A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar como a evolução da economia brasileira condicionou a atuação da CONAB e a mudança dos instrumentos da PGPM a partir da abertura comercial. No decorrer da década de 1990, observou-se que a CONAB teve que adaptar os instrumentos tradicionais da PGPM, Aquisição do Governo Federal - AGF e Empréstimo do Governo Federal - EGF, em consequência da crise fiscal do Estado e do processo de abertura comercial. Além das adaptações da AGF e do EGF, a CONAB criou novos instrumentos como, por exemplo, o Prêmio de Escoamento do Produto - PEP, como forma de diminuir a intervenção na agricultura e reduzir a necessidade de estoques públicos. As atuações da CONAB se direcionaram, a partir de 1995, às regiões de fronteiras; assim, os estoques públicos e o abastecimento alimentar da nação - em especial, das principais commodities amparadas pela PGPM, milho e arroz - começaram a ser gradativamente supridos por meio das exportações e das importações. Diante da redução da participação da PGPM e da atuação da CONAB na agricultura, no ano de 2003, através do Programa Fome Zero - PFZ, o Governo Federal insere a CONAB e a PGPM no contexto da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional do país. Tendo como um dos eixos estruturais do PFZ a agricultura familiar, o Governo Federal cria o Programa de Aquisição da Agricultura - PAA, propiciando uma nova fase da PGPM e uma mudança institucional da ação da CONAB na agricultura. Diante desse panorama, observou-se que a PGPM deixou de atender tão somente seus objetivos iniciais de estabilizar preços e garantir renda ao agricultor e se direcionou à formação de estoques estratégicos, oriundos, em parte, especificamente da agricultura familiar, como forma de garantir o abastecimento alimentar do país, dentro do âmbito da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional. Apesar das limitações verificadas no PAA, como a pouca geração de renda e o baixo número de agricultores familiares beneficiados, pode-se dizer que, se, por um lado, a abertura comercial acelerou o desmonte da PGPM nos moldes tradicionais e da intervenção da CONAB na agricultura via preços mínimos, por outro, propiciou, com o PFZ, o aproveitamento da estrutura da CONAB e o direcionamento da PGPM na execução da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional do país. / The overall purpose of this study was to analyze how the evolution of the Brazilian economy affected the actions of CONAB and the change in the instruments used to set the PGPM in the period after the raising of commercial trade barriers in Brazil. Throughout the 1990s, CONAB was required to adapt to the traditional instruments of the PGPM, Federal Government Acquisitions (Aquisição do Governo Federal, AGF) and Federal Government Loans (Empréstimo do Governo Federal, EGF), as a result of the state fiscal crisis and the process of raising commercial barriers. Besides the adaptations of the AGF and the EGF, CONAB created new instruments, such as the Prize for Product Shipment (Prêmio de Escoamento do Produto, PEP) as a means for reducing government interventionism in agriculture and reducing the necessity for public stockpiles. From 1995, CONAB began directing its attention towards the border regions; the public stockpiles and the nation\'s food supply, especially corn and rice - the main commodities sustained by the PGPM - gradually started to be provided through exports and imports. In 2003, with the reduction in participation of the PGPM and the activities of CONAB in agriculture, the federal government repositioned CONAB and the PGPM in the context of the nation\'s food and nutrition security policy, through its flagship Hunger Zero Program (Programa Fome Zero, PFZ). With family-run agriculture as one of the structural pillars of the PFZ, the federal government created the Agricultural Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição da Agricultura, PAA), leading to a new phase for the PGPM and an institutional shift in the activities of CONAB with regards to agriculture. With this scenario, the PGPM stopped its initial objectives of price stabilization and ensuring income for farmers, and directed its attention to the formation of strategic stockpiles originating, in part, specifically from family-run agricultural enterprises, as a means of guaranteeing the country\'s food supply, under the auspices of the state food and nutrition security policy. Despite the restrictions of the PAA, such as the limited creation of income and the small number of family farming operations benefited, it can be said that, if on one hand the raising of the commercial trade barriers accelerated the demise of the traditional role of the PGPM, and of the activities of CONAB in the agricultural industry through minimum pricing, on the other it took advantage of the structure of CONAB and the redirectioning of the PGPM in order to establish a food and nutrition security policy for the country through the PFZ.