There is a strong interest in rainwater harvesting (RWH) solutions as the global demand for water increases and water sources face contamination and depletion. Despite the extensive research conducted on the impact of RWH on watersheds, there is significant research to be completed to determine the relationship between the collection tank volume, roof size, and water demand satisfied by the RWH system. This thesis aims to further the understanding of the behaviour of RWH systems through a quantitative assessment of the water provided by these systems. Calculating the reliability of RWH systems in various Canadian regions allows for an evaluation of the capacity of RWH in meeting various residential water needs in Canada’s diverse climates. The results are obtained through hourly continuous simulation to provide the most accurate results and are presented in a user-friendly format through simple equations and graphs. RWH modeling through analytical equations do not require long-term historical data and are easier to use than conducting computer-aided continuous simulations. A better understating of the analytical equations’ application is developed through a comparison between the analytical and continuous simulations methods. The comparison is held for different regions within Canada, and the analysis confirms a lack of accuracy for the analytical method in some climatic conditions. Daily continuous simulations conduced for Ugandan and Canadian regions provide a perspective on the feasibility of RWH systems to meet the human right to drinking water in the two countries. A comparison of the reliability of RWH tanks in Ugandan and Canadian regions is conducted to provide insight into the impact of rainfall patterns on the reliability of RWH systems. The evaluation of RWH performance in the RRM context in Canada and Uganda is aimed to address the lack of adequate water sources in rural, remote, and otherwise marginalized (RRM) communities globally. Examining the most accurate and appropriate modeling tools and assessing the actual yield of RWH systems provides information critical to water-sensitive communities and provides a foundation for future research to further explore the most effective application of RWH in urban and water-sensitive communities. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The thesis address the field of stormwater management. With a changing climate, the field of stormwater management much like many other fields will need to incorporate sustainable development if overall sustainability is to be reached. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the current method for dealing with stormwater in Sweden, mainly in urban areas, and point to issues at hand and identified ways of addressing them. The concept of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is assessed. A comparison of results from several case studies from around the world show that there are several aspects of high importance for the viability of such technology. Among others price for municipal water, ability to lower costs due to smart planning ahead of installing, inclusion of environmental aspects and impacts on society such as reduced load on water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure, reduced pollution load and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly due to less water treated at wastewater treatment facilities). The main conclusion from comparing and compiling results were that the viability of RWH from an economic standpoint is questionable. Although if including all identified gains for the municipality including stormwater management benefits and indirect gains due to reduced load and taking all aspects of importance into consideration there is potential for such technology even in a country like Sweden with good water supply and infrastructure in place. This thesis is of importance since it brings RWH technology into the light as a potential sustainability measure in Sweden. It evaluates the important parameters for the technology to be viable as indicated by case studies and literature within the field. / Detta examensarbete behandlar hållbar dagvattenhantering och specifikt tekniken Rainwater harvesting. Nuvarande centrala system för att förse Stockholm med färskvatten samt hantera bildat dagvatten utvärderas i en litteraturstudie. Även identifierade metoder för att hantera dagvattnet i linje med hållbarhetsmål beskrivs. Tekniken Rainwater harvesting beskrivs, dess historia samt implementering i moderna sammanhang framställs. Flertalet fallstudier där tekniken beskrivs analyseras och jämförs. Detta examensarbete är av vikt eftersom det tar upp tekniken RWH i relation till Sverige som potentiellt lokalt system för att uppnå hållbarhet. Det utvärderar viktiga parametrar för att tekniken ska anses försvarbar vilka indikeras av flertalet fallstudier samt litteratur. Dagens system för hantering av dagvatten i Stockholm består till allra största grad av det centrala avloppssystemet bestående av kombinerat samt duplikat avloppsnät. Detta har likt många centrala infrastruktursystem nackdelen att det är kostsamt och besvärligt att uppdatera och stärka, men dessutom flertalet nackdelar relaterade till miljöpåverkan och hög belastning på reningsverk. Rainwater harvesting är en teknik med lång historia som i moderna samhällen implementeras i syfte att minska vattenanvändningen samt belastningen på centralt dagvattensystem. Blandade ekonomiska resultat har observerats, sannolikt på grund av varierande analysmetoder och varierande inkludering av viktiga parametrar i bedömningar. Miljönyttan är till viss del tydlig, dock i många fall ej medtagen i beräkningar och utvärderingar. Analys av fallstudier påvisar hög potential för tekniken vid smart implementering men att det även finns goda exempel på system som resulterat i mycket dåliga ekonomiska resultat. Flertalet viktiga aspekter att ta hänsyn till för att uppnå försvarbara resultat har identifierats och beskrivits. Huvudslutsatsen är att Rainwater harvesting i och med sin potential att nå eller jobba mot definierade mål för dagvattenhantering och hållbar utveckling bör has med i åtanke som potentiellt lokalt system i Sverige kommande år.

