Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed May 28, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59)

The competence in textual production and the consciousness about this process must reflect the work done in teacher training courses, in order to prepare them not only to be producers of text, but mostly to become good mediators of this activity. From this finding, it was determined the main problem of this thesis: how did the Letras freshman develop the metacognitive vision of the acquisition in relation to the process of textual production? . To invest in this issue, it was organized a project involving students of the Letras Course from a Private University of Rio Grande do Sul, during the year 2007, in the disciplines of Portuguese I and II, in the way of the Holistic Model of Richter (2005). This Model considers the inseparability among conduct, concept and value in the professional practice . Having the Process Writing by White & Arndt (1991) as work philosophy, we chose the individual Chronological Portfólio as an instrument of highlight, resource that allows a longitudinal monitoring of the developments in the writing production. The work was organized in four sequential modules, facilitating a continuous assessment on the action taken, which allowed that the cyclical nature of the action research was observed and fed (Burns, 1999). In each module it was produced a different textual gender, which was rewritten four times. Each version received suggestions from the teacher, always, of a different nature. The first one involved questions about gender and sociopragmatic features; the second one was related to local and semantic aspects of coherence; the third one dealt with issues relating to the linguistic surface covering syntactic and morphological aspects and the fourth one was the final edition. Thus, it was investigated the influence of the noticing and the consciousness-raising in textual production from monitoring and selfmonitoring of the students involved. To compose a proposal of work which promoted a self-management of the process, it was sought to constitute a work considering the Theory of Activity by Leontiev (1981) and Engeström (1999). The research led to the conclusion that the social roles of teacher-tutor and student-taught are determinant for the transformation of the input to intake in the metacognitive process. Approaching acquisition of writing and Holistic Model, it was realized that all the formative content used in practice by the students didn t feed back the acquisition in metacognitive terms, without the official voice of the teacher. Thus, in the process undertaken throughout the project, it was identified a phenomenon which I called mirror effect , that is, all the reflection of the students about acquisition was sedimented as knowledge about from the validation of these findings by the teacher responsible for the conduct of the activities. It was established therefore an intersubjective work (Vygotsky, 1985), but at the end of the year, it was realized just a principle of internalizing of the explored concepts. But the consciousness of the students about framework, mediation and process was significant. This consciousness about the positivity of an appropriate methodology for teaching and learning of textual production facilitates the renewal of the school work with language. As the developed project explored practices of teaching with future teachers as a way of achieving the pedagogical practice in Basic Education, by the renewal of concepts about writing-process, the offer is considered valid as a contribution to Applied Linguistics. / A competência em produção textual e a consciência sobre esse processo deve ser reflexo do trabalho realizado nos cursos de formação de professores, com o intuito de prepará-los não, apenas, para serem produtores de texto, mas principalmente para tornarem-se bons mediadores dessa atividade. A partir dessa constatação, determinou-se o problema principal desta tese: como o calouro de Letras desenvolve a visão metacognitiva da aquisição em relação ao processo de produção textual? . Para investir nessa questão, organizou-se um projeto envolvendo acadêmicos do Curso de Letras de uma Universidade Particular do Rio Grande do Sul, ao longo do ano de 2007, nas disciplinas de Português I e II, nos moldes do Modelo Holístico de Richter (2005). Esse Modelo considera a inseparabilidade entre conduta, conceito e valor no exercício profissional . Tendo o Process Writing de White & Arndt (1991) como filosofia de trabalho, optou-se pelo Portfólio Cronológico individual como instrumento de destaque, recurso que possibilita um acompanhamento longitudinal dos avanços na produção escrita. Os trabalhos foram organizados em quatro módulos sequenciais, facilitando uma avaliação continuada sobre a ação empreendida, o que permitiu que o caráter cíclico da pesquisa-ação fosse observado e realimentado (Burns, 1999). Em cada módulo era produzido um gênero textual diferente, o qual era reescrito quatro vezes. Cada versão recebia sugestões da professora, sempre, de natureza diferente. A primeira envolvia questões sobre o gênero e características sóciopragmáticas; a segunda estava relacionada aos aspectos semânticos locais e de coerência; a terceira tratava de aspectos referentes à superfície linguística, abarcando aspectos sintáticos e morfológicos e a quarta constituía a edição final. Dessa forma, investigou-se a ocorrência do noticing e do consciousness-raising em produção textual a partir do monitoramento e automonitoramento dos acadêmicos envolvidos. Para compor uma proposta de trabalho que promovesse um autogerenciamento do processo, buscou-se constituir um trabalho considerando a Teoria da Atividade de Leontiev (1981) e Engeström (1999). A pesquisa levou à conclusão que os papéis sociais de professortutor e de aluno-tutorado são determinantes para a transformação do input em intake no processo metacognitivo. Aproximando aquisição da escrita e Modelo Holístico, percebeu-se que todo o conteúdo formativo usado, na prática, pelos acadêmicos não realimentava a aquisição em termos metacognitivos sem que fosse oficializado pela voz da professora. Assim, no processo empreendido ao longo de todo o projeto, identificou-se um fenômeno que denominei efeito espelho , isto é, toda a reflexão dos acadêmicos sobre aquisição era sedimentada como conhecimento sobre a partir da validação dessas constatações por parte da professora responsável pela condução das atividades. Estabeleceu-se, assim, um trabalho intersubjetivo (Vygotsky,1985), mas no final do ano, percebeu-se, apenas, um princípio de internalização dos conceitos explorados. Porém a consciência dos alunos sobre enquadramento, mediação e processo foi significativa. Essa consciência sobre as positividades de uma metodologia adequada para o ensino-aprendizagem da produção textual facilita a renovação do trabalho escolar com linguagem. Já que o projeto desenvolvido explorou práticas de ensino com futuros professores, como forma de atingir a prática pedagógica na Educação Básica, pela renovação de conceitos sobre a escrita-processo, considera-se a proposta válida como contribuição para a Linguística Aplicada.

Este presente estudo comparou o efeito de duas combinações de instrução com foco na forma no ensino da flexão de adjetivos I e NA da língua japonesa, em sua forma predicativa, aplicadas em duas turmas de nível básico. Uma combinação foi baseada no composto: instrução para processamento com uso de técnica de saliência textual atividade de produção estruturada, e a outra, na atividade de consciousness raising com uso de técnica de saliência textual atividade de produção estruturada. A primeira combinação teve como principal intervenção pedagógica a instrução para processamento formulada por VanPatten (1993, 1996, 2004), e a segunda, a atividade de consciousness raising defendida por alguns autores como Fotos & Ellis (1991). O objetivo principal foi avaliar qual das duas intervenções é mais eficaz na aprendizagem a curto e a longo prazo das flexões dos adjetivos. Para tanto, o desempenho dos aprendizes foi avaliado por cinco pós-testes e por um teste postergado, todos em formato de produção escrita, aplicados após os respectivos tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos pela análise estatística constatam que, apesar de ambas as combinações apresentarem um efeito positivo, a instrução para processamento é mais eficaz tanto na aprendizagem a curto prazo como na de longo prazo das flexões dos adjetivos I e NA. / This study focused on comparing the effects of two combinations of form-focused instruction on the learning of Japanese I and NA adjective inflection, in their predicative form, applied to two elementary level student groups. One combination was based on the composite: processing instruction with textual input enhancement technique structured output activity, and the other one was formed by consciousness raising activity with textual input enhancement technique structured output activity. The main classroom intervention of the first combination was the processing instruction formulated by VanPatten (1993, 1996, 2004), and of the second was the consciousness raising activity advocated by some authors like Fotos & Ellis (1991). The main purpose was to evaluate which of the two interventions is more effective in the short and long term learning of adjective inflection. To that end, the learner`s performance was evaluated through five post-tests and one postponed test, all in written production form, applied after the respective treatments. The results obtained by statistical analysis found that, although both combinations of instruction showed positive learning results, the processing instruction appeared more effective in the short and in the long term learning of Japanese I and NA adjective inflection.