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carmo_mc_me_sjrp.pdf: 502429 bytes, checksum: c68a94dd50864db21d7a7619eca3b43d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho descreve as vogais médias pretônicas dos verbos na região do município de São José do Rio Preto, noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Algumas dessas vogais sofrem o processo fonológico de alçamento, por meio do qual as vogais médias /e/e/o/ são realizadas, respectivamente, como /i/e /u/, como em d[i]s[i]nvolvendo e c[u]nheço. Como corpus de pesquisa, são utilizadas dezesseis entrevistas do Banco de Dados IBORUNA, resultado do Projeto ALIP – Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP – FAPESP 03/08058-6). São analisadas amostras de fala espontânea de informantes do sexo feminino que apresentam: (i) Ensino Superior completo ou em andamento; e (ii) uma das seguintes faixas etárias: de 16 a 25; de 26 a 35; de 36 a 55; e acima de 56 anos. A análise é realizada segundo os princípios da Teoria da Variação e da Mudança Lingüística, com a utilização do pacote estatístico VARBRUL, bem como da Fonologia Autossegmental, representada pelo modelo da Geometria de Traços. Como resultado geral, tem-se que alçam 16% das 2455 ocorrências de vogal pretônica /e/ e 10% das 2147 ocorrências de vogal pretônica /o/. Todas as ocorrências são analisadas em relação a uma variável social e a dez variáveis lingüísticas, utilizando-se o VARBRUL. Dos resultados estatísticos, obteve-se que a variável lingüística altura da vogal da sílaba subseqüente à sílaba da pretônica-alvo é a mais relevante à aplicação do alçamento, tanto para /e/, quanto para /o/. Observa-se que, no corpus desta pesquisa, todas as ocorrências de pretônicas alçadas podem ser explicadas: (i) pela harmonização vocálica, em que a vogal sofre o alçamento pela influência de uma vogal alta presente na sílaba seguinte à da pretônica-alvo, como em acr[i]ditar; e/ou (ii) pela redução vocálica, em que a vogal alça pela influência da(s)... / This work describes the pretonic medial vowels of the verbs in the region of the city of São José do Rio Preto, northwest of São Paulo State. In these vowels, the phonological process of vowel raising can be found. Through this process, the medial vowels /e/ and /o/ are pronounced, respectively, as /i/ and /u/, in words like d[i]s[i]nvolvendo and c[u]nheço. The corpus of this research is formed of sixteen interviews of the Banco de Dados IBORUNA, a result of the ALIP Project – Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP – FAPESP 03/08058-6). Spontaneous speech samples – of female informants that: (i) had been attending University or that had already finished it; and (ii) belonged to one of the following age-bands: 16 to 25; 26 to 35; 36 to 55; and over 56 years – are analyzed. The analysis is made under the perspective of: (i) the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change, by using the statistical package VARBRUL; and (ii) the Autosegmental Phonology, represented by the Feature Geometry model. The general result is that 16% of the 2455 occurrences of pretonic vowel /e/ and 10% of the 2147 occurrences of pretonic vowel /o/ are raised. All the occurrences are analyzed in relation to one social variable and to ten linguistic variables, using VARBRUL package. The statistical results evinced that the height of the vowel of the syllable which is contiguous to the syllable of the pretonic vowel is the most relevant variable concerning the application of the vowel raising process, both to /e/ and to /o/. It is observed that, in the corpus of this research, all the occurrences in which the pretonic vowels are raised can be explained by: (i) a process of vowel harmonization, through which the vowel is raised by the influence of a high vowel in the syllable which is adjacent to the syllable of the pretonic vowel, as acr[i]ditar; and/or (ii) vowel reduction, through which... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar quais são os contextos que permitem ou bloqueiam o processo de alçamento vocálico das vogais médias pré-tônicas, tal como em caf[] caf[e]teria, mas não *caf[e]zinho. Assumiu-se a análise de Wetzels (1991, 1992, 1995), que propõe que este alçamento neutraliza as vogais médio-baixas através do desligamento do traço [aberto3]. Neste trabalho foram checadas três hipóteses, a saber, se a vogal seguinte a vogal médio-baixa influencia no alçamento da mesma, se o tipo de sílaba resultante da derivação influencia no alçamento ou bloqueio das vogais médias e, por fim, se a morfologia exerce influência neste fenômeno. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, dentre as hipóteses perseguidas, a morfologia que demonstrou ter maior influência na escolha do processo de alçamento ou bloqueio das vogais médio-baixas. As outras hipóteses foram parcialmente confirmadas. Na hipótese da influencia da vogal seguinte na neutralização vocálica foi comprovado que este exerce influência, no entanto ela não ocorre pelo processo de harmonia e desarmonia. Já na hipótese da influência da sílaba resultante, apenas o contexto CVCCVC é capaz de bloquear a neutralização vocálica, enquanto os contextos que resultam CV são inertes ao processo. Os dados deste trabalho confirmaram a hipótese de Lee (1995) sobre a propriedade dos sufixos de bloquear o alçamento vocálico, e esta tese inova ao propor um estudo mais profundo dos sufixos aumentativos a fim de inseri-los a estes sufixos. Nesta tese também apresenta-se evidências de que a classificação proposta por Mateus e dAndrade (2000) de sufixos avaliativos e z-avaliativos não se mostrou aplicável aos dados do português brasileiro. / This dissertation aims to analyze the contexts that allow or block the process of vocalic raising of pretonic mid vowels as in caf[] caf[e]teria (coffee coffee bar) but not in *caf[e]zinho (small cup of coffee). It was assumed the approach proposed by Wetzels (1991, 1992, 1995), which argues that this vocalic raising neutralizes the mid/low vowels because of a disconnection of the trace [open3] In this work, three hypotheses are checked: 1) if the vowel that follows a midlow vowel has some influence on the vocalic raising of the second vowel; 2) if the type of syllable that results from the derivation has some influence on the raising or on the blocking of mid vowels; and, finally, if the morphology plays some role on this phenomenon. After analyzing the data and following the three hypotheses, it was noted that the morphology has great influence on the choice between raising and blocking the process of the mid low vowels. The other two hypotheses were partially confirmed. The hypothesis that predicts the influence of the following vowel on vocalic neutralization was proved, however it does not occur because of the process of vocalic harmony and disharmony. The hypothesis regarding the influence of the resultant syllable was partially confirmed too; it was seen that in the context of CVCCVC the vocalic neutralization is blocked, whereas in the contexts with CV as a result this blocking process does not occur. Moreover, the analysis of the data confirmed the hypothesis followed by Lee (1995) on the role played by the suffixes on blocking the vocalic raising. The study conducted for this dissertation innovates for proposing a deeper study about augmentative suffixes and for presenting evidences that the classification proposed by Mateus & dAndrade (2000) does not explain what happens in the morphology of Brazilian Portuguese.

Neste trabalho, propomos uma análise do verbo acabar e de algumas das sentenças em que ele pode aparecer à luz de modelos formais para a análise linguística. Buscamos investigar as características sintático-semânticas dessas sentenças e procuramos identificar que tipo de estrutura sintática melhor representa sua formação. Travaglia (2004b) discute a poligramaticalização do verbo acabar e mostra que esse verbo está se gramaticalizando em sentidos diferentes. Esse autor aponta sete valores gramaticais em diferentes estágios de gramaticalização para tal verbo, além do sentido como verbo pleno. Sugerimos uma redução das oito possibilidades de interpretação de acabar sugeridas por Travaglia a cinco, pois quatro dos exemplos diferenciados por aquele autor parecem permitir uma mesma leitura. Nas sentenças que analisamos nesta dissertação, fazemos um recorte abrangendo o verbo acabar que traz uma idéia de resultado ou fase final de um evento, com uma leitura algo aconteceu e, no final das contas, a situação terminou de tal forma. Vários testes foram feitos para definir o estatuto desse verbo, como auxiliar ou como aspectualizador, porém esses testes não apontam para uma mesma direção. Observamos que acabar não apresenta um comportando uniforme, ora comportando-se como um verbo auxiliar, ora como um aspectualizador. Apesar do grande número de características que observamos para esse verbo comportando-se como um auxiliar, o consideramos como um aspectualizador (na terminologia de Wachowicz (2005, 2007)), principalmente pelo fato de operar sobre o intervalo de tempo denotado pelo verbo principal, restringindo esse intervalo para sua fase final ou para seu resultado, que é uma forte característica dos aspectualizadores, conforme Lunguinho (2005, 2009) e Wachowicz (2005, 2007). Esse verbo apresenta todas as características de alçamento perante os testes propostos por Davies & Dubinsky (2004). O verbo acabar está selecionando uma proposição em todos os exemplos em foco neste trabalho, uma small clause, e o sujeito lógico da predicação no núcleo dessa small clause alça para a posição de sujeito superficial. O verbo acabar funciona como um verbo inacusativo, selecionando apenas um argumento interno, no caso, uma SC. Ferreira (2009) prevê que um verbo inacusativo