This thesis on Low Impact Development (LID) Practices provides design guidelines and principles for three important LID practices: green roofs, rainwater harvesting and bioswales. The most important component of the thesis is the qualitative analysis of various case studies based on the LID objectives drawn from the literature review for each LID practice. Through the course of my research, I found that there was no one single source which provided information on the design guidelines accompanied by case examples which could help the designer with built examples where the LID practices have been executed. Therefore, developing this thesis document which provided all this information started as my masters thesis project. The document is designed to be used by people with a variety of expertise like landscape architects, landscape contractors, engineers and clients. The manual is organized into five chapters. The manual details the process of stormwater management and then gradually leads to the evolution of Low Impact Development Practices and detailing out three important LID practices: green roofs, rainwater harvesting, vegetated swales and briefly about infiltration systems. The LID principles outlined in this manual were developed over the last few years to address runoff issues associated with the new residential, commercial and industrial suburban developments. Information to develop this manual has been drawn from numerous sources like the Low Impact Design Strategies developed by the Prince George's County, Maryland, US EPA, Low Impact Development urban design tools and numerous other research papers. It is my hope that the manual will provide adequate information to its users by not only providing design guidelines but also provide built examples through the case studies. / Master of Landscape Architecture

No description available.

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift from centralised infrastructures to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (RWH). Initiated by recognition of drivers, including water demand, increasing risk of ground-water pollution and flooding, the value of RWH is filtering across the academic-policy boundary. However, in Nigeria, implementation of sustainable water management (SWM), such as RWH systems, is inefficient social, environmental and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. This inefficiency contributes to water scarcity, water-borne diseases, and loss of lives and property due to flooding. Meanwhile, several RWH technologies have been developed to improve SWM through both demand and storm-water management. Such technologies involve the use of storage tanks, surface water reservoirs and ground-water recharge pits as storage systems. A framework was developed to assess the significance and extent of water management problems, match the problems with existing RWH-based solutions and develop a robust ready-to-use multi-criteria analysis tool that can quantify the costs and benefits of implementing several RWH-based storage systems. The methodology adopted was the mixed method approach, involving a detailed literature review, followed by a questionnaire survey of 1067 household respondents, 135 Nigerian Architects and Civil Engineers and focus group discussion with Stakeholders. A total of 1042 sets of data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS, Excel and selected statistical methods to derive weightings of the attributes for the tool. Following this, three case studies were selected to collect data for hydrological modelling using the RainCycle model. From the results it is found that the most important barrier constraining sustainable RWH regime in Ibadan was obsolete and insufficient operational equipment, followed by poor renumeration of water corporation staff and misuse of available funds. In addition, the measure of importance of storage capacity was established, with the highest score of 4.5 which reflects the general inadequacy of storage as a major barrier to the adoption of RWH as a sustainable water management method. Further, respondents’ major health hazards associated with drinking contaminated water was established. A larger proportion (61.2%) of respondents chose prevalence of typhoid fever; some have a prevalence of diarrhea (19.4%), while few of respondents’ water sources is free from water-borne diseases (2.3%). The tool developed is an integrated platform of related evaluation techniques, including Whole Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory. The tool uses data including cost and quantities of materials for building a RWH storage system and quantifies the cost and benefits of alternative RWH-based systems that can improve project management. This tool is novel, given its integration of the analytical techniques mentioned above and application for selecting the most appropriate RWH-based SWM systems. The implementation of the tool is envisaged to provide an objective platform for the quantification of the costs and benefits of RWH-based systems prior to implementation.