Thesis (D. Ed. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2003. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-52).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-68).

Dialect emergence or new-dialect formation in intensive contact situations has been the subject of research for decades. Approaches to dialect emergence have led to a more solid understanding of the origins of specific phonological features. This line of research often approaches issues of new-dialect formation and phonological feature development within the confines of one linguistic subfield. However, new-dialect formation is a multifaceted phenomenon which results from a combination of dialectological, phonological and historical linguistic factors. The current thesis presents a comprehensive account of phonological feature development in new-dialect formation from a combined theoretical perspective by exploring historical and contemporary processes in the emergence of phonologically-conditioned variation in the price and mouth lexical sets in Liverpool English. This feature has been widely researched in other varieties of English and has previously been attributed to new-dialect formation. However, little is known about the patterns of price and mouth in Liverpool English. The current thesis relies on multiple methods of data collection (e.g. a combination of fieldwork and corpus data), various quantitative methods, and detailed acoustic analyses (e.g. formants and Euclidean distance in a two-dimensional formant space) to investigate the precise details and the processes involved in the emergence and development of price and mouth patterns in Liverpool English. Liverpool English is thought to have emerged during the 19th century as a result of extensive and prolonged immigration from the surrounding areas of Lancashire and Cheshire, and from Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. However, the specific timing, extent of immigration, and proportion of immigrant populations have not been investigated in detail. The current thesis provides the first in-depth analysis of historical census records in order to extend our knowledge of the populations in Liverpool at the time of new-dialect formation. The insights obtained from this analysis provide a more nuanced picture of the development of Liverpool English. They are essential for determining what dialects potentially contributed to dialect formation and the repertoire of price and mouth variants present at the time that these processes were developing. The analysis of historical census records is further augmented by using a combination of quantitative methods and historical corpora in order to gain a fuller understanding of the processes involved in the formation of these dialect features. The contemporary investigation of price and mouth in Liverpool English shows that these patterns are separate, but related, and that their phonological conditioning environments resemble those reported for cases of price and mouth variation in other varieties of English. I present a detailed overview of the phonetics and phonology of price and mouth variation in Liverpool English, looking at a wide range of conditioning environments. This investigation also reviews a range of different quantitative measurements useful for research on variation involving diphthongs. The origins of price and mouth phonological patterns in Liverpool English indicate that an approach combining different theoretical perspectives is required to adequately explain the development of these patterns. The current thesis suggests that price and mouth phonologically conditioned variation in Liverpool English initially resulted from variants of different dialects within the dialect contact situation. However, some features of the contemporary patterns developed following new-dialect formation as a by-product of phonetic and phonological properties of diphthong production in certain following environments. By approaching the development of these phonological features in Liverpool English from a combination of theoretical perspectives, the current thesis expands our understanding of emergent phonological features in new-dialect formation.

The goal of my dissertation is to further our understanding of the political ramifications of women's running stories by focusing on the intersections of feminist rhetoric, women in sports studies, political theory, and ontology. To this end, I examined six books written by women, about women, who participate in the sport of running. Since I am most interested in how gendered concepts teach us how to be "appropriate," and due to the fact that what is considered appropriate gendered behavior changes over time, I start from a place of understanding that "appropriateness" is necessarily both hegemonic and unstable. As a feminist rhetorical critic, I am foremost concerned with gendered relations of power, and am interested in working to move those relations towards the democratic end of liberty and equality. This dissertation examined the following five research questions: First, how do women articulate their running identities in the stories they tell? For example, do women depict running as central or influential to their self-concepts, roles, identities, ambitions and/or goals? If so, how? Specifically, what identities, concepts, or themes are common across stories? Second, do individual women explicitly discuss, or implicitly allude to, multiple identities or roles? If they embrace multiple identities or roles, how do they rhetorically navigate among them in the stories they tell? Third, how, if at all, do women articulate their experience of gender norms? Fourth, what are the points of possible contention, clash or disagreement in the discussion of women runners' experiences? How might the various perspectives that women (and others around them) express be in legitimate (agonistic, pluralistic) conversation with each other? And finally, in what ways might these stories hint at ontological change as a real possibility, and/or provide a canvas for an agonistic and plural relationship with the self and others? In other words, what commitments, goals, beliefs, and/or values do different perspectives have in common, that might bring them together to work for mutually-agreed upon change in the world, or in the political order? Upon completion of this dissertation, my feminist rhetorical analysis provided ample evidence that the texts I examined are clearly consciousness-raising documents, as their sole purpose is sharing stories of how women journey through life via running. This project illustrated that a particular kind of consciousness is raised when women's bodies are running, sometimes alone, but often together. This consciousness provides a freedom for these women to be more whole, strong, and authentic versions of themselves; running gives way to a mental and physical strength that these women may not have found otherwise. While for some rhetors and audiences, the essential question of women and girls' participation in sports looms large, for many other people, the issues have broadened and deepened from the original `to play or not to play,' and now encompass subtler concerns, from the wearing of the hijab in athletic competition to whether or not women should train during pregnancy. The female body is constantly on display and up for debate, and the female body in the realm of sports is no exception. Together, feminist rhetorical criticism and agonistic pluralism provided me with the foundation to creatively analyze women's running stories for their political and feminist ramifications, places where women are celebrated and heralded as strong athletes, as well as point out places where liberty and equality are still lacking.