funcione como uma construção de alçamento. Essa autora considera os auxiliares como um subgrupo dos verbos inacusativos e esses, por sua vez, como um subgrupo dos verbos de alçamento. Por conta disso, prevemos que acabar esteja em uma intersecção entre os subgrupos de verbos inacusativos que selecionam uma SC, um CP, um DP e os verbos auxiliares, já que apresenta algumas características desse último. Comparamos as propriedades de acabar com algumas propriedades das passivas das línguas naturais, como discutido em Jaeggli (1986). Duas das propriedades das passivas das línguas naturais são também propriedades dos verbos inacusativos e, logo, dos verbos de alçamento: i) o NP na posição de sujeito não recebe papel-; e ii) o NP na posição de VP não recebe Caso verbal. Então, essas propriedades se verificam tanto para as passivas quanto para o verbo acabar, porém de formas um pouco diferentes. Sendo assim, essas construções podem ter uma mesma leitura, mas não a mesma estrutura sintática. É possível estabelecer uma relação entre as sentenças passivas e as estruturas de alçamento em que acabar pode ocorrer, devido ao fato de verbos auxiliares e inacusativos apresentarem propriedades de verbo de alçamento, como explicado em Ferreira (2009). Além disso, passivas podem apresentar algumas características comuns àquelas construções. Assim, obtemos uma leitura parecida para todas essas construções. / In this dissertation, we offer an analysis of the verb acabar and some sentences in which it can figure according to the formal linguistics. We investigate the syntactic-semantic characteristics of these sentences and try to identify what kind of syntactic structure best represents them. Travaglia (2004b) discusses the poligrammaticalization of the verb acabar and shows that this verb is grammaticalizing in different ways. This author shows seven grammar values in different levels of grammaticalization for this verb, besides its meaning as a lexical verb. We suggest a reduction of these eight possibilities to interpret acabar into five, since four examples analysed in different ways by that author seems to allow a same reading. In the sentences we analyse in this dissertation, we reduce the scope of our investigation only to the verb acabar that brings an idea of an event result or final phase, bringing a reading like: something happened and, by the end, the situation ended up like this. Many tests were done to define this verb as an auxiliary or aspectualizer, but these tests dont show the same results. We observe that acabar dont exhibit an uniform behaviour, sometimes working as an auxiliary verb, other times as an apectualizer. In spite of the great range of characteristics that we observe for this verb behaving as an auxiliary, we consider it an aspectualizer (following Wachowicz (2005, 2007)), mainly due to the way it works over the time interval expressed by the main verb, restricting this interval to its final phase or to its result, that is a strong characteristic for the aspectualizers, according to Lunguinho (2005, 2009) and Wachowicz (2005, 2007). This verb shows all raising characteristics according to the tests proposed by Davies & Dubinsky (2004). The verb acabar is selecting a proposition in all of the examples in focus on this dissertation, a small clause, and the logical subject of the predicate in the nucleus of this small clause raises to a superficial subject position. The verb acabar works as an unnacusative verb, selecting only one internal argument, in this case, a SC. Ferreira (2009) assumes that an unnucusative verb behaves as a raising structure. This author considers auxiliaries as a subgroup of the unnacusatives, and the later verbs, as a subgroup of the raising verbs. For this reason, we assume that acabar is in crossroads between unnacusative verbs subgroup that selects a SC, a CP, a DP and the auxiliary verbs, since it shows some characteristics of these verbs. We compare the properties of acabar with some properties of passives in natural languages, as discussed in Jaeggli (1986). Two of the three properties of passives in natural languages are also the properties of unnacusative verbs and, consequently, of raising verbs: i) the NP in the subject position doesnt receive a -role; and ii) the NP in the position of VP doesnt receive structural Case. So, these properties are true not only for the passives, but also for the verb acabar, but in different ways. Then, these constructions can have the same reading, but not the same syntactic structure. It is possible to establish a relation between these passive sentences and the raising structures in which acabar can occur, in spite of the fact that auxiliary verbs and unnacusatives present properties of raising verbs, as discussed in Ferreira (2009). Besides, passives can present some characteristics common to that constructions. Then, we get a similar reading to all of these constructions.