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) refers to the collection and storage of rainwater for domestic purposes and in an effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MGD), the South African government has started an initiative where DRWH tanks are financed in sustainable housing schemes in an aim to provide an additional water source directly to households. Although many provinces, including parts of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal, have been using harvested rainwater as a potable water source, there are a limited number of studies indicating the quality of harvested rainwater in South Africa. However, many studies, internationally, have indicated that while the practice of harvesting rainwater is gaining popularity, rainwater quality is not within potable standards (Chapter 1). During the first phase of the study, rainwater samples were collected from the Kleinmond Housing Scheme (Western Cape, South Africa). From a cluster of 411 houses, the DRWH tanks connected to 29 houses were selected for monitoring the microbial and physico-chemical properties of harvested rainwater. Drinking water guidelines stipulated by SANS 241 (2005), DWAF (1996), ADWG (NHMRC and NRMMC, 2011) and WHO (2011) were used throughout the study to monitor the quality of rainwater. Eight sampling sessions were then conducted from March to August 2012, during a high and low rainfall period. Overall, the physico-chemical parameters of the rainwater samples were within the respective drinking water guidelines. However, the microbiological analysis verified results obtained in international studies, and showed that the indicator bacteria numbers present in the DRWH samples exceeded the stipulated guidelines (Chapter 2 and 3). Species specific primers were also used to routinely screen for the virulent genes, aggR, stx, eae and ipaH found in Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), respectively, in the rainwater samples. The virulent pathogenic E. coli genes were then detected in 3% (EPEC and EHEC) and 16% (EAEC) of the 80 rainwater samples collected routinely during the sampling period from ten DRWH tanks (Chapter 3). Bacterial isolates selected during the high rainfall period (June to August 2012), as well as PCR assays performed on total genomic DNA extraction from the rainwater samples, confirmed the presence of numerous pathogenic bacteria including Legionella spp. Klebsiella spp. and Shigella spp. Yersinia spp. were also isolated and detected for the first time in DRWH tanks (Chapter 4). Based on the results obtained in the first phase and as many studies have indicated the poor quality of rainwater, the second phase of the project was aimed at designing and monitoring point of use treatment systems. Three polyethylene DRWH tanks (2000 L) were installed at the Welgevallen Experimental farm, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Various treatment systems, such as activated carbon and slow sand filtration, solar pasteurization and a combined activated carbon/PVA nanofibre filtration column, were then intermittently connected to the three DRWH tanks during the high rainfall period (June to October 2013). Results for slow sand filtration and activated carbon filters indicated that the biological layer that had developed on the filtration media had not matured and for this reason chemical and microbial parameters were not reduced to within drinking water guidelines. A polyvinyl (alcohol) (PVA) nanofibre membrane without activated carbon in a column filtration system was analysed and results indicated that this system was also not effective in reducing the microbial numbers to within drinking water guidelines. Lastly, by utilising a PVA nanofibre membrane with activated carbon in a column filtration system, one litre of potable water was produced and all heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli and total coliform counts were reduced to zero and were within drinking water guidelines (Chapter 5). For the solar pasteurization system (Chapter 6), at treatment temperatures of greater than 72°C, all heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli and total coliforms were reduced to zero and were within drinking water guidelines. However, PCR assays confirmed the presence of Yersinia spp., Legionella spp., and Pseudomonas spp., at temperatures greater than 72°C. Results for chemical analysis also indicated all cations were within the international and national drinking water guidelines, with the exception of iron, aluminium, lead and nickel, which were detected in the pasteurized rainwater samples and were above the respective guidelines. It is hypothesised that these elements could have leached from the stainless steel storage tanks of the pasteurization system and it is therefore recommended that the storage tank of the pasteurization system be manufactured from an alternative material, such as a high grade polymeric material, which is able to withstand the high temperatures yet will not negatively influence the quality of harvested rainwater. