acase@tulane.edu / Fault growth is often accomplished by linking a series of en echelon faults through relay ramps. A relay ramp is the area between two overlapping fault segments that tilts and deforms as the faults accrue displacement. The structural evolution of breached normal fault relay ramps remains poorly understood because of the difficulty in defining how slip is partitioned between the most basinward fault (known as the outboard fault, which includes the severed fault tip), the overlapping fault (inboard fault), and any ramp-breaching linking faults. Along the Warner Valley fault in south-central Oregon, two relay ramps displaying different fault linkage geometries are lined with a series of pluvial shorelines that record a Pleistocene paleolake regression. The inner edges of these shorelines act as paleo-horizontal datums that have been deformed by fault activity, and are used to measure relative slip variations across the relay ramp bounding faults. By measuring the elevation changes using a 10m digital elevation model (DEM) of shoreline inner edges, I estimate the amount of fault activity on severed fault tips. In order to attribute shoreline deformation to fault activity I identify shoreline elevation anomalies, where deformation exceeds a ± 0.3% window from normalized elevation values; this encompasses my conservative estimates of natural variability in the shoreline geomorphology and the error associated with the data collection. For each ramp-breaching fault style activity is concentrated near the fault linkage site. Even after a ramp is fully breached the severed fault tip temporarily retains some connectivity to the main fault segment. Severed fault tips along a mid-ramp breach tend to be more active than the severed fault tip at a footwall breach. Persistent fault activity along the entire severed fault tip is dependent on the position of the linkage. These results indicate that on the time scale of 104 years after linkage, severed fault tips persist as active structures and accommodate meaningful amounts of strain. / 1 / Christopher Samuel Young

The aim of this finishing work is carry out ergonomical analysis of stairs and ramps in the buildings outside. Performing analysis it was taken measurements of these elements similarly comparing them with measurements given in the Standard documents. The aim of this work is to evaluate as buildings admissions are fitted for people comfortable using them and offer conclusions and suggestions. In this work is analyzing material giving in the standards furthermore stairs and ramps fitting for peoples with wheelchairs.

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This project investigates transparency and movement as the main measured elements that define space. These elements seek to articulate distinct and memorable places throughout the building, acknowledging its unique setting along the Potomac River in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. Architecture and nature as opposite elements combine here to define a building in which water, light and views become the main architectural agents set in dialog with the natural surroundings. An existing boardwalk along the levee transforms into a transparent enclosed space that connects both city and water on opposite sides. Programmatically a series platforms, walls and volumes are inhabited by a cultural center. The cultural center contributes to the artistic spirit and identity of the city by concentrating various artistic representations. / Master of Architecture

3D-utskrift har under det senaste decenniet blivit mycket populärt och spridit sig till många branscher och material. I denna rapport kommer flera aspekter av användandet av choklad som utskriftsmaterial testas och utvärderas. Genom att bygga en 3D-skrivare har ett flertal viktiga parametrar för 3D-utskrift i choklad anpassats och testats. I rapporten redovisas tillvägagångssätt för konstruktion av olika matningsmekanismer, tester, utmaningar, lärdomar samt resultat. En skrivare konstruerades och anpassades för utskrift av choklad. Då både tid och budget var begränsad avgränsades testen till jämförelse av matningsmekanism, optimal utskriftstemperatur för olika chokladsorter, om kylning är nödvändigt samt munstyckets dimension. Då den ena mekanismen, kugghjulspumpen, visade sig vara mer pålitlig, valdes den till att utföra majoriteten av alla tester. En avgörande aspekt för att kunna skriva ut i choklad var att chokladen stelnade tillräckligt fort. Det visade sig vara mycket svårt att få choklad att stelna snabbt och i rätt fas utan temperering. Därav användes choklad med en bas av palmolja som inte följer samma stelningsfaser som kakaosmör. Temperatur och kylning var även det viktigt. För att den utskrivna modellen ska bli jämn och fin krävs att varje lager hinner stelna innan nästa lager adderas. Skrivaren måste vänta en tid mellan varje lager så att chokladen hinner stelna, men tiden per lager kunde med hjälp av kylande fläktar och lägre utskriftstemperatur, kortas med fler minuter. Munstycket som testen utfördes med hade en diameter på 1,5 mm. Tester med finare munstycken genomfördes och gav på många sätt en bra effekt. Lagrena blev tunnare och finare men det blev ofta stopp i munstycket och ingen större utskrift kunde tyvärr slutföras med mindre munstycken. / Over the last decade, 3D printing has become a popular method for manufacturing in many different materials and industries. This report will touch on the different aspects of using chocolate as a 3D printing material. By building a chocolate 3D printer, different printing parameters has been tested and evalutated. This report will show different feeding systems for chocolate, print results, challenges and learning experiences. A 3D printer was built and customized for chocolate printing. As both time and budget was limited, the tests are restricted to comparing two different feeding mechanisms, optimal printing temperature, the effect of cooling and a test of different nozzle sizes. As one of the feeding mechanisms, the gear pump, turned out to be more reliable, it was used for the majority of the tests. A crucial aspect of printing chocolate well is that the chocolate must solidify quickly. It turned out to be very hard to get the chocolate to solidify without tempering. Therefore we used a chocolate with a high content of palm oil, as it doesn’t need tempering and solidifies much quicker than chocolate containing cocoa butter. Printing temperature and cooling was also very important. To get a smooth surface on the printed part, the previous layer must solidify fully before the next layer. Even at low printing temperatures the printing head must wait for the layer to solidify, but with the help of cooling airflow from fans, the cooling time per layer was reduced. The nozzle that was used for most tests had a diameter of 1,5 mm. Smaller nozzle sizes were tested and resulted in nice prints, however they had a tendency to clog and therefore no large print could be finished with a small nozzle

The calcitonin gene family of peptides consists of calcitonin (CT), two calcitonin gene related peptides (α-CGRP, β-CGRP), adrenomedullin (ADM), amylin (AMY), three calcitonin receptor activating peptides (CRSP1-3) and intermedin/adrenomedullin2 (IMD). These peptides bind to one of two G protein -coupled receptors, the calcitonin receptor (CTR) or the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). The receptor specificity to different ligands is dependent on the formation of a complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP1-3). The aim of this study was to analyse effects of this family of peptides on the formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption, and the expression of the receptor components in bone cells. CT inhibited the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in spleen cell cultures and in bone marrow macrophage cultures (BMM) without affecting a number of genes important for osteoclast differentiation, activity or fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells. All members of the CT family, except ADM, inhibited osteoclastogenesis in BMM. The inhibitory effect seemed to involve activation of both protein kinase A and the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (Epac) signalling. BMM expressed the CRLR, RAMP1-3 and the receptor component protein (RCP). AMY, ADM, CGRP and IMD, but not CRSP and CT, increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in these cells, indicating the presence of functional receptors. Stimulation of BMM with RANKL gradually increased the levels of CTR mRNA as well as the capacity of the cells to respond to the stimulation by CRSP and CT. The response to stimulation of ADM was, on the contrary, decreased by RANKL. Stimulation of RANKL caused a transiently enhanced CRLR mRNA expression and transiently decreased RAMP1, but did not affect RAMP2, RAMP3, or RCP mRNA. However, RANKL did not affect protein levels of CRLR or RAMP1-3. CT, CGRP, AMY, ADM, IMD and CRSP all down regulated the CTR mRNA, but none of the peptides caused any effects on the