Children raised by their grandparents are a steadily growing demographic in schools throughout the United States. When parents are unable to care for their children, grandparents sometimes assume the role of primary caregiver. This is especially true when they are faced with the threat of placing their grandchildren in the foster care system. More often than not, these grandparents are not adequately prepared for the challenges of raising children who have lost their parent through death, drug abuse or incarceration and few resources exist to guide elementary school principals to engage this demographic. Regardless of the growing numbers of caregiving grandparents there exists a dearth of research and literature to guide school leaders in effectively engaging these grandparents in school involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand principals’ experiences with grandparents raising grandchildren (GRG), to discover grandparent’s experiences and perspectives on their own experiences in their grandchildren’s schools, and finally, construct theory on how elementary principals create and nurture positive and productive relationships with grandparents raising grandchildren. Analysis of date contributed to the development of propositions that reflect study findings. These propositions contributed to the development of a framework toward theory: Although principals were cognizant of the challenges GRG face, this knowledge did not influence their leadership. As a result, their leadership practices created school environments in which GRGs were effectively engaged in two-way communication but limited decision-making. Furthermore, the schools did not provide a bridge to resources to meet many of the challenges GRG and their families faced.

The goal of this work is to provide an account of dative clitic dependencies in constructions with raising verbs such as to seem in Romanian. Dative clitic experiencers as quirky subjects and dative clitics in clitic left dislocation (CLLD) constructions are discussed from a syntactic point of view and experimentally tested in a psycholinguistics study. The study contributes to current innovations in the Minimalist Program, presenting new perspectives on Romanian clitic dependencies in raising constructions partially addressed in earlier generative grammar. This study poses new questions regarding raising, the intervention effects of dative clitic experiencers, and the effects of clitic dependencies in ditransitive constructions. Chapter II presents an overview of Romanian raising constructions without dative experiencers. I show that Romanian possesses three raising constructions, based on the type of the embedded clause: subjunctive, infinitive, and indicative. Each of these has three potential locations for the nominative subject, argued to be generated in the embedded clause. Formal mechanisms such as Long Distance and Multiple Agree, Movement, Case and EPP are considered independent of one another. Dative clitic experiencers in raising constructions, analyzed in Chapter III, are claimed to be quirky subjects and to structurally occupy the highest position in the sentence. Having established the role of dative clitic experiencers, I discuss raising constructions involving dative experiencers generated and/or surfacing in various positions, and their effects on operations such as Agree and Move. I then discuss Experiencer Islands, formed by matrix and embedded experiencers in the same utterance, and present the contexts in which they occur. A Grammaticality Judgment Test confirms the existence of such restriction in Romanian. Furthermore, I present an analysis of Experiencer Islands and discuss observed exceptions to the restriction. Dative clitic dependencies such as CLLD constructions and Long Distance CLLD Constructions are also analyzed in this thesis. The experimental study presented in Chapter IV supports theoretical claims and demonstrates that Romanian speakers are aware of dative clitic dependencies, such as clitic experiencer dependencies and clitic dependencies in CLLD constructions, possess the grammatical knowledge of biclausal constructions involving dative clitic dependencies and have the ability to recognize such dependencies.

The goal of this work is to provide an account of dative clitic dependencies in constructions with raising verbs such as to seem in Romanian. Dative clitic experiencers as quirky subjects and dative clitics in clitic left dislocation (CLLD) constructions are discussed from a syntactic point of view and experimentally tested in a psycholinguistics study. The study contributes to current innovations in the Minimalist Program, presenting new perspectives on Romanian clitic dependencies in raising constructions partially addressed in earlier generative grammar. This study poses new questions regarding raising, the intervention effects of dative clitic experiencers, and the effects of clitic dependencies in ditransitive constructions. Chapter II presents an overview of Romanian raising constructions without dative experiencers. I show that Romanian possesses three raising constructions, based on the type of the embedded clause: subjunctive, infinitive, and indicative. Each of these has three potential locations for the nominative subject, argued to be generated in the embedded clause. Formal mechanisms such as Long Distance and Multiple Agree, Movement, Case and EPP are considered independent of one another. Dative clitic experiencers in raising constructions, analyzed in Chapter III, are claimed to be quirky subjects and to structurally occupy the highest position in the sentence. Having established the role of dative clitic experiencers, I discuss raising constructions involving dative experiencers generated and/or surfacing in various positions, and their effects on operations such as Agree and Move. I then discuss Experiencer Islands, formed by matrix and embedded experiencers in the same utterance, and present the contexts in which they occur. A Grammaticality Judgment Test confirms the existence of such restriction in Romanian. Furthermore, I present an analysis of Experiencer Islands and discuss observed exceptions to the restriction. Dative clitic dependencies such as CLLD constructions and Long Distance CLLD Constructions are also analyzed in this thesis. The experimental study presented in Chapter IV supports theoretical claims and demonstrates that Romanian speakers are aware of dative clitic dependencies, such as clitic experiencer dependencies and clitic dependencies in CLLD constructions, possess the grammatical knowledge of biclausal constructions involving dative clitic dependencies and have the ability to recognize such dependencies.

