Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-08-26T10:37:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T10:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O aumento da incidência de câncer tem sido expressivo nas ultimas décadas na população mundial, sendo confirmada segundo previsões de entidades nacionais e internacionais da área da saúde. O surgimento do câncer é influenciado predominantemente por fatores genéticos e ambientais, sendo manifestado com mais intensidade na população adulta. As principais modalidades para tratamento do câncer (radioterapia, quimioterapia e cirurgia) podem ser usadas individualmente ou em combinação, dependendo do tipo de câncer. Entre as modalidades citadas, a radioterapia é aquela com maior abrangência no tratamento de pacientes, tendo associado um efeito colateral denominado radiodermite que possui graus de severidade que variam de um simples eritema até radionecrose. As manifestações da radiodermite poderão ocorrer durante o tratamento ou após as seções de radioterapia, ambas as situações terão grande relevância na qualidade de vida do paciente e no custo social. Uma das terapias alternativas estudadas para atenuar a radionecrose é a aplicação cutânea de quercetina. Para avaliar a efetividade desta atenuação foi elaborado um modelo animal de radionecrose a ser utilizado em ratos Wistar. Após estudos in vitro, foi possível determinar as concentrações e momento de aplicação da quercetina, redundo o número de animais a serem utilizados nos experimentos in vivo. Com a aplicação tópica de 250 mol/L de quercetina, uma hora antes da irradiação gama com dose de 85 Gy, foi possível minimizar os efeitos secundários da radiação, evitando a formação de radionecrose e uma tendência de atenuar a área da ferida nos animais estudados, em comparação aos animais irradiados sem a aplicação da mesma. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Antalet datortomografiundersökningar (DT) ökar i Sverige och hela världen. En nackdel med denna undersökning är höga stråldoser som kan orsaka stokastiska skador (cancer) på patienter. Mest strålkänsliga patienter är barn. De har snabbare celldelning och längre livstid kvar vilket innebär att cancer har större möjlighet att utvecklas i framtiden. Syfte: Syfte med denna studie är att belysa hälsorisker som kan förekomma vid joniserande strålning inom DT med fokus på barn samt unga vuxna. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där artiklarna valdes från två databaser PubMed och CINAHL. 10 artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och resultaten av de utvalda artiklarna analyserades. Resultat:  Resultaten visade att DT-undersökning som genomförs under barndomen kan leda till ökad risk för malignitet och deterministiska skador. Det finns ett direkt samband mellan mängden av stråldos, ålder och kön vid exponering av joniserande strålning av DT och risken att drabbas av cancer. Ju högre dos och desto yngre patienten är, samt hos flickor överlag, finns större risk att drabbas av cancersjukdom. Slutsatser: På grund av hälsorisker som förekommer efter exponering med joniserande strålning krävs ett stort ansvar både hos radiologer och röntgensjuksköterskor, för att minimera skadorna hos barn. Därför är det även av stor vikt att alla undersökningar som utförs inom DT är berättigade och optimerade för att nyttan av att utföra undersökningen ska bli större än skadan. / The number of computed tomography (CT) examinations is increasing in Sweden and worldwide. A disadvantage of this method is high radiation doses that can cause stochastic effects (cancer) on patients. The most radiation-sensitive patients are children. They have faster cell division and longer life, which means that cancer has a greater chance of developing in the future. Aim: The aim of this study is to elucidate health risks that can occur in ionizing radiation in CT with focus on children and young adults. Method: A literature review was conducted where the articles were selected from the two databases PubMed and CINAHL. Ten articles were quality checked and the results of the selected articles were analyzed.Results: The results showed that CT examination conducted during childhood could lead to an increased risk of malignancy and deterministic injuries. There is a direct correlation between the amount of radiation dose, age and sex, when exposed to ionizing radiation from CT and the risk of cancer. The higher the dose and the younger the patient, and in girls overall, there is a greater risk of suffering from cancer. Conclusions: Due to health risks that occur after exposure to ionizing radiation, a great responsibility is required of both radiologists and X-ray nurses, to minimize the damage in children. Therefore, it is also of great importance that all investigations carried out within CT are justified and optimized so that the benefit of carrying out the investigation should be greater than the damage.

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

This study set out to examine the levels of galactic cosmic radiation exposure to Australian aircrew during routine flight operations, with particular attention to the high southern latitude flights between Australia and South Africa. Latitudes as high as 65?? South were flown to gain the data and are typical of the normal flight routes flown between Sydney and Johannesburg on a daily basis. In achieving this objective it became evident that suitable commercially available radiation monitoring equipment was not readily available and scientific radiation monitors were sourced from overseas research facilities to compliment my own FH4lB and Liulin monitors provided by UNSW. At the same time it became apparent that several predictive codes had been developed to attempt to model the radiation doses received by aircrew based on flight route, latitudes and altitudes. Further, it became apparent that these codes had not been subjected to verification at high southern latitudes and that they had not been validated for the effects of solar particle events. Initially measurements were required at the high latitudes followed by mid-latitude data to further balance the PCAIRE code to ensure reasonableness of results for both equatorial and high latitudes. Whilst undertaking this study new scientific monitors became available which provided an opportunity to observe comparative data and results. The Liulin, QDOS and a number of smaller personal dosimeters were subsequently obtained and evaluated. This appears to be the first time that such an extensive cross comparison of these monitors has been conducted over such a wide range of latitudes and altitudes. During the course of this study a fortuitous encounter with GLE 66 enabled several aspects of code validation to be examined, namely the inability of predictive codes to estimate the increased dose associated with a GLE or the effects of a Forbush decrease on the code results. Finally I review the known biological effects as discussed by numerous authors based on current epidemiological studies, with a view to high-lighting were the advent of future technology in aviation may project aircrew dose levels.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The hematopoietic system is highly proliferative, making hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) sensitive to radiation damage. Total body irradiation and chemotherapy, as well as the risk of radiation accident, create a need for countermeasures that promote recovery of hematopoiesis. Substantive damage to the bone marrow from radiation exposure results in the hematopoietic syndrome of the acute radiation syndrome (HS-ARS), which includes life-threatening neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and possible death due to infection and/or hemorrhage. Given adequate time to recover, expand, and appropriately differentiate, bone marrow HSPC may overcome HS-ARS and restore homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to have pleiotropic effects on hematopoiesis, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), while inhibiting hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation. We assessed the radiomitigation potential of modulating PGE2 signaling in a mouse model of HS-ARS. Treatment with the PGE2 analog 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2) at 24 hours post-irradiation resulted in increased survival of irradiated mice compared to vehicle control, with greater recovery in HPC number and colony-forming potential measured at 30 days post-irradiation. In a sublethal mouse model of irradiation, dmPGE2-treatment at 24 hours post-irradiation is associated with enhanced recovery of HSPC populations compared to vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, dmPGE2-treatment may also act to promote recovery of the HSC niche through enhancement of osteoblast-supporting megakaryocyte (MK) migration to the endosteal surface of bone. A 2-fold increase in MKs within 40 um of the endosteum of cortical bone was seen at 48 hours post-irradiation in mice treated with dmPGE2 compared to mice treated with vehicle control. Treatment with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) meloxicam abrogated this effect, suggesting an important role for PGE2 signaling in MK migration. In vitro assays support this data, showing that treatment with dmPGE2 increases MK expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and enhances migration to its ligand SDF-1, which is produced by osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate the ability of dmPGE2 to act as an effective radiomitigative agent, promoting recovery of HSPC number and enhancing migration of MKs to the endosteum where they play a valuable role in niche restoration.