M.Ed. / Technikons are independent tertiary institutions training potential technologists for industry. In order to fulfil this mission additional resources are required and foundations and/or trusts have been established to assist in the raising of these resources. Effective management is therefore essential. To obtain optimum results fundraisers must possess above average abilities in managerial skills and be focused to reach their goals and objectives based on business orientated principles. Good business principles involve sound strategic, marketing and financial planning and focusing on research. The manager must be well versed, practically and theoretically, in the planning, implementing, organising, controlling and evaluating of fundraising projects. In this respect also staff development plays a major role in that leadership development, commitment and motivation contribute to the success of the fundraising team. The fund-raiser must focus on both the internal and external markets. Expertise and insight are required of the fund-raiser to influence donors to the benefit of a particular technikon. Other role players assisting the fundraiser are technikon personnel, students, Technikon Council members and alumni. The following recommendations to improve fundraising at technikons are proposed: effective management; motivation of role players; staff involvement in the promotion and assistance of fundraising; external role players' involvement in fundraising; and effective planning to identify, explore and utilise target m

L’utilisation des techniques marketing a profondément changé les liens entre donateurs et associations. Cette thèse se propose d’expliquer les comportements de résistance par l’influence de l’intrusion perçue des sollicitations des associations lors des campagnes de collecte de fonds. Une revue de la littérature et deux études empiriques ont été conduites. La première étude est de nature qualitative. L’intrusion perçue des sollicitations de don d’argent est explorée grâce à une analyse thématique de 18 entretiens semi-directifs. Trois formes de sollicitation perçues comme intrusives sont mises en évidence : les sollicitations par téléphone, à domicile et dans la rue. Une deuxième étude, quantitative, a été conduite auprès de 1137 individus. Les résultats montrent une influence positive de l’intrusion perçue de ces sollicitations sur le comportement de résistance. L’étude démontre aussi que la sollicitation par téléphone est perçue comme la plus intrusive. Aussi, trois profils se distinguent : les compréhensifs, les indépendants, les résistants. Seul le premier groupe semble ne pas percevoir l’intrusion lors des sollicitations téléphoniques. Cette recherche apporte des contributions à la littérature sur la résistance du consommateur (marketing marchand) et le comportement de don (marketing social). Sur le plan managérial, cette étude lève le doute sur le lien entre intrusion perçue et résistance aux sollicitations, et aide ainsi les associations à s’orienter vers des pratiques diminuant l’intrusion perçue. / The use of marketing techniques has had a strong impact on the relationship between donors and associations. This thesis aims to explain the resistance behavior resulting from the perceived intrusion of associations' solicitations during fundraising campaigns. A review of the literature and two empirical studies have been conducted. The qualitative study explores the perceived intrusion of donation solicitations through a thematic analysis of 18 semi-directive interviews. Three forms of perceived intrusive solicitation are highlighted: solicitations by telephone, at home and in the street. A second quantitative study has been conducted with a sample of 1137 individuals. The results show a clear positive influence of the perceived intrusive solicitation on the resistance behavior. The study also reveals that solicitation by telephone is perceived as the most intrusive. Furthermore, three profiles emerge: the comprehensive, the independent and the resistant individual. Only the first group does not seem to perceive telephone solicitation as intrusive. This research brings added contribution to the literature on consumer resistance (consumer research) and donor behavior (social marketing). This study also confirms the link between perceived intrusion and resistance to solicitations, and thus helps associations to rethink their communication efforts.

