Vattenbrist är ett stort problem i många delar av världen. En lösning som tar vara på nederbörden och eventuellt kan säkerställa vattenförsörjningen lokalt är rainwater harvesting metoden. Det som denna rapporten analyserar är huruvida det finns potential att implementera rainwater harvesting system på Storsudret, på södra Gotland. Projektet inleddes med en litteraturstudie över befintliga metoder för rainwater harvesting. En sammanställning och utvärdering har gjorts för vad som lämpar sig för området. Detta tillsammans med data från lokala myndigheter, SMHI och Lantmäteriet har analyserats och sammanställts med hjälp av programmen Excel och ArcMap för att bedöma potentialen. Resultatet av rapporten visar att, utifrån de beräkningar och kartanalyser som gjorts, potential finns för rainwater harvesting metoder på Storsudret, Gotland. De bidragande faktorerna till hur stor potential metoden har är nederbördens fördelning över året, den totala mängden nederbörd samt boendesituationen som råder på Storsudret. Boendesituationen handlar främst om storleken på takytor i relation till antalet människor som är bosatta i de fem socknar som utgör området. Slutsatsen av i hur stor grad rainwater harvesting lösningar kan påverka det enskilda hushållets vattenförsörjning är individuellt, och beror på främst på hushållens förbrukning, takyta och lagringspotential. Lösningar som denna bidrar inte enbart med minskad belastning på grundvattendepåerna, utan hjälper även de hushåll där vattnet är otjänligt och/eller där det kommunala vattennätet inte är tillgängligt. Rainwater harvesting är därför en ingenjörsteknik som kan vara en del av det vattenbristproblem som råder, inte bara på Storsudret, utan även på andra platser i Sverige och världen med vattenbrist på grund av gällande hydrogeologiska förutsättningarna. / Many places around the world, including parts of Sweden, suffers from seasonal lack of water. This can be dealt with by storing precipitation in times when the availability is good. One example of such an area is Storsudret on the southernmost part of Gotland. The focus of this report was to analyze the potential of implementing rainwater harvesting methods in Storsudret. The project was initiated with a literature study of existing methods for rainwater harvesting and an evaluation was made whether or not they were suited for the area and data from SMHI and Lantmäteriet was analyzed and compiled in Excel and ArcMap to assess the potential for rainwater harvesting. What this report shows, according to the calculations and map analysis made, is that there is potential in applying rainwater harvesting methods to the area Storsudret, Gotland. The main factors include the meteorological conditions, more specifically, the general spread of precipitation over a year and to the total amount of precipitation in a year. This together with the other factors is needed to evaluate if rainwater harvesting is a viable option for water supply at Storsudret. The other factors are mainly the size of rooftops in relation to the amount of people living in this area. Depending on each households’ own conditions, mainly water usage, rooftop size and storage capacity, the extent of which rainwater harvesting can be applied, varies. These types of solutions can not only help with a less stress on the groundwater storage, but it can also help those households that doesn’t have acceptable groundwater quality or cannot be connected to the municipal water systems. What this comes to show is that rainwater harvesting is an engineering technique that could help solve problems concerning shortage of water, not only at Storsudret, but also in other places in Sweden or in the world.