This qualitative research study explored the leadership perceptions of high school administrators who have been successful in raising academic achievement for Black males. Utilizing semi-structured interviews which served as the primary data source, this study aimed to uncover specific school-level factors that were being optimized in public high schools to help increase graduation rates for Black male students. In addition, a review of school documents acted as secondary data sources and offered more detailed views about the case studies. After thorough analysis of the data, the findings revealed five factors that the high school administrators were optimizing better support their Black male learners: 1) hiring Black males, 2) the staff, 3) school activities, 4) collaborations with community partners, and 5) formal and informal methods of offering positive feedback and special recognition. These five factors were found as having the greatest influence on the academic achievement of the males. Overall, the study's findings aligned with earlier research on student achievement. Based on the findings, it was clear that the five factors promoted a certain degree of academic achievement independently. However, the researcher posits that, if implemented simultaneously, the five factors are likely to build a greater network of support for Black male high school students that will help boost achievement that is converted to increased graduation rates. Thus, implications for practice for other high school administrators as well as recommendations for future research emerged from the findings of this study. / Doctor of Education / This qualitative research study explored the leadership perceptions of high school administrators who have been successful in raising academic achievement for Black males. Utilizing semi-structured interviews which served as the primary data source, this study aimed to uncover specific school-level factors that were being optimized in public high schools to help increase graduation rates for Black male students. In addition, a review of school documents acted as secondary data sources and offered more detailed views about the case studies. After thorough analysis of the data, the findings revealed five factors that the high school administrators were optimizing better support their Black male learners: 1) hiring Black males, 2) the staff, 3) school activities, 4) collaborations with community partners, and 5) formal and informal methods of offering positive feedback and special recognition. These five factors were found as having the greatest influence on the academic achievement of the males. Overall, the study's findings aligned with earlier research on student achievement. Based on the findings, it was clear that the five factors promoted a certain degree of academic achievement independently. However, the researcher posits that, if implemented simultaneously, the five factors are likely to build a greater network of support for Black male high school students that will help boost achievement that is converted to increased graduation rates. Thus, implications for practice for other high school administrators as well as recommendations for future research emerged from the findings of this study.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape Province experiences a shortage of funds, which results in provincial departments, such as the Western Cape EducationDepartment (WCED), not being able to fulfil all its needs. Alternative methods of funding have to be found to supplement the traditional tax-based funding by the State. The Provincial Administration: Western Cape (PAWC) owns immovable properties which are not fully utilised or managed cost-effectively. Properties, if managed entrepreneurially, offer the advantage of an income to the PAWC, and the WCED in particular. This study investigates the possibility of entrepreneurial property management in the public sector. Literature has been studied in order to establish what property management is about, what public management and entrepreneurial public management entail, and the characteristics that organisations should have to manage themselves innovatively. The present property management system in the PAWC and the WCED was examined and problems regarding the system highlighted. Guidelines for entrepreneurial property management were then drawn from the literature. With a view to ensuring the optimal management and use of property and a comprehensive service to clients, an organisational structure model was developed and illustrated schematically. The existing public management system was evaluated and found to be unsatisfactory measured against the guidelines and model for entrepreneurial public management. Recommendations were made for changing and renewing the organisational structure and management style of the PAWC and WCED. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap Provinsie ondervind 'n tekort aan fondse, wat meebring dat provinsiale departemente, soos die Wes-Kaap Onderwysdepartement (WKOD), nie in al hul behoeftes kan voorsien nie. Alternatiewe befondsingsmetodes moet ondersoek word ten einde die staat se tradisionele belastinggebaseerde inkomste aan te vul. Die Provinsiale Administrasie:Wes-Kaap (PAWK) besit vaste eiendomme wat nie optimaal benut of koste effektief bestuur word nie. Indien eiendomme ondernemend bestuur kan word, is dit moontik dat dit 'n bron van inkomste kan word vir die PAWK en die WKOD in die besonder. Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikheid van ondernemende eiendomsbestuur in die openbare sektor. Literatuur is bestudeer om vas te stel wat onder eiendomsbestuur verstaan word, wat onder openbare bestuur en ondernemende openbare bestuur verstaan word, en watter eienskappe openbare organisasies moet openbaar om ondernemend bestuur te word. Die eiendomsbestuurstelsel in die PAWK en die WKOD is beskryf en die probleme in die stelsel belig. Riglyne vir ondernemende openbare eiendomsbestuur is uit die literatuur afgelei. 'n Organisasiestruktuurmodel, gerig op die maksimale bestuur en benutting van eiendomme en 'n omvattende diens aan kliênte, is ontwikkel en skematies voorgestel. Die bestaande eiendomsbestuurstelselis geëvalueer en daar is bevind dat dit nie aan die vereistes van die voorgestelde riglyne en model vir ondernemende openbare bestuur voldoen nie. Aanbevelings is gemaak vir vernuwing in die PAWK en die WKOD se organisasiestruktuur en bestuursbenadering.