<p>Search advertising refers to the practice where advertisers place their text-based advertisement on the search engine's result page along with the organic search results. With its growing importance, search advertising has seen a recent surge in academic interest. However, the literature has been ignoring some practical yet important problems of advertisers, including the keyword selection problem. In my dissertation, I focus on the keyword selection problem, more specifically, the choice of branded keywords in search advertising.</p> <p>My dissertation begins with an observation on different patterns of branded keyword purchase behavior by the brand owner and its competitor. Under some branded keywords, we observe in the sponsored link, only the brand owner or only the competitor. However, under some other branded keywords, we observe both firms, or neither of them. Upon this phenomenon, I aim to understand what drives this puzzling pattern in a competitive environment. To this purpose, I develop a duopoly model where two firms compete in the product market with both horizontally and vertically differentiated products. Their products are evaluated by consumers whose perception is affected by what they see in search advertising. With this setup, Then I derive a subgame perfect equilibrium of the two stage game.</p> <p>In a pricing equilibrium, I find that any benefit a firm gets from search advertising either due to exposure benefit or due to contrast or assimilation, helps this firm charge higher price while forcing the other firm charge lower price. This result affects the incentive for each firm to buy the branded keyword in the advertising stage. Specifically, firms have an incentive to buy the keyword only when the cost of advertising is justified by the exposure benefit but even in that case, each firm buys only when the detrimental context effect is not present. If the quality difference between the brand owner and the competitor is large and thus there exists a contrast between the two firms, the competitor with low quality product refrains from buying the keyword, because the contrast effect hurts the competitor. On the other hand, if the quality difference is small and thus two brands are assimilated, the brand owner with high quality product refuses to buy the keyword, because it is hurt by the assimilation effect. If the quality difference is in the intermediate range so that neither context effect is harmful to neither firm, both firms buy the keyword at the same time. On probing further the underlying incentives, I find that in some cases, the brand owner may buy its own keyword only to defend itself from the competitor's threat. In contrast, I also identify the case where the brand owner chooses to buy its own keyword and precludes the competitor from buying it. My result also suggests that both firms may be worse off by engaging in advertising, as in the prisoner's dilemma case.</p> <p>On an extension, I provide an analysis on the impact of the insufficient advertising budget. If the budget is limited, both firms may have an incentive to hurt the other firm taking the higher slot, by increasing the bid amount and thus quickly exhausting the competitor's budget. The budget constraint also deprives the advertisers of the incentive to buy the keyword and thus, the budget-constrained advertisers may refuse to match the competitor's purchase of the keyword. Finally, the experimental investigation shows the existence of the exposure effect and the context effects. It also supports the model prediction based on estimated model parameters together with the empirical observation.</p> / Dissertation

In this study, possibility of establishing feminist solidarity, sustained and based on feminist politics in Turkey is examined. Commonality discourse, the notion of sisterhood and identity politics, creating illusionary homogeneity are criticized of being exclusionary and limiting. Contemporary accounts of feminist solidarity are investigated in order to find a way out for establishing solidarity across difference. However, it is seen that these contemporary approaches are far from designating a driving force to stimulate feminists / activists to come together. It is argued that in order to achieve feminist solidarity respecting differences is a must. It is also argued that solidarity has to become a powerful relation among feminists and to do so internalized inequalities and power holding within activism has to be interrogated. Consciousness raising among activists is offered as a means to overcome challenges to activism and barriers to solidarity. Furthermore it is argued that feminism has to become the motto of activism and feminist politics as the basis for establishing feminist solidarity.