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Reënwater versameling vir huishoudelike gebruik verwys na die versameling en berging van reënwater vir huishoudelike doeleindes. In 'n poging om die Millennium Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte (MOD) te bereik het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering ‘n inisiatief begin om finansiële bystand aan huishoudings te verleen vir die implementering van reënwater tenke, in ‘n poging om ‘n addisionele water bron direk aan huishoudings te verskaf. Hoewel baie provinsies, insluitend dele van die Oos-Kaap en KwaZulu-Natal, reënwater gebruik as ‘n drinkbare water bron, is daar 'n beperkte aantal studies beskikbaar oor die gehalte van versamelde reënwater in Suid-Afrika. Baie studies internasionaal het egter al aangedui dat, alhoewel die praktyk van die versameling van reënwater besig is om in gewildheid toe te neem, die kwaliteit van reënwater nie binne drinkbare standaarde is nie (Hoofstuk 1). Tydens die eerste fase van die studie is reënwater monsters geneem van die Kleinmond Behuisings Skema (Wes Kaap, Suid Afrika). Van ‘n kompleks van 411 huise, is reënwater tenke van 29 huise geselekteer vir die monitering van die mikrobiese en fisiese-chemiese eienskappe van versamelde reënwater. Drinkwater riglyne soos gestipuleer deur SANS 241 (2005), DWAF (1996), AWDG (NHMRC en NRMMC, 2011) en WHO (2011) was regdeur die studie gebruik om die kwaliteit van reënwater te monitor. Reënwater monsters is tydens agt geleenthede geneem vanaf Maart tot Augustus 2012, tydens die hoë en lae rëenval periode. Oor die algemeen was die fisiese-chemiese parameters van die reënwater monsters binne die onderskeie riglyne vir drinkwater. Mikrobiese analises het egter die resultate van internasionale studies bevestig en het aangedui dat die getal indikator bakterieë teenwoordig in the reënwater die gestipuleerde riglyne oorskry (Hoofstuk 2 en 3). Spesies spesifieke inleiers was gebruik om die virulensie gene aggR, stx, eae en ipaH, teenwoordig in onderskeidelik Entero-aggregatiewe E. coli (EAEC), Entero- hemorragiese E. coli (EHEC), Entero-patogeniese E. coli (EPEC) and Entero-indringende E. coli (EIEC), in die reënwater monsters op te spoor. Die virulente pathogeniese E. coli gene was in 3% (EPEC en EHEC) en 16% (EAEC) van die 80 reënwater monsters, geneem van 10 reënwater tenke tydens die studie, waargeneem (Hoofstuk 3). Bakteriese isolate geselekteer tydens die hoë reenval periode (Junie tot Augustus 2012), so wel as PKR (polymerase ketting reaksie) ontledings uitgevoer op genomiese DNS wat van die reënwater monsters ge-ekstraheer was, het die teenwoordingheid van verskeie patogeniese bakterieë, insluitend Legionella spp., Klebsiella spp. en Shigella spp., bevestig. Dit is ook die eerste keer wat Yersinia spp. in versamelde reënwater waargeneem is (Hoofstuk 4). Die doel van die tweede fase van die projek was om water behandeling sisteme by die punt van gebuik te ontwerp en te monitor aangesien die resultate wat gedurende die eerste fase verkry is, sowel as vele ander studies, aangedui het dat die kwaliteit van versamelde reënwater swak is. Drie poli-etileen reënwater tenke (2000 L) was geïnstalleer op die Welgevallen Eksperimentele plaas van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika. Verskeie water behandeling sisteme, soos geaktiveerde koolstof en stadige sand filters, sonkrag pasteurisasie en ‘n gekombineerde geaktiveerde koolstof/PVA nanovesel filtrasie kolom, was met tye gekonnekteer aan verskeie reënwater tenke gedurende die hoë reënval periode (Junie to Oktober 2013). Resultate van die stadige sand en geaktiveerde koolstof filters het aangedui die biologiese laag nog nie ver genoeg ontwikkeld het nie en daarom was die chemiese en mikrobiese parameters nie verminder to binne die riglyne vir drinkwater nie. ‘n Polyviniel (alkohol) nanovesel membraan sonder geaktiveerde koolstof binne ‘n kolom filtrasie sisteem, was geanaliseer en resultate het aangedui dat hierdie sisteem ook nie die mikrobiese getalle verminder het tot drinkwater standaarde nie. Laastens, deur gebruik te maak van ‘n PVA nanovesel membraan met geaktiveerde koolstof in ‘n kolom filtrasie sisteem, was een liter drinkbare water geproduseer met alle heterotrofiese bakterieë, E. coli en totale koliform getalle verminder tot nul en was binne die riglyne vir drinkwater (Hoofstuk 5). Vir die sonkrag pasteurisasie sisteem (Hoofstuk 6), by behandelings temperature van groter as 72°C, was alle heterotrofiese bakterieë, E. coli en totale koliform getalle verminder tot nul en was binne die riglyne vir drinkwater. Maar PKR ontledings het die teenwoordigheid van Yersinia spp., Legionella spp., en Pseudomonas spp. by temperature groter as 72°C bevestig. Resultate van die chemiese analises het ook aangedui dat alle katione binne die drinkwater riglyne was, met die uitsondering van yster, aluminium, lood en nikkel. Hierdie elemente was in die gepasteuriseerde reënwater monsters waargeneem met konsentrasies wat die onderskeie riglyne oorskry het. Dit word gehipoteseer dat hierdie elemente uit die vlekvrye staal van die bergings tenk van die pasteurisasie sisteem kon uitgeloog het. Daarom word dit aanbeveel dat die bergings tenk van die pasteurisasie sisteem geproduseer moet word van ‘n alternatiewe materiaal, soos ‘n hoë graad polimeriese material, wat hoë temperature kan weerstaan maar nie ‘n negatiewe invloed sal hê op die kwaliteit van versamelde reënwater nie.