English: The increase in grandparents who take on the role of raising their grandchild has incited a growth in research, specifically on how this population is able to accomplish such an important responsibility at the later years of their life. However, not much is known about grandparents who are raising grandchild with a congenital disability. Grandparents may take on this role as either a co-parent or as a sole parent out of obligation towards their grandchild and their family. Grandparents from low socio-economic settings with corresponding challenging family and environmental circumstances are a particularly vulnerable group. As a result, these grandparents may experience heightened levels of stress, lower levels of well-being and increased social isolation, which may have a negative influence on their grandchild’s developmental outcomes. This thesis will focus on a study undertaken that aimed to explore the relationships between stress, well-being and the perceived needs for and helpfulness of available social support of grandparents raising their grandchild with a congenital disability. A total of 50 sole-parenting and co-parenting grandparents from various areas in the Western Cape took part in this adapted survey design in the form of structured interviews. An expected inverse relationship was found between caregiving stress and well-being. A further expected positive relationship was found between the grandparents’ perceived needs for types of support and their well-being, and, as hypothesised, an inverse relationship was identified between the grandparents’ perceived need for types of support and their stress. With further analysis, perceived need for types of support positively mediated the stress and well-being. Together with its clinical implications, this study also provides understanding regarding the implications of applying measures devised on foreign populations to the current South African context. / Afrikaans: Die toename in grootouers wat hul kleinkinders grootmaak, het gelei tot ’n groei in navorsing, spesifiek oor die wyse waarop hierdie populasie in staat is om so ’n belangrike en verantwoordelike rol op hul ouderdom te vervul. Daar is egter nie veel bekend oor grootouers wat kleinkinders met ’n aangebore gestremdheid grootmaak nie. Grootouers vervul hierdie rol óf as ’n mede-ouer, óf as ’n alleenouer, uit verpligting teenoor hul kleinkind en hul familie. Grootouers uit lae sosio-ekonomiese agtergronde, met ooreenstemmende uitdagings ten opsigte van familie- en omgewingsomstandighede, is veral ’n weerlose groep. Die resultaat hiervan is dat sodanige grootouers verhoogde stresvlakke, laer welstandsvlakke en verhoogde sosiale isolasie mag ervaar, wat kan lei tot ’n negatiewe uitwerking op hul kleinkinders se ontwikkelingsuitkomste. Hierdie studie verken die verhoudings tussen stres, welstand en die waargenome behoeftes na beskikbare maatskaplike ondersteuning (en of hierdie ondersteuning van waarde is) vir die grootouers wat hul kleinkind met ’n aangebore gestremdheid grootmaak. ’n Totaal van 50 grootouers (alleen- of mede-ouers) vanuit verskeie gebiede in die Wes-Kaap het deelgeneem aan hierdie aangepaste meningsopname-ontwerp in die vorm van gestruktureerde onderhoude. ’n Verwagte inverse verhouding tussen versorgerstres en welstand is bevind. ’n Verdere verwagte positiewe verhouding is bevind tussen die grootouers se waargenome behoeftes na tipes ondersteuning en hul welstand en, soos veronderstel, is ’n inverse verhouding geïdentifiseer tussen die grootouer se waargenome behoeftes na tipes ondersteuning en hul stres. Met verdere analise, het waargenome behoeftes na tipes ondersteuning, die verhouding tussen stres en welstand, positief met bemiddeling. Tesame met die kliniese implikasies, verskaf hierdie studie ook begrip rakende die implikasies van die toepassing van maatreëls wat ontwerp is vir populasies wat nie met die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ooreenstem nie. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / PhD / Unrestricted

Every 19 minutes, someone dies from a drug overdose, with an estimated 130 Americans dying each day. In 2017, 70,200 lives were lost. The estimated cost to society is $78.5 billion dollars from expenditures related to law enforcement, health care, and lost productivity. The proliferation of the opioid crisis is rooted in stigma as individuals suffering with substance use disorder (SUD) have been invisible, marginalized, stigmatized, and criminalized. Stigma is a Greek word denoting a visual sign or mark that signifies a person as tainted and unfit for inclusion in society, a person to avoid. Sadly, the attitudes of health care professionals towards patients with SUD are largely pejorative, with nurses amongst the most punitive. Prognostic pessimism is a problem, as nurses may view patients with SUD as unlikely to recover. Across the literature, nurses struggle to view addiction as a chronic disease. Nurses noted a lack of addiction science education, preservice, and work related, leaving them feeling unprepared to care for this vulnerable population. For this reason, education is a strategy to raise awareness of the stigma that exists in spaces and places that are designated for healing. Employing artistic mediums such as visual thinking strategies may bring addiction to the forefront and facilitate a greater understanding of the detriment of stigma to population health. The root of stigma stems from personal beliefs, attitudes, and societal views, which then overshadow care delivery. The introduction of a talking circle as a place to share burdens, personal and professional, may facilitate awareness of stigma and its origins to construct a platform for change using a dialogic process. Reducing stigma has the potential to improve environments in which patients and nurses coexist as well as to improve treatment outcomes for patients suffering from addiction.

