No / Wavelets are alternative building kernels of the multicarrier systems, such as the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The wavelets can be designed by changing the parent basis functions or constructing new filters. Some two new wavelets are considered for multicarrier design; one is designed using raised-cosine functions while the other was constructed using ideal filters. The spectrums of raisedcosine wavelet filters are controlled by a roll-off factor which leads to many distorting sidelobes. The second family of wavelet, which the raised-cosine wavelet is compared to, have no distorting sidelobes. It will be shown that raised-cosine wavelets are less suitable for multicarrier design in multicarrier environment, in terms of BER when compared to the wavelet constructed from the ideal filter.

O Sistema Hidráulico de Campos Elevados de Cultivo, Camellones, construído ao longo de 2500 anos pelos grupos pré-hispânicos da Sabana de Bogotá, Colômbia, é o tema central da presente tese. O nosso trabalho focou na relação estabelecida entre estes grupos e a água, para determinar de que maneira a interação entre ambos levou a uma forma particular de exploração dos recursos e de ocupação do território. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi entender como foi organizada a espacialidade e as atividades cotidianas, especificamente durante o período Muisca Tardio (1000 - 1550 DC), em torno do sistema hidráulico, isto é, como se construiu uma paisagem agrícola em um ecossistema de águas abertas, e como mudou essa paisagem com a colonização espanhola durante a segunda metade do século XVI. Apoiados nos conceitos e elementos teóricos da Arqueologia da Paisagem e da Ecologia Histórica, e nos dados arqueológicos, paleo-ambientais, documentais e na fotointerpretação, desenvolvemos uma análise que permitiu estabelecer que o sistema de camellones foi o resultado da inter-relação homem-meio em que os homens criaram uma forma de viver em um meio alagadiço e com grandes áreas de pântano permanente, construindo longos canais para controlar a água, criando áreas de mitigação das enchentes, obstruindo a confluência de alguns rios e elevando os campos para cultivo. A água, longe de ser um problema, se transformou no eixo de um sistema que não só provia alimentos mas também recursos derivados da pesca e da caça. Esta paisagem mudou drasticamente com a colonização espanhola, já que ela transformou o sistema social e produtivo dos Muiscas, o qual sustentava o sistema hidráulico. A mudança na forma de posse da terra, no tipo de plantas cultivadas, na introdução de elementos completamente alheios como o gado, somado à queda populacional, ao rompimento dos laços comunitários tradicionais, enfim, o desabamento do mundo que até então tinham conhecido, dificultou a reprodução social das estruturas necessárias para que o sistema hidráulico sobrevivesse. / The Hydraulic System of Raised Fields Cultivation, Camellones, built throughout 2500 years by pre-Hispanic groups from the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, is the central theme of this thesis. Our work focused the relationship between these groups and the water, to determine how the interaction between them led to a particular form of exploitation of resources and occupation of the territory. The overall objective of the research was to understand how it was organized the spatiality and quotidian activities, specifically during the Late Muisca period (1000 - 1550 AD), around the hydraulic system, that is, how it was built an agricultural landscape in an ecosystem of open water, and how this landscape changed with the Spanish colonization during the second half of the sixteenth century. Building on the concepts and theoretical elements of Landscape Archaeology and Historical Ecology, as well as archaeological, paleo-environmental, documentary data and photointerpretation, we developed an analysis that determined that the system of camellones was the result of the inter-relationship man-environment in which men have created a way to live in a wetland environment and with large areas of permanent swamp, building long channels to control the water, creating areas of mitigation of floods, blocking the confluence of some rivers and raising the fields for cultivation. The water, far from being a problem, has become the axis of a system that not only provided food but also the proceeds of fishing and hunting. This landscape has changed dramatically with the Spanish colonization, as it transformed the social and productive system of Muiscas, which supported the hydraulic system. The change in the form of land tenure, the type of crops, the introduction of completely unrelated elements such as cattle, added to the population decline, the breakdown of traditional community ties, ultimately, the collapse of the world that they had hitherto known, difficult the social reproduction of the structures necessary for the hydraulic system to survive.