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift evident from purely centralised infrastructure to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (RWH). Initiated by recognition of drivers including increasing water demand and increasing risk of flooding, the value of RWH is beginning to filter across the academic-policy boundary. However, in the UK, implementation of RWH systems is not straight forward; social and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. Previously, these issues have been examined independently. The research described in this thesis highlights the need for interdisciplinary working to lower the barriers and resolve the concerns. Consequently, a combination of social and engineering research perspectives, methods and analysis is utilised to achieve the aim of the research: the production of a strategic framework to support the implementation of RWH in the UK. The framework is the culmination of empirically derived social and technical evidence bases including: surveys with householders and architects; interviews with small to medium enterprises (SMEs); a design and performance evaluation of a non-domestic RWH system; non-domestic water closet (WC) monitoring to develop a demand profile and a water quality study and health impact assessment (HIA) of a non-domestic RWH system. Results indicate that householders were willing but not able to implement RWH, due to financial constraints and perceived maintenance burdens. For SMEs 5 ‘implementation deficit categories’ were identified, which undermined their ability to implement. The use of continuous simulation tools, with appropriate data, need to be promoted and the non-domestic demand profile derived was distinctly different to the well-established domestic profile, yielding implications for system design. The non-domestic RWH system was able to achieve an average water saving efficiency of 97% for the period monitored and the HIA quantified the risk to health as being within the recognised screening level. Triangulation of the results into an integrated socio-technical evidence base facilitated the identification of three core strategy aims, their corresponding actions and actors (stakeholder groups). The overall strategic framework is presented in the form of a Venn diagram. It is unlikely the comprehensive nature of the strategic framework would have been achieved, if the interdisciplinary process had not been undertaken. Therefore adoption of a socio-technical approach to implementation is vital, if RWH in the UK is to transition from novel to mainstream.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Tim Keane / The City of Manhattan, Kansas has been subject to intense flooding in the last couple of years. Areas of the city, within the Wildcat Creek Watershed, have been adversely affected. The City of Manhattan and stakeholders from various walks of life are looking for solutions to alleviate flooding within the area. This Master’s Project looks into rainwater harvesting as one of the solutions to help reduce stormwater runoff and contribute to the alleviation of flooding within the Watershed. Rainwater harvesting is increasingly being recognized as an effective way to reduce stormwater runoff. The project explores the potential benefit of using a network of rainwater harvesting elements, namely rain barrels and cisterns supplemented by rain gardens and other infiltration methods to reduce runoff in the City of Manhattan, Kansas. To assess the benefit of using rainwater harvesting in the City, a neighborhood scale site was chosen and divided into land use types. Three phases were used to assess the impact and implementation of rainwater harvesting. Phase I calculates the volume of runoff generated from each land use type and how much of that runoff can be harvested from the rooftops. The values from the neighborhood scale analysis were then extrapolated to see the impact of rainwater harvesting on a larger scale. Phase II looks at the configuration of a rainwater harvesting system for the structures in each land use type and rainwater reuse options. Finally, Phase III looks at policies, regulations and incentives that can be employed by the City of Manhattan to help encourage rainwater harvesting. This Master’s project seeks to educate the City and its residents about the benefits of rainwater harvesting as a stormwater management tool and provide steps towards potentially using rainwater harvesting as a way to reduce runoff, and help alleviate flooding in the Wildcat Creek Watershed.