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-profit sector has grown and changed substantially since its origins more than 2 000 years ago. At present there is an increase in organised voluntary activity around the globe, which reflects a set of social and technological changes, as well as an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of the state to render certain vital services. NPOs that do not work in the fields of housing, the aged, HIV/AIDS and education, for instance organisations doing missionary work, are faced with the difficult task of procuring funds within this highly competitive environment. The overall purpose of relationship marketing is customer retention and development, not simply a series of transactions. With this in mind, it seems that relationship marketing has an important role to play in the non-profit sector. Why is it then so difficult to "sell brotherhood like soap"? To answer this question tools have been developed and adapted to fit the non-profit sector. Donor behaviour plays a crucial role in the survival of an organisation and insights into behaviour can give the organisation an edge over its competitors. In the case of this study the research problem relates to the identification of the dimensions impacting on donor behaviour in religious (Christian) organisations. A conceptual model of donor behaviour in religious non-profit organisations was developed and used for the eventual formulation of 23 hypotheses to guide the study and to represent the possible relationships. For the statistical analysis it was deemed necessary to revise both the model and the proposed hypotheses. The model was split into three models: - Perceptions of non-profit organisations; - Individual donor characteristics; and - Donor perceptions of the non-profit organisation. A thorough overview of the literature was undertaken, mainly to investigate the nature of the non-profit sector in general as well as in South Africa, its marketing and behaviour of its donors. The conceptual model that was developed through the literature study was used to develop a measuring instrument specifically for this study for collecting primary data. It was empirically tested in a religious (Christian) non-profit organisation in South Africa by collecting primary data. Questionnaires were mailed to its whole donor database. The questionnaires returned were captured with the aid of an Excel spreadsheet and merged with data from the donor database. The first step was to assess the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument used. Next, an exploratory factor analysis was done to identify the unique factors evident in the study data. The next step entailed testing the proposed theoretical model by means of the "Structural Equation Modelling" technique. The results of the data analysis led to the creation of a model suitable for the management of the donors of a Christian missionary organisation. This study is a pioneering study of donor behaviour in South African religious non-profit organisations, in particular Christian organisations. It is clear from the results that donors of religious organisations react differently than donors of other non-profit organisations and therefore that different approaches are needed to secure Christian donor loyalty and trust. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-winsgewende sektor het sedert die oorsprong daarvan, meer as 2 000 jaar gelede aansienlik gegroei en verander. Op die oomblik is daar oral in die wêreld 'n toename in georganiseerde vrywillige optrede. Hierdie neiging weerspieël sekere maatskaplike en tegnologiese veranderinge, asook 'n toenemende gebrek aan vertroue in die staat se vermoë om sekere noodsaaklike dienste te lewer. Die nie-winsorganisasies wat nie binne die veld van behuising, bejaardesorg, MIV/VIGS en onderwys werk nie, soos byvoorbeeld organisasies wat sendingwerk doen, het 'n moeilike taak om fondse te bekom. Die oorwegende doel van verhoudingsbemarking is die behoud en ontwikkeling van klante, nie net 'n reeks transaksies nie. As hierdie feit in ag geneem word, word dit duidelik dat verhoudingsbemarking 'n belangrike rol binne die sektor te speel het. Hoekom is dit dan so moeilik om "broederskap soos seep te verkoop"? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord is hulpmiddele ontwikkel wat aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie sektor. Donateursgedrag speel 'n uiters belangrike rol in die oorlewing van 'n organisasie en daarom kan insig in hierdie gedrag die organisasie 'n voorsprong gee bo die van sy mededingers. In die geval van hierdie studie gaan dit oor die identifisering van dimensies wat donateurs se gedrag beïnvloed binne religieuse (Christelike) organisasies. 'n Konseptuele model is ontwikkel om donateurs, soos dit verband hou met religieuse nie-winsorganisasies se gedrag, te ontleed. Die model is gebruik as riglyn vir die navorsing, asook om uiteindelik 23 hipoteses te formuleer en hulle moontlike onderlinge verhoudings uiteen te sit. Gebaseer op die statistiese ontledingsproses, is die model en die voorgestelde hipoteses aangepas. Die model is onderverdeel in drie modelle: - Persepsies van nie-winsorganisasies; - Individuele kenmerke van donateurs; en - Donateur persepsies van die nie-winsorganisasie. 'n Deeglike oorsig van die literatuur is gedoen, hoofsaaklik om ondersoek in te stel na die omstandighede van die nie-winssekor oor die algemeen en veral binne Suid-Afrika, asook na donateurs se gedrag. Die konseptuele model wat ontwikkel is volgens die literatuurstudie, is empiries getoets binne 'n Christelike nie-winsorganisasie in Suid-Afrika. 'n Metingsinstrument is spesfiek ontwikkel om primêre data te verkry en vraelyste is gepos aan die totale dontateurbasis van die organisasie. Die inligting van die vraelyste wat teruggestuur is, is opgeneem in 'n Excel-spreitabel en saamgevoeg met inligting van die donateurdatabasis. Die eerste stap was om die geldigheid en betroubaarheid van die metingsinstrument te bepaal. Daarna is 'n ontleding van verkenningsfaktore gedoen, wat gebruik is om unieke faktore uit die navorsingsinligting te identifiseer. Die volgende stap was die toetsing van die teoretiese model volgens 'n erkende toetstegniek wat gebruik word vir strukturele vergelykings. Die resultate van die ontleding is daarna gebruik om 'n geskikte model te skep vir die bestuur van donateurs van 'n Christelike sendingorganisasie. Die navorsing van die gedrag van donateurs van religieuse nie-winsorganisasies en veral Christelike organisasies is baanbrekerswerk in Suid-Afrika. Die resultate dui ook daarop dat donateurs van religieuse organisasies verskillend reageer as donateurs van ander nie-winsorganisasies en dat ander benaderings dus noodsaaklik is om eersgenoemde se lojaliteit en vertroue te bekom en te behou.