Vattenbrist blir allt vanligare i vårt samhälle och belastningen på vattenresurser och dricksvattensystemen ökar, även i Sverige. Det finns stora möjligheter att ersätta användningen av dricksvatten med vatten av lägre kvalitet för vissa ändamål, till exempel vid toalettspolning och bevattning. Att samla upp och använda dagvatten från tak och andra hårdgjorda ytor kan vara ett steg emot att använda mindre volymer dricksvatten. Många faktorer måste dock beaktas när ett sådant system ska implementeras. Vid sådana tillfällen kan en multikriterieanalys utföras. Water Investments for Sustainability Enhancement and Reliability (WISER) är ett Excel-baserat beslutsverktyg som är utvecklat för att underlätta transparent beslutsfattande kring dricksvattensystem och är baserat på multikriterieanalys. Detta arbete utvärderade möjligheterna att använda regn- och dagvatten som komplement till dricksvatten. Frågeställningarna undersökte vilka typsystem som finns för regn- och dagvattenåtervinning samt vilka hållbarhetskriterier (tekniska, sociala, miljömässiga och ekonomiska) som är lämpliga för att utvärdera dessa system som ett alternativ till dricksvattenanvändning. Beslutsverktyget WISER testades även i samarbete med en lokal VA-organisation på ett nytt exploateringsområde i Kistinge industriområde.   Metoden var en litteraturstudie och tillämpning av WISER i fallstudien. Två workshops anordnades där lokala intressenter från Laholmsbuktens VA och Halmstads kommun deltog. Där valdes kriterier för att bedöma fyra alternativa regn- och dagvattenåtervinningssystem: fastighetsnära insamling av regnvatten från tak med enskild eller gemensam magasinering, samt ett storskaligt system som samlar i regn- och dagvatten i dagvattendammar med enkel eller avancerad rening.   Resultatet visade att typsystem för regn- och dagvattenåtervinning varierar i komplexitet, men består vanligtvis av en uppsamlingsyta, magasinering, grovfilter och pumpar. Potentiella kriterier att använda vid utförande av en multikriterieanalys för regn- och dagvattensystem utvecklades och tillämpades i fallstudien. Resultatet visade att WISER var användbart som beslutsstöd för regn- och dagvattenåtervinning. För Kistinge industriområde var de mindre regnåtervinningssystemen som hade tak som uppsamlingsyta att föredra framför ett storskaligt system som samlar in både regn- och dagvatten. Alla system presterade dock på liknande nivå som att använda dricksvatten i stället, vilket tyder på att regnvattenåtervinning med dessa system inte nödvändigtvis innebär en hållbarhetsmässig fördel. / Today, problems caused by water shortages are increasing in frequency and magnitude even in Sweden. However, there are great opportunities to replace the use of potable water with water of a lower quality, for example when flushing toilets and irrigation. Collecting and recycling stormwater from roofs and other hardened surfaces can be a step towards using less potable water. There are multiple factors that need to be considered when implementing such a system, and a way to oversee the different perspectives is by doing a multi-criteria analysis (MCA). This is a common decision support method when analyzing complex problems. Water Investments for Sustainability Enhancement and Reliability (WISER) is a multi-criteria analysis decision tool that was developed to facilitate transparent decision-making regarding drinking water systems. The aim of this project was to apply and evaluate WISER to analyze various aspects of using stormwater as a supplement to potable water. The main questions in this report included what types of systems are available for stormwater recycling. Moreover, what sustainability criteria (technical, social, environmental, and economic) are appropriate to use to evaluate those systems as an alternative to drinking water use? The decision tool WISER was also applied to see if it can be used to determine whether implementing a stormwater system is a sustainable alternative. The case study was an industrial area called Kistinge in the Southwest of Sweden.   The method was based on a literature study and applying the WISER tool in the case study. Two workshops were organized where local stakeholders from the municipality in Halmstad and the local water and wastewater organization LBVA participated in the selection of relevant criteria for the case study and to assess four alternative stormwater recycling systems in WISER: local or centralized collection from roofs, and centralized collection with and without advanced treatment. Calculations were also made to assess drinking water savings, based on local precipitation data and assumptions regarding collection areas and system designs. The result of the study showed that the available stormwater systems and their area of use vary. Most common type of stormwater recycling systems include a collection area, pipes and storage, a filter, and a pump. Potential criteria to use in a multi-criteria analysis for stormwater recycling systems were developed and evaluated on the case study. The results from the MCA showed that for this industrial area, the small stormwater recycling systems using roofs as the collection area were preferable over bigger systems which managed stormwater from the whole industrial area. However, all systems received a similar index compared to using potable water instead, indicating a weak sustainability performance.

The work is devoted to the definition of rainwater by applicable legislation. Furthermore, it defines the term of restraint systems and infiltration of rainwater, with their brief description. Documenting the calculation of retention volumes for the three selected watersheds in combination accumulation, regulated runoff and infiltration. The work is processed simplified design documentation of accumulation of rainwater in the selected property. Thesis is complemented by photographs liquidation and use of rainwater.

