallahatchie River, which divides Tallahatchie and Leflore Counties, and the body was closer to the Tallahatchie bank of the river. A week later the Grand Jury of Tallahatchie County indicted J. W. Milan and Roy Bryant on separate counts of murder and kidnapping. On September 198, 1955, in Sumner, Mississippi, there began a trial destined to be the most publicized kidnap-murder trial since the Bruno Hauptman case, seventy reporters covered the trial, representing newspapers and magazines from all over the United States and from some foreign countries. Nearly every newspaper in the country gave the case and trial front-page play, as did many of those published in other countries. / Typescript. / A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Summer Semester, 1963. / "August, 1963" / Includes bibliographical references. / Marion D. Irish, Professor Directing Thesis; William W. Rogers, Committee Member; Malcolm B. Parsons, Committee Member.

"The literature on the religious lives of Black Americans is filled with undocumented and often ahistorical generalizations. The aim of this study is to develop a model for studying the role of churches and religion among blacks in particular localities during various periods of American history. The author is convinced that until similar local studies are conducted in a number of specific localities in different regions and time periods historically valid interpretations of the place of religion and churches in black life will not emerge. It is acknowledged that fully valid comparative statements will have to draw on studies of the religious situation among other American racial and cultural groups within the same regions and time periods"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1972." / "Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: Joe M. Richardson, Professor Directing Thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-96).

Thesis advisor: Peter Weiler / This dissertation examines the careers and cultural productions of West Indian artists and entertainers working in London between 1945 and 1965, a period of large-scale West Indian migration to Britain. It argues that these artists espoused a collective cultural politics that was both ethnically aware and actively integrationist. Their work emphasized the historic cultural ties between the "mother country" and the Caribbean colonies, but did so in an effort to challenge prevailing media depictions of New Commonwealth migration as an unwanted foreign deluge. As a result, these migrant artists were among the first to express the potential of Commonwealth multiculturalism in Britain. Unlike many post-war histories of British race relations that emphasize the marginalization of black artists from mainstream culture, this study will show how the first wave of post-war West Indian artists, like Edric and Pearl Connor, Cy Grant, Ronald Moody, and Lloyd and Barry Reckord, sought to reach out to a wider British audience. Although their careers and artistic expressions were shaped - and at times stifled - by British cultural institutions that exercised their own assumptions and priorities, they posed alternatives to racism in a nation painfully coming to terms with its imperial legacy and multicultural future. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Thesis advisor: Peter H. Weiler / In 1997, New Labor embraced an ideal of multiculturalism in an attempt to foster a particular brand of open communication and respectful cooperation among different individuals and cultural groups. This MA thesis investigates the background to one aspect of this multiculturalism, New Labor's education policies. The thesis shows how New Labor's current multicultural ideal originated in the 1960s in Labor's attempts to combat racial discrimination. As its attempts proved inadequate, Labor expanded its understanding of what was necessary to create a tolerant society, including educational policies that fostered tolerance, respect for different cultural groups, and personal responsibility. During eighteen years spent in opposition to a Conservative majority government, Labor refined its ideal of multiculturalism in debates, forging a path from the idealistic and radical reforms of the 1960s and 1970s toward New Labor's middle way. This thesis describes how New Labor utilized a variety of tools to achieve the goal of a tolerant, cooperative, multicultural society, including repurposing Conservatives' policies. This thesis defends multiculturalism as an appropriate response to a changing political environment, one that attempted to deal with the exigent circumstances presented by racial discrimination, class and cultural based underachievement, and underlying cultural tensions. