As contramedidas eletrônicas são de suma importância para a proteção das aeronaves numa missão, sendo o chaff a mais antiga e ainda hoje uma das mais utilizadas das contramedidas. Radares equipados com MTI podem reduzir significativamente a efetividade do chaff. Uma simulação foi realizada para observar quais parâmetros, dentre alguns selecionados, teriam uma influência maior no sinal eco do chaff, de forma que estes poderiam ser manipulados para produzirem um retorno mais eficiente ou menos eficiente contra radares que utilizem MTI. Isto significa que alterando estes parâmetros ée possível fazer com que o sinal eco do chaff seja menos atenuado pelo MTI, uma característica importante sob o ponto de vista da contramedida, ou mesmo que sofra uma maior atenuação, que seria interesse do operador do radar.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20034号 / 情博第629号 / 新制||情||109(附属図書館) / 33130 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 亨, 教授 守倉 正博, 教授 山本 衛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / To help students learn the principles of microwave engineering and electromagnetic theory, labs were developed in which the students built a rail-synthetic aperture radar(SAR) and a Doppler radar. These labs gave the students practical experience in the paper design, simulation, construction, testing, and debugging of RF circuits. This paper includes a description of the design, physical construction, the basic operation, and the results from these projects.

The application of Quasi Optical techniques has been of great benefit to the field of instrumentation for frequencies between 750Hz and several hundred OHz. The application of Quasi Optical techniques to millimetre wave radar, described in this thesis, has produced an FMCW Doppler radar capable of operation at 940Hz and 1400Hz. Total polarization agility and a capability to operate over a very wide bandwidth is demonstrated. Quasi Optical circuits are proposed as solutions for many of the system requirements, and these are fully analyzed. Significant benefits of these techniques are demonstrated, and future improvements are suggested. A new design tool, in the form of a program, for Quasi Optical circuit analysis is presented and is used for the analysis of all the optical circuits in this thesis. The program has speeded up the design process for optical circuits. A new type of feedhorn is described and characterized. Its performance compares well with existing feedhorns, and it provides a low cost alternative to existing antenna requirements.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar has been receiving increasing attention in recent years due to the dramatic advantages offered by MIMO systems in communications. The amount of energy reflected from a common radar target varies considerably with the observation angle, and these scintillations may cause signal fading which severely degrades the performance of conventional radars. MIMO radar with widely spaced antennas is able to view several aspects of a target simultaneously, which realizes a spatial diversity gain to overcome the target scintillation problem, leading to significantly enhanced system performance. Building on the initial studies presented in the literature, MIMO radar is investigated in detail in this thesis. First of all, a finite scatterers model is proposed, based on which the target detection performance of a MIMO radar system with arbitrary array-target configurations is evaluated and analyzed. A MIMO radar involving a realistic target is also set up, whose simulation results corroborate the conclusions drawn based on theoretical target models, validating in a practical setting the improvements in detection performance brought in by the MIMO radar configuration. Next, a hybrid bistatic radar is introduced, which combines the phased-array and MIMO radar configurations to take advantage of both coherent processing gain and spatial diversity gain simultaneously. The target detection performance is first assessed, followed by the evaluation of the direction finding performance, i.e., performance of estimating angle of arrival as well as angel of departure. The presented theoretical expressions can be used to select the best architecture for a radar system, particularly when the total number of antennas is fixed. Finally, a novel two phase radar scheme involving signal retransmission is studied. It is based on the time-reversal (TR) detection and is investigated to improve the detection performance of a wideband MIMO radar or sonar system. Three detectors demanding various amounts of a priori information are developed, whose performance is evaluated and compared. Three schemes are proposed to design the retransmitted waveform with constraints on the transmitted signal power, further enhancing the detection performance with respect to the TR approach.

The Mini-RF radar, launched on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, imaged the lunar surface using hybrid-polarimetric, transmitting one circular polarization and receiving linear H and V polarizations. Earth-based radar operating at the same frequency has acquired data of the same terrains using circular-polarized transmit waves and sampling circular polarizations. For lunar targets where the viewing geometry is nearly the same, the polarimetry derived from Mini-RF and the earth-based data should be very similar. However, we have discovered that there is a considerable difference in circular polarization ratio (CPR) values between the two data sets. We investigate possible causes for this discrepancy, including cross-talk between channels, sampling, and the ellipticity of the Mini-RF transmit wave. We find that none of these can reproduce the observed CPR differences, though a nonlinear block adaptive quantization function used to compress the data will significantly distort some other polarimetry products. A comparison between earth-based data sets acquired using two different sampling modes (sampling received linear polarizations and sampling circular polarizations) suggests that the CPR differences may be partially due to sampling the data in a different receive polarimetry bases.

Sparse military satellite constellations were designed using two methods: a traditional approach and a genetic algorithm. One of the traditional constellation designs was the Discoverer II space based radar. Discoverer II was an 8 plane, 24 satellite, Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Walker constellation designed to provide high-range resolution ground moving target indication (HRR-GMTI), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and high resolution digital terrain mapping. The traditional method designed 9-ball, 12-ball, 18-ball, and 24- ball Walker constellations. The genetic algorithm created constellations by deriving a phenotype from a triploid genotype encoding of orbital elements. The performance of both design methods were compared using a computer simulation. The fitness of each constellation was calculated using maximum gap time, maximum revisit time, and percent coverage. The goal was to determine if one design method would consistently outperform the other. The genetic algorithm offered a fitness improvement over traditional constellation design methods in all cases except the 24-ball constellation where it demonstrated comparable results. The genetic algorithm improvement over the traditional constellations increased as the number of satellites per constellation decreased. A derived equation related revisit time to the number of ship tracks maintained. / US Navy (USN) author.