Although most of the earth is covered in water, a very limited amount of that water is fresh water, which is essential to our survival. Therefore, it is imperative that we do all that is possible to conserve and protect our extremely limited water resources, especially in arid regions such as the American West. While there are many ways and means to protecting and preserving our water resources, this thesis focuses on the strategy of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as it is done throughout the state of Utah. RWH is defined as taking the precipitation that falls on our built structures and putting it to good use when it would often otherwise end up in gutters, pipes, and storm drains to be processed and/or disposed of at a distant location. RWH systems consist of several different components including a catchment area (usually, but not always, a rooftop), gutters, a place for storage, and some way of future dispersal and use of the collected water. There are numerous documented benefits to RWH. Historically, RWH has not been allowed in states—such as Utah—that follow the doctrine of prior appropriation, which strongly defends the case for water rights and affirms that senior water rights should not be infringed upon. According to the law, when someone practiced RWH they were infringing on the water rights of others. However, in 2010, the Utah State Legislature modified these long-standing laws to allow residents of Utah to legally harvest up to 2,500 gallons at a time without fear of infringement on others’ water rights. Since then, many Utahans have adopted RWH. However, the number of Utah residents who are practicing RWH is still a tiny percentage of the entire Utah population. This research included surveying self-identified rainwater harvesters throughout Utah and sought to discover and understand their motivations for adopting the practice. This information has the potential to assist planners, water districts, water managers, cities, state agencies, and legislators in persuading others throughout the state to also adopt the practice. It was found that an emergency supply of water and concern for the environment are the most important motivators for Utah rainwater harvesters. Unsurprisingly, financial savings also had a significant influence on harvesters and their decision to practice RWH, although they spent considerably less on their RWH systems than is typically spent in other states and countries. A secondary aspect of the research was to examine Utah State Senate Bill 32, the current law in Utah concerning RWH. It was found that the current laws are written in a restrictive manner and should be changed and adjusted in order for a greater percentage of the Utah population to be motivated to adopt RWH.

This study is a bachelor degree project which focuses on the lack of safe drinking water in a small village known as Macedonia in the Amazon basin in Colombia. The inhabitants of the village are 850 to the number and have never had access to safe drinking water. To solve this problem a system has been built where the rainwater is harvested in a pond and also from a church roof During the dry season the rainwater in the pond is harvested and pumped into sedimentation tanks. Thereafter, the water is led into the sand filtration tanks. While during the rain season, the rainwater is harvested from a church roof which is situated at highest level in Macedonia. The water is stored in a cistern and then it is led into sand filtration tanks via pipes. This means that the pond water and rainwater are never mixed before entering the filtration tanks. The sand filtration tanks contain about 1000 mm thick layer of sand and under it, a layer of gravel which is placed in the bottom of the tank. It takes a while for the water to be filtered through the sand filtration tank. Afterwards, it is led into the final tank, where the drinking water is stored ready to be used. The method of using slow sand filtration (SSF) is suitable for small scale-projects and therefore for this project a good idea for making drinking water. SSF requires no mechanical power or replaceable parts, this is why the technique is good for purifying water in developing and isolated areas. The result of the system is water with satisfied quality running through pipes and taps, ready to be consumed.