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Esta tese pretende analisar a trajetória de mais de 70 anos de Sebastião Bernardes de Souza Prata, Grande Otelo (1917-1993). Por um ângulo, ela contribui para pensar diferentes momentos do cinema brasileiro, tendo em vista que o ator foi parte integrante do imaginário cinematográfico nacional dos anos 1930 aos 1990, em filmes da Cinédia e Sonofilmes, em Its all true projeto inacabado de Orson Welles no Brasil , em produções do realismo carioca, nas chanchadas da Atlântida, no Cinema Novo e no Cinema Marginal. Por outro ângulo, observar essa trajetória permite refletir sobre o modo como as relações raciais, suas intersecções com a questão de gênero e o próprio corpo dos artistas, negros ou brancos, são reinterpretados conforme a lógica do campo cinematográfico. O fio condutor da análise é uma equação complexa entre linhas de força que extrapolam esta lógica e mecanismos próprios ao cinema, usados para hierarquizar, diferenciar e desigualar intérpretes e escolas. Para empreendê-la, lança-se mão de conceitos, como estrutura de sentimentos da branquitude, estereótipos raciais e persona, e do exame interno dos filmes o que abre caminho para desvelar discursos cinematográficos racistas e estratégias antirracistas. O itinerário de Grande Otelo, assim, possibilita examinar o forte diálogo entre o imaginário racial hollywoodiano e sua tradução por empresas nacionais entre os anos 1930 e 1950, bem como representações alternativas do negro em Its all true, no realismo carioca e em Rio, Zona Norte, de Nelson Pereira dos Santos. Por contraste, o desaparecimento do ator nos primeiros filmes do Cinema Novo ilumina as perspectivas de Glauber Rocha e Carlos Diegues sobre o negro. Ambos os diretores elegem intérpretes com predicados corporais, fisionomias e performances de masculinidades diferentes de Grande Otelo, como Antonio Pitanga. O retorno de Otelo em Macunaíma, de Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, propicia discutir um momento reflexivo do cinema brasileiro, quando os impasses do Brasil se explicitam na reformulação de antigas figuras como o malandro e na interlocução renovada com o movimento negro, entre outros. Por fim, discute-se o aprofundamento de um diálogo interno nos filmes de Rogério Sganzerla e Júlio Bressane, que escalam Grande Otelo como testemunha histórica do cinema brasileiro. Logo, o ator prolífico viabiliza a reflexão, tanto sobre as relações raciais, em suas intersecções com a temática de gênero e corpo, quanto sobre o cinema no Brasil. / This dissertation analyzes the more than 70-year trajectory of the actor Sebastião Bernardes de Souza Prata, better known as Grande Otelo (1917-1993). From one angle, it contributes to the consideration of different moments of Brazilian cinema, taking into account that the actor was an integral part of the Brazilian cinematographic imaginary from the 1930s to the 1990s, in the films of Cinédia and Sonofilmes, in Its All True (the unfinished project of Orson Welles in Brazil), in productions of Rio de Janeiro (Carioca) Realism, in the chanchada films of Atlântida, in New Cinema (Cinema Novo), and in Marginal Cinema. From another angle, observing this trajectory allows for reflection on the manner in which race relations and their intersections with the question of gender and body of the artists, black or white are reinterpreted in accordance with the logic of the field of cinematography. The unifying thread of the analysis is a complex equation between force lines that surpass this logic and cinemas own mechanisms, used to differentiate, rank, and hierarchize actors and schools. In undertaking this, concepts employed include structure of feelings of whiteness, racial stereotypes and persona, and the internal examination of the films which opens a path for revealing racist cinematographic discourses as well as anti-racist strategies. The itinerary of Grande Otelo thus makes it possible to examine the strong dialogue between the racial imaginary of Hollywood and its translation by Brazilian companies between the 1930s and the 1950s, as well as alternative representations of black people in Its All True, in Carioca Realism, and in the film Rio, Zona Norte, by Nelson Pereira dos Santos. In contrast, the disappearance of the actor in the first films of New Cinema illuminates the perspectives of Glauber Rocha and Carlos Diegues on black people. Both directors chose actors with body structures, physionomies, and performances of masculinity different from those of Grande Otelo, such as Antonio Pitanga. The return of Otelo in Macunaíma, by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, allows for a discussion of a reflexive moment in Brazilian cinema, in which the impasses of Brazil become explicit in the reformulation of old figures such as the malandro and in the renewed interlocution with the black movement, among others. Finally, the study discusses the deepening of an internal dialogue in the films of Rogério Sganzerla and Júlio Bressane, which make Grande Otelo a historical witness to Brazilian cinema. The prolific actor would then make possible reflection on race relations, in its intersections with the topics of gender and body, as well as on cinema in Brazil.