Thesis (DComm (Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 1982. / The subject discussed in this dissertation is that of how universities should best be financed. This appears, prima facie, to be a readily solvable question, but is in fact one that contains innumerable disguised difficulties. Casual observation confirms that resources are allocated, which places the subject undeniably in the realm of economics. Needless to say however, much more is ultimately at stake than just the economic: educationalists, sociologists, business leaders, indeed all who come into contact with the products of universities in their many guises justifiably believe that they have a contribution to make. Nevertheless, the arguments marshalled below are unashamedly taken from the economist's arsenal, although some aspects of a wider nature are included. In particular the analysis will proceed as if economic efficiency, growth and welfare are the primary aims of society; which is not, of course, to imply that other considerations are trivial. The institutions referred to in the body of the dissertation are those commonly regarded as being the 'white' South African universities. This was necessitated by the division of the universities for administrative purposes between several government departments and the fact that the South African Post-Secondary Education (SAPSE) information system, which forms the basic structure for the empirical sections of the dissertation, has only been introduced for those universities under the jurisdiction of the Minister of National Education. Section 1.4 is devoted to tracing the historical development of this dichotomy and in Chapter 9 some of its implications are investigated. Other institutions for post-secondary education, the Technikons for example, are not dealt with specifically, although much of the analysis could be applied to them as well. As is emphasized in Section 4.5, the policy implications of this dissertation should ideally be applied to the postsecondary education sector as a whole. The primary hypothesis of this dissertation is that a system of formula financing for universities can be economically efficient without in any way encroaching upon university autonomy. This implies several subsidiary hypotheses: firstly, that a decentralized procedure for planning university education, whereby the decisions to enroll are largely left in the hands of students, can lead to economically efficient configurations; that those decisions should be made by considering the social and private costs of education, and not simply the benefits; that the private coats of (university) education are best reflected in prices, that is tuition fees; and that the structure of university costs can be discerned by observing the universities' internal optimization processes as revealed in their ex post patterns of expenditures.

People have organized around gender equality in modern America for the last century. However, with the advent of new technology, people largely organize in around social movements in online spaces. This thesis explores the ways in which new media expands a popular understanding of the Feminist movement.

This dissertation analyzes the nonprofit sector using a framework developed by economists to analyze for-profit industries. Its central hypotheses are that nonprofit 'firms' are run by self-interested individuals and compete for donations in a 'market'. It develops a model that demonstrates that nonprofit contracts are not necessary to solve the principal-agent problem that stems from a good being financed by unconditional lump-sum donations. The effects of nonprofit contracts in the model are ambiguous and might very well be harmful. The model is tested using both field data from California and laboratory experiments. The tests broadly support the model.

This study reviewed the funding, budgeting, revenue generating practices of community college athletics. Several theories informed the research including institutional theory (isomorphism) academic capitalism, resource dependency, and role/work conflict. The design of the study was to interview an athletic administrator or athletic director, a coach, and an athletic trainer from each of the community colleges in a western state. These interviews occurred on the community college campus to allow for observation of the facilities. In addition, a national sample of athletic trainers from community colleges was interviewed. The study indicates that community college athletics is philosophically resisting the pressure to look and behave like larger collegiate athletic departments. Resistance is not universal however; some community college athletics personnel consider the move toward budget driven decisions and marketing similar to Division I (one) institutions as coming and inevitable. Isomorphism is alive and well among community college institutions. The decisions for spending and growth are not always the decisions, which are best for the institution and its athletes. At times these decisions are made because of mimetic isomorphism. The study indicates that athletic personnel can base decisions in the context of the budget and fund raising practices. These decisions are not yet raised to a critical state where untoward influence on the institution is felt at the community college level. Overall, community college athletic personnel are individuals who care about the student athlete model and believe the role of collegiate athletic is to contribute to the community and the college. I found the athletic personnel to be professional and supportive of athletics from the president to the departments, through the athletic directors, coaches and athletic trainers.