This study examined the current state of storm- and rainwater recycling for non-potable purposes in Scandinavia as well as the local conditions and challenges that influence the sustainability of storm- and rainwater recycling. Particularly, this study aimed to show how well existing storm- and rainwater recycling systems have performed, relative to the level of ambition held by the project owner and try to gauge their sustainability relative to traditional drinking water production systems. To achieve this, a literature study, a series of interviews with project owners and a multi-criteria analysis were conducted.  The evaluated storm- and rainwater recycling systems performed well at both larger and smaller scales, although this was not uniform. Generally, more simple systems with minimal treatment performed better. The relative lack of experience with the systems, regulatory uncertainties as well as the cold climate were all challenges that the storm- and rainwater recycling systems faced.  Broadly, the owners of the systems reported high levels of contentment with the systems and the quality of the water, but motivations for installing the systems varied between regions. Difficulties encountered generally pertained to issues that arose from the design, such as the storage being underdimensioned, or the turbidity of the water in open storage being too high, complicating treatment.  There appears to be potential for applying storm- and rainwater recycling at scale in Scandinavia. In theory, such technologies deployed at scale could help ease the demand for drinking water in all Scandinavian nations. Overall, storm- and rainwater recycling may not be a panacea for the water-related challenges brought on by climate change and industrial activity, but they can be part of a solution and alleviate some issues like water shortages. / Detta examensarbete undersökte det aktuella tillståndet av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning för användningsområden där drickbart vatten inte behövs i Skandinavien, samt de lokala förhållanden och utmaningar som påverkar hållbarheten av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning. Studien hade särskilt fokus på hur existerande dag- och regnvattensystem har presterat, relativt till den ambitionsnivå som fanns hos systemägarna, samt att försöka att utvärdera hållbarheten av dessa relativt den traditionella skandinaviska dricksvattenproduktionen. För att åstadkomma detta så genomfördes en litteraturstudie, flertalet intervjuer samt en multikriterieanalys.  De utvärderade dag- och regnvattenåtervinningssystemen presterade väl på både stor och liten skala, men samtliga gjorde inte det. Generellt så var det de enklare systemen med minimal behandling som presterade bättre. Den relativa bristen på erfarenhet med dessa system, osäkerheter angående lagar och förordningar, samt det kalla klimatet var utmaningar som mötte dag- och regnvattenåtervinningssystemen.  Generellt så rapporterade ägarna av systemen en hög nivå av tillfredsställelse med hur dessa har fungerat i praktiken samt kvaliteten på vattnet, dock så varierade motiveringarna bakom installationerna mellan olika regioner. Svårigheter som uppstod berodde ofta på problem som uppkom från designen av systemet, exempelvis underdimensionering av lagringskapacitet eller för hög grumlighet i vattnet som försvårade behandling.  Det verkar finnas potential för att använda dag- och regnvattenåtervinning på stor skala i Skandinavien, och storskalig applikation av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning skulle kunna bidra till att minska dricksvattenanvändningen i samtliga skandinaviska länder. Överlag så är kanske inte dag- och regnvattenåtervinnig en mirakellösning till vattenrelaterade utmaningar orsakat av klimatförändringar och industriell aktivitet. Dock så kan dag- och regnvattenåtervinning ändå vara en del av lösningen och lindra problem så som vattenbrist. / Drizzle-projektet

Para superar o problema de disponibilidade de água e preservar os recursos hídricos, têm sido buscadas fontes alternativas de água para as atividades humanas. Dentre as soluções encontradas está a captação da água de chuva. Esta técnica é possível através da captação da precipitação em áreas impermeáveis e de seu armazenamento em reservatórios para viabilizar seu uso. Como o reservatório é, em geral, a parte mais dispendiosa para a implantação desse tipo de sistema, é necessário avaliar qual método de dimensionamento é o mais adequado. Para tanto, este trabalho analisou os métodos de dimensionamento de reservatórios para sistemas de captação de água de chuva sugeridos pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), apresentados na norma NBR 15527/07. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que o Método Simulação Mensal se destaca por resultar em volumes de reservatórios com garantias de abastecimento elevadas e com capacidades não exageradas. Este método de dimensionamento foi utilizado para desenvolver uma ferramenta eletrônica no Excel®, a fim de auxiliar a tomada de decisão em relação ao pré-dimensionamento de cisternas, localizadas no estado de São Paulo. A ferramenta, denominada SIMCAP, traz como resultados informações técnicas relativas ao volume de reservatório sugerido pelo usuário e a economia resultante da implantação do sistema. Para tanto, a ferramenta necessita que sejam preenchidas as informações sobre a localização, a categoria da edificação e a parcela do consumo a ser abastecido pela captação da água pluvial. A SIMCAP foi testada em estudos de caso com diferentes cenários de consumo de água para uma mesma edificação. Com isso, foi possível concluir que a ferramenta disponibiliza resultados relevantes à tomada de decisão por facilitar a estimativa dos benefícios econômicos e por apresentar a garantia de abastecimento do reservatório analisado. / To overcome the problem of availability of water and to preserve the water resources, there have been sought alternative sources of water for human activities. Among the solutions founded is rainwater harvesting. This technique is based on capturing rainfall in impermeable areas and storing it in reservoirs to enable its use. As the reservoir is usually the most expensive part of the rainwater harvesting system it is necessary to evaluate which method for tank sizing is the most appropriate. Therefore, this paper analyzed the tank sizing methods for rainwater harvesting systems suggested by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT), regulated by NBR 15527/07. From the results obtained, the Simulation Monthly Method stands out since it results in volumes of reservoirs with high supply reliability and non exaggerated capabilities. This method of design was used to develop an electronic tool in Excel®, to assist decision-making in relation to presizing tanks, located in the state of São Paulo. The tool, named SIMCAP, brings as results technical information about the volume of reservoir suggested by the user and the savings results from its implementation. Therefore, this tool requires the information regarding the location of this system, the category of the building and the water consumption to be supplied with rainwater. The SIMCAP was tested in case studies with different scenarios of water consumption for the same building. In conclusion, the tool results are relevant for decision making by facilitating the estimation of the economic benefits and by providing the reliability of supply of the evaluated reservoir.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T12:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Costa Mena Barreto.pdf: 3450302 bytes, checksum: e99f2daba600a6692855f43be888a898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The capture of rainwater can be a quick way to obtain large volumes of water, and of reasonable quality, coupled with the possibility of using the roof of the building, the channeling of water abstracted to a reservoir for later use. Propose a system for rainwater harvesting in order to reduce supply costs with the Federal Institute Amazonas - Manaus Campus Center IFAM - CMC. Introducing calculations with the method Rippl: Analytical and Chart for sizing reservoirs. The use of a confidence interval of 95 % for each month of the years 1961 to 2012 provided by the Institute of Meteorology INMET also capture points considering the entire roof area of the institution the minimum, average and maximum values of potential funding storm water prove the feasibility of implementing a system of rainwater_harvesting. . / A captação da água de chuva pode ser uma maneira rápida de se obter grandes volumes de água, e de razoável qualidade, somado com a possibilidade de aproveitamento do telhado da edificação, a canalização da água captada até um reservatório, para posterior utilização. Propor um sistema de captação de águas pluviais como forma de diminuir custos com abastecimento no Instituto Federal Amazonas - Campus Manaus Centro - IFAM-CMC. Apresentando cálculos com o método de Rippl: Analítico e Gráfico para dimensionamento de reservatórios. A utilização de um intervalo de confiança de 95% para todos os meses dos anos do período de 1961 a 2012 fornecidos pelo Instituto de Meteorologia INMET também os pontos de captação considerando toda a área de telhado da Instituição. Os valores mínimos, médios e máximos de potenciais de captações de águas pluviais comprovam a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema de captação de águas pluviais.

Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the

<p>Recurrent crises of food insecurity and poverty are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need to increase food production so as to reduce bad nutrition and alleviate poverty. The availability and management of water contributes crucially to the variation in yields. Since the majority of farmers in SSA practice rain-fed agriculture under adverse climatic conditions, it is crucial to use water-conserving technologies systematically and make rainwater management an integral part of land use and crop management. While rainwater harvesting technologies (RHT) can increase productivity of rain-fed agriculture significantly at reasonable costs, successful adoption of RHT and accompanying high yields still remain primarily at family level and/or in geographical ‘pockets’. The big question is ‘why have farmers not widely adopted these apparently cheap and beneficial practices?’ An adequate understanding of the factors that lead some farmers to adopt RHT, characteristics of households that use RHT as well as technology transfer approaches offer valuable insights. Based on focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey covering adopters and non-adopters of RHT, and interviews with extension officers conducted in two banana growing districts in Uganda, this paper reveals circumstances, incentives, and support that would facilitate widespread adoption of RHT.</p>

Recurrent crises of food insecurity and poverty are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need to increase food production so as to reduce bad nutrition and alleviate poverty. The availability and management of water contributes crucially to the variation in yields. Since the majority of farmers in SSA practice rain-fed agriculture under adverse climatic conditions, it is crucial to use water-conserving technologies systematically and make rainwater management an integral part of land use and crop management. While rainwater harvesting technologies (RHT) can increase productivity of rain-fed agriculture significantly at reasonable costs, successful adoption of RHT and accompanying high yields still remain primarily at family level and/or in geographical ‘pockets’. The big question is ‘why have farmers not widely adopted these apparently cheap and beneficial practices?’ An adequate understanding of the factors that lead some farmers to adopt RHT, characteristics of households that use RHT as well as technology transfer approaches offer valuable insights. Based on focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey covering adopters and non-adopters of RHT, and interviews with extension officers conducted in two banana growing districts in Uganda, this paper reveals circumstances, incentives, and support that would facilitate widespread adoption of RHT.

At the opposite of numerous countries in the world, despite its natural assets and its enormous surface and underground water potential, Cameroon is still trying to put down effective policies for the supply of safe drinking water for its rural population. Many initiatives to supply these communities through a national water distribution network have remained for the most dead letters or fruitless. A very high number of people still endanger their life daily by relying on archaic water supply techniques – when they are working – and by consuming unsafe water. This study therefore investigates if fog and rainwater harvesting could help in securing safe drinking water to these same rural communities, leaving the remaining demand - if any - to be provided by the existing but too often non-reliable supply system. Two pilot sites have been selected for their different climatic conditions; a village in the mountainous Western Province and another in the low-lying area of the Far-North Province of Cameroon. Average climatic data and basic topographical information from each location were used to determine the size and number of required collectors. The potential monthly water-yield at each site was then assessed using an actual climatic data series (8 years) and the theoretical performance simulated based on an increasing per capita daily consumption (10 – 40 l.d-1). An estimate of implementation cost is provided as part of the discussion on the feasibility of using both fog and rainwater harvesting as low-cost approaches to securing safe drinking water in Cameroon.