Scholars of the literary depictions of lynching have given the majority of their attention to the emasculation of the black male, but the representation of the black female lynch victim has been overlooked. My thesis examines the deaths of black women that had the same effect as lynching practices used against men. This specific literary form of lynching will concentrate on two plays: Mary P. Burrill's They That Sit in Darkness (1919) and Marita Bonner's Exit: An Illusion (1929) and two novels by Toni Morrison, Beloved and Sula. Considering the contours of these black female deaths we can expand the traditional definition of lynching to include the black female lynch victim. The aspects that make her death a lynching are encased in more subtleties than a traditional definition of lynching allows for, and less visible. / by Tinea Williams. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as ações realizadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME/SP), por meio do Núcleo de Diversidade e Educação Étnico Racial, entre os anos de 2005 e 2011 para cumprir o artigo 26A da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB), que versa sobre a obrigatoriedade do ensino de história e cultura afro-brasileira e sobre educação para relações raciais. A partir do levantamento das ações, descrevemos e problematizamos o que foi efetuado estabelecendo diálogo com as determinações do Plano Nacional de Implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares para a Educação das Relações Étnico Raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana. Verificamos o perfil das gestoras do Núcleo/SME, as parcerias estabelecidas e os atores envolvidos nessas iniciativas. O referencial teórico analítico da pesquisa baseia-se na análise sociológica de Norbert Elias sobre as relações de poder a partir das categorias estabelecidos e outsiders e na visão de justiça social, reconhecimento, distribuição e representação de Nancy Fraser no qual o reconhecimento é entendido como uma questão de igualdade de status de participação social entre os atores de diferentes pertenças coletivas. Apoia-se, também, nos conceitos de influência, produção de texto e prática de Stephen Ball e nas contribuições de Kabengele Munanga, Nilma Lino Gomes, Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Gonçalves e Válter Silvério que problematizam a questão racial no âmbito das políticas públicas em educação e nas relações raciais. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, a pesquisa lançou mão do levantamento das ações existentes por meio de análise documental do material disponibilizado pelo Núcleo Educação Étnico Racial da SME e a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as gestoras do Núcleo da SME encarregadas de operar e responder pela aplicação da lei no âmbito municipal e influenciar a proposição de políticas educacionais. Nossa perspectiva foi verificar as possibilidades, entraves e recomendações sobre a execução das ações. / This study aims to identify the actions taken by the Municipal Education (SME) through the Center for Diversity and Racial Ethnic Education, between the years 2005 and 2011 to comply with Article 26A of the Law of Directives and Bases of National Education (LDB), which deals with the mandatory teaching of history and African-Brazilian culture and education on race relations. Is sought from the survey of the actions, describe and discuss. What was accomplished by establishing dialogue with the determinations of the National Implementation Plan of the Curriculum Guidelines for the Education of Racial and Ethnic Relations for the Education of Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture. It was found from the profile of the management of the Center / SME, established partnerships and actors involved in these initiatives. The analytical theoretical research is based on sociological analysis Norbet Elias on power relations from the established and outsiders categories and vision of social justice, recognition, distribution and representation of Nancy Fraser in which recognition is understood as a question of equal status of social participation among actors of different collective belonging. Also relies on the concepts of influence, text production and practice of Stephen Ball and the contributions of Kabengele Munanga, Nilma Lino Gomes, Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Gonçalves and Válter Silverio that question the racial issue in public policies in education and race relations. To achieve the proposed objectives, the research made use of the survey of existing shares through documentary analysis of the material provided by Core Education Ethnic and Racial SME conducting semi-structured interviews with the managers of the SME Core entrusted to operate and respond by applying the law at the local level and influence educational policy proposition. Our perspective was to verify the possibilities, obstacles and recommendations on the implementation of actions.

This thesis embodies a comprehensive analysis of the assimilation of Southern and Eastern European immigrant groups in the United States. Despite being considered racially distinct upon arrival en masse in the period 1880-1920, assimilation theorists posited that these white ethnic groups would be quickly absorbed into the prevailing white population. With the aid of Americanization campaigns targeting immigrants and their offspring, it appeared as though ethnic attachments had progressively declined with each successive generation. However, an explosion of white ethnic sentiment and activity in the 1960s and 1970s suggested otherwise, and led many to believe that white ethnic identities had not been entirely forsaken and were in fact being revived by the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the immigrants. This view is fundamentally questioned within this thesis which argues that, due to a multitude of forces and factors, white ethnicities could not have been revived in any meaningful sense. Significant attention is drawn to America’s racialised history and racebased social framework within which white ethnics categorically benefited from being classified as ‘white’. Also examined are factors such as generational distance from the point of immigration, language loss, upward mobility, and intermarriage, which together facilitated the comprehensive assimilation of white ethnic groups into the majority white population in the decades leading up to the alleged “ethnic revival.” The upsurge in white ethnic sentiment in the 1960s and 1970s is therefore argued to have transpired due to the chance convergence of a number of different factors, and given the continued classification of Americans as belonging to one of five racial groups, this thesis concludes that white ethnicities stand little chance of surviving in the long-run within a society in which race continues to hold significant sway.