The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has completed a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data inventory that includes access locations across the UDOT network. The new data are anticipated to be extremely useful in better defining safety and in completing a systemwide analysis of locations where safety could be improved, or where safety has been improved across the state. The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Brigham Young University (BYU) has worked with the new data to perform a safety analysis of the state related to access management, particularly related to driveway spacing and raised medians. The primary objective of this research was to increase understanding of the safety impacts across the state related to access management. These objectives were accomplished by using the LiDAR database to evaluate driveway spacing and locations to aid in hot spot identification and to develop relationships between access design and location as a function of safety and access category (AC). Utah Administrative Rule R930-6 contains access management guidelines to balance the access found on a roadway with traffic and safety operations. These guidelines were used to find the maximum number of driveways recommended for a roadway. ArcMap 10.3 and Microsoft Excel were used to visualize the data and identify hot spot locations. An analysis conducted in this study compared current roadway characteristics to the R930-6 guidelines to find locations where differences occurred. This analysis does not indicate the current AC is incorrect; it simply means that the assigned AC does not meet current roadway characteristic based on the LiDAR data analysis. UDOT can decide what this roadway will become in the future and help shape each segment using the AC outlined in the R930-6. A hierarchal Bayesian statistical before-after model, created in previous BYU safety research, was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah between 2002 to 2014 were used in this model. The model analyzed the raised medians by AC. Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation, posterior distribution plots showing the probability of a decrease in crashes after installation, and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled (VMT) values were all created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In Rio Grande do Sul state, the Alfisols areas are predominantly cultivated with irrigated rice, however, the monoculture of rice can complicate the use of these areas for rice crop. An alternative to this is the use of crop rotation. The soybean is a crop that may be used in rotation with irrigated rice, but due some soil characteristics, such as: poor drainage, low hydraulic conductivity and compacted layer present in the soil sub-surface, the soybean yield is usually limited especially in drought years. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of mechanical interventions, as soil scarification and raised bed, associated to cover plants during winter season, by means of physical indicators, hydric and oxygen deficiency index, agronomic characteristics and soybean grain yield in lowlands. The experiment was performed in the Lowland Experimental Area of the Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, during 2015/16 growing season. The treatments were composed by two factor. The factor A were composed by tillage systems: ES14 – Soil scarification in November of 2014; ES15 – Soil scarification in November of 2015; MI14 – raised bed built in November of 2014; MI15 – raised bed build in November of 2015. The D factor was applied during the winter, composed by winter fallow, oat, ryegrass and wheat as soil cover plants. During period from November 2015 up to April 2016, it was grown soybean on the yillage systems. Based on the results obtained, the effect of cover plants were not detected after an unique crop season, on the maintenance of alteration of the soil physical attributes. The level of remaining ryegrass straw of 3900 kg ha-1 verified in the present study reduces an initial soybean plantas population. Changes in the density, total porosity and soil resistance to mechanical penetration, promoted by deep tillage are noticeable by at least 18 months. This persistence reflect in the soybean grain yield for a second harvest. The raised bed and deep tillage realized in the same seeding period provides less occurrence of oxygen deficiency and greater nodulation, resulting in a higher yield of soybean grains in irrigated rice area. / No Rio Grande do Sul os Planossolos são predominantemente cultivados com a cultura do arroz irrigado, no entanto, o monocultivo do mesmo pode prejudicar o uso dessas áreas para o cultivo do arroz, sendo a rotação de culturas uma alternativa. A soja é uma cultura que pode ser utilizada em rotação com o arroz irrigado. Porém, em função de características desses solos como: drenagem deficiente, baixa condutividade hidráulica e presença de camada compactada próximo à superfície do solo, a produtividade da soja é usualmente limitada principalmente quando ocorre estresse hídrico. Diante disso, o objetivo de estudo foi determinar o efeito do preparo do solo com escarificação e camalhão na preservação dos atributos físicos do solo, bem como seus efeitos em características agronômicas e no rendimento de grãos de soja em um Planossolo. O experimento foi realizado na área didático-experimental de várzea da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, na safra de 2015/16. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois fatores. Fator A composto por preparos do solo: ES14 – escarificação do solo em novembro/2014; ES15 – escarificação do solo em novembro/2015; MI14 – camalhão construído em novembro/2014; MI15 – camalhão construído em novembro/2015. O fator D foi aplicado em faixas no período de inverno, composto por pousio, aveia, azevém e trigo como plantas de cobertura do solo. No período de nov/2015 a abr/2016 foi cultivado soja sobre os preparos do solo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observa-se que não foi detectado o efeito de plantas de cobertura, em um único ano de cultivo, na manutenção dos atributos físicos do solo. O nível de palha de azevém remanecente de 3900 kg ha-1 verificado no presente trabalho reduz a população inicial de plantas de soja. Alterações na densidade, porosidade total e resistência a penetração, promovidas pela escarificação mecânica, são perceptíveis por no mínimo 18 meses. Sendo que a persistência dessas modificações reflete no rendimento de grãos de soja para uma segunda safra. A confecção de camalhão e escarificação próximos a semeadura proporcionam menor ocorrência de deficiência de oxigênio e maior nodulação, resultando em maior rendimento de grãos de soja em área de arroz irrigado.

O Sistema Hidráulico de Campos Elevados de Cultivo, Camellones, construído ao longo de 2500 anos pelos grupos pré-hispânicos da Sabana de Bogotá, Colômbia, é o tema central da presente tese. O nosso trabalho focou na relação estabelecida entre estes grupos e a água, para determinar de que maneira a interação entre ambos levou a uma forma particular de exploração dos recursos e de ocupação do território. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi entender como foi organizada a espacialidade e as atividades cotidianas, especificamente durante o período Muisca Tardio (1000 - 1550 DC), em torno do sistema hidráulico, isto é, como se construiu uma paisagem agrícola em um ecossistema de águas abertas, e como mudou essa paisagem com a colonização espanhola durante a segunda metade do século XVI. Apoiados nos conceitos e elementos teóricos da Arqueologia da Paisagem e da Ecologia Histórica, e nos dados arqueológicos, paleo-ambientais, documentais e na fotointerpretação, desenvolvemos uma análise que permitiu estabelecer que o sistema de camellones foi o resultado da inter-relação homem-meio em que os homens criaram uma forma de viver em um meio alagadiço e com grandes áreas de pântano permanente, construindo longos canais para controlar a água, criando áreas de mitigação das enchentes, obstruindo a confluência de alguns rios e elevando os campos para cultivo. A água, longe de ser um problema, se transformou no eixo de um sistema que não só provia alimentos mas também recursos derivados da pesca e da caça. Esta paisagem mudou drasticamente com a colonização espanhola, já que ela transformou o sistema social e produtivo dos Muiscas, o qual sustentava o sistema hidráulico. A mudança na forma de posse da terra, no tipo de plantas cultivadas, na introdução de elementos completamente alheios como o gado, somado à queda populacional, ao rompimento dos laços comunitários tradicionais, enfim, o desabamento do mundo que até então tinham conhecido, dificultou a reprodução social das estruturas necessárias para que o sistema hidráulico sobrevivesse. / The Hydraulic System of Raised Fields Cultivation, Camellones, built throughout 2500 years by pre-Hispanic groups from the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, is the central theme of this thesis. Our work focused the relationship between these groups and the water, to determine how the interaction between them led to a particular form of exploitation of resources and occupation of the territory. The overall objective of the research was to understand how it was organized the spatiality and quotidian activities, specifically during the Late Muisca period (1000 - 1550 AD), around the hydraulic system, that is, how it was built an agricultural landscape in an ecosystem of open water, and how this landscape changed with the Spanish colonization during the second half of the sixteenth century. Building on the concepts and theoretical elements of Landscape Archaeology and Historical Ecology, as well as archaeological, paleo-environmental, documentary data and photointerpretation, we developed an analysis that determined that the system of camellones was the result of the inter-relationship man-environment in which men have created a way to live in a wetland environment and with large areas of permanent swamp, building long channels to control the water, creating areas of mitigation of floods, blocking the confluence of some rivers and raising the fields for cultivation. The water, far from being a problem, has become the axis of a system that not only provided food but also the proceeds of fishing and hunting. This landscape has changed dramatically with the Spanish colonization, as it transformed the social and productive system of Muiscas, which supported the hydraulic system. The change in the form of land tenure, the type of crops, the introduction of completely unrelated elements such as cattle, added to the population decline, the breakdown of traditional community ties, ultimately, the collapse of the world that they had hitherto known, difficult the social reproduction of the structures necessary for the hydraulic system to survive.