La presente investigación se basa en un problema sobre el cual la mayoría de las personas no son conscientes de los daños que ocasionan el uso excesivo de las bolsas plásticas. Para el cual se plantea el siguiente objetivo general, determinar el impacto del diseño persuasivo usando fotomontaje sobre el uso de bolsas plásticas en los consumidores de los mercados de Lima Metropolitana. La hipótesis que se maneja es que mediante el diseño persuasivo se puede promover información sobre la Ley que regula el uso de bolsas plásticas de un solo uso, así como la reflexión que conduzca a un cambio de conducta sobre la problemática planteada. En cuanto a la metodología se plantea desarrollar una campaña que muestre publicidad basándose en el fotomontaje, la cual se propone desarrollar en todos los mercados de los distritos. Aplicando el uso de las figuras retóricas en la publicidad que muestra una bolsa plástica con la frase “menos plástico, más vida” que por este medio se logrará concientizar por medio de fotografía y poco texto tipográfico, solamente mediante una imagen visual, con el fin de parar el problema y contribuir con el medio ambiente. Es por eso que usando la persuasión en los afiches de la campaña de mercado saludable como iniciativa para que las personas reduzcan el uso de bolsas plásticas en los supermercados. Se puede concluir que muchas personas que recurren a estos mercados desconocen sobre la ley que regula el plástico de un solo uso; sin embargo, son conscientes del daño que se hace al medio ambiente, al adquirir bolsas plásticas. El 68% de la población tiene interés por el medioambiente; sin embargo, el 70% no tiene conocimiento de la ley que regula el plástico de un uso. / This research is based which problem is the most people are unconscious of the damage caused by the excessive of plastic bags use. Which raises the following entire objective, to determine the persuasive impact design using photomontage on the use of plastic bags on consumers in the markets of Metropolitan Lima. The hypothesis is that through the persuasive design it can be used to promote information about the law that regulates the use of plastic bags, as well as the reflection that will lead to a change the conduct on the issues raised. Respecting the methodology develop a campaign that display advertising based on the photomontage, which it proposes to develop in all grocery's districts. By applying the use of figures of speech in advertising that shows a plastic bag with the phrase "less plastic, more life" that will raise awareness through photography and little typed text, only by using a visual image, in order to stop the problem and to contribute to the environment. That is why using persuasion in the posters of the campaign of healthy market as an initiative for people to reduce the use of plastic bags in supermarkets. It can be concluded that many people who resort to the grocery's don't know about the law that regulates the plastic of only single use, however they are aware of the harm is done to the environment, with the purchase of plastics bags. The 68% of the population has an interest in the environment, also the 70% has no knowledge of the law that regulates the use of plastic. / Trabajo de investigación

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Credentialing has become an established albeit voluntary—and often debated— part of the fundraising profession. Despite this, scholarly attention to the phenomenon of credentialing for fundraising professionals has been woefully lacking. While the literature has discussed what the benefits of credentialing are to fundraisers and the general public, it has failed to research how particular credentials came to be and why they were created at a particular place and time. This study analyzes the origins of the first fundraising credential, the Certified Fund Raising Executive (CFRE) credential, which was first awarded in 1981. While touching briefly on the phenomenon of mass philanthropy that paved the way for the birth of fundraising as a profession in the early twentieth century, the study concentrates on the way in which early practitioner associations such as the American Association of Fundraising Counsel and the National Association of Fund Raising Executives worked to establish fundraising as a legitimate profession. They fended off external threats from government regulation and capitalized on opportunities to give shape to the profession through the development of criteria for determining professional standing, codes and standards of practice and, eventually, the self-regulatory mechanism of voluntary credentialing. The principal results and conclusions of this study are: 1) while the fundraising profession has been witness to major events impacting American philanthropy in the twentieth century, including the reification of philanthropy as an economic “third sector” through the impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, the fundraising profession as a whole has been largely disengaged from these events except when they have directly threatened the economic welfare of the profession; and 2) the creation of the CFRE credential was largely spurred by increased calls for self-regulation of fundraising in the late 1970s.