La question du rôle de l’expérience et de l’imagerie visuelle dans la perception et l’identification haptique d’images aux traits en relief par des individus aveugles et voyants constitue la question de recherche de cette thèse. La thèse présente quatre études expérimentales qui portent sur la perception d’images tactiles non figuratives (des patterns de lignes simples) et figuratives (visages expressifs, objets communs). Les résultats montrent que 1-Des individus aveugles peuvent reconnaitre des patterns simples avec un niveau de performance comparable à celui des individus voyants. 2- La stratégie que les personnes aveugles utilisent pour répondre à cette tâche dépend de leur proportion de temps de vie sans expérience visuelle. 3-Il n’y a pas plus de différence de performance entre individus aveugles de naissance et voyants avec des images figuratives. 4-Des individus forts en imagerie visuospatiale sont plus performants que des faibles imageurs pour identifier des images tactiles d’objets communs. En conclusion, la perception haptique des images tactiles, figuratives ou non, s’avère globalement possible sans le recours de l’expérience visuelle ou de l’imagerie visuelle. Le type d’imagerie mentale impliqué dans la compréhension des images tactiles dépend des individus (statut visuel, expérience visuelle, aptitude en imagerie visuospatiale). Des perspectives sur le contrôle de la complexité des images et l’analyse des mouvements d’exploration par une technologie innovante sont proposées. / The issue of the role of visual experience and imagery in the haptic perception of raised-line pictures by blind and sighted people is addressed by the present research. The thesis presents four experimental studies focusing on the perception of non figurative (simple line patterns) and figurative (expressive faces, common objects) tactile pictures. Results show that 1- Blind people can recognize simple patterns with the same accuracy level than sighted people. 2- Strategies used by blind people depend on their lifetime proportion without of visual experience. 3- There is no difference in performance between congenitally blind and sighted with figurative pictures perception. 4- Individuals with high visuospatial skills are more accurate than low imagers in identifying tactile pictures of common objects. In conclusion, haptic perception of tactile pictures, whether figurative or not, seems to be possible without recourse to visual experience or imagery. Our results suggest that the nature of mental imagery used in tactile picture comprehension tasks is subject-dependent (visual status, visual experience, visual imagery capacities). Perspectives regarding how to control for picture complexity control and how to analyze exploratory movements using an innovative technology are set up.

Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne illness worldwide, primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) which is associated with poultry consumption. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has emphasized the need for alternative strategies to control C. jejuni colonization in poultry. To assess the prevalence of C. jejuni in poultry, 270 cloacal swab samples were collected from broilers raised under No-Antibiotics Ever system. Among these samples, 16.3% were identified as C. jejuni positive. Notably, these isolates exhibited a diverse range of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes, with 61.36% of isolates showing hyper-motile and 20.45% demonstrating multidrug resistance. Following isolation, whole genome sequencing was conducted on four selected strains using a hybrid sequencing approach. Subsequently, the complete genomes of these C. jejuni strains were analyzed to identify vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology. Three conserved potential vaccine candidates were identified as suitable targets for vaccine development, namely phospholipase A (PldA), TonB dependent transporter (ChuA), and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB). Furthermore, the gene expression of these candidates was examined in four C. jejuni strains during host-pathogen interactions using avian macrophage cell line HD11. Significant upregulation of all three candidate genes were observed in the four tested C. jejuni strains during interaction with host cells, indicating their crucial role in C. jejuni infection. Additionally, the expression of immune genes was evaluated in avian macrophage cells to understand the immune responses during C. jejuni infection. The infection resulted in the upregulation of toll-like receptor genes (TLR-4), pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8L1), anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10), and iNOS2 gene expression. The observed immune response demonstrates the potential of C. jejuni to induce host immunity for protection. In conclusion, our study identifies three conserved potential vaccine candidates and provides insights into the immune responses induced by C. jejuni infection in avian macrophage cells. These findings are crucial for the development of an effective vaccine against C. jejuni, aiming to reduce C. jejuni transmission through poultry consumption and the risk of human infection.

Two way left turn lanes (TWLTL) and raised medians are common median treatments on roadways. This research focused on evaluating the safety effectiveness of conversion of TWLTLs into raised medians using Before-After and Cross Sectional Studies. In the Before-After Studies, we evaluated the effect of this treatment using the Naive, Before-After with Comparison Group (CG), and Before-After with Empirical Bayes (EB) Methods. In order to apply these methods, a total of 33 segments of a treated group and 109 segments of a comparison group have been collected. Also, safety performance functions (SPFs) have been developed using the negative binomial model in order to calibrate crash modification factors (CMF) using the Before-After with Empirical Bayes Method. This research also evaluated the safety effectiveness of this treatment on four and six lane roads using Before-After with CG and Before-After with EB. The type of raised medians was further evaluated using Before-After with CG and EB. In sum, the results from this study show that applying the before-After and Cross Sectional studies have proved that the conversion from a TWLTL to a raised median helped to reduce total, fatal and injury, head on, angle, and left turn crashes. It significantly reduces crashes for head-on and left turn crashes, by restricting turning maneuvers. Also, this study has proved that the treatment is more effective on four rather than six lane roads. Furthermore, two types of raised medians, concrete and lawn curb, were evaluated after the conversion from TWLTLs. It was found that both medians have similar effects due to the conversion, and both median types helped in reducing the number of crashes.

No / Multiproxy palaeohydrological records from three raised bogs in Northern Ireland indicate that a major shift to wetter/cooler climatic conditions postdated the rapid decrease in solar activity at 2800 cal. BP by ~100 years. This event is bracketed by two wiggle-match radiocarbon-dated cryptotephra layers in each profile, enabling a high degree of chronological precision. These replicated data corroborate previous findings based on Irish peat humification profiles, and may indicate spatial complexity in the climatic response to solar activity between oceanic and continental areas.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / With every new spacecraft that is designed comes a greater density of information that will be stored once it is in operation. This, coupled with the desire to reduce the number of ground stations needed to download this information from the spacecraft, places new requirements on telemetry transmitters. These new transmitters must be capable of data rates of 320 Mbps and beyond. Although the necessary bandwidth is available for some non-bandwidth-limited transmissions in Ka-Band and above, many systems will continue to rely on more narrow allocations down to X-Band. These systems will require filtering of the modulation to meet spectral limits. The usual requirements of this filtering also include that it not introduce high levels of inter-symbol interference (ISI) to the transmission. These constraints have been addressed at CE by implementing a DSP technique that pre-filters a QPSK symbol set to achieve bandwidth-limited 320 Mbps operation. This implementation operates within the speed range of the radiation-hardened digital technologies that are currently available and consumes less power than the traditional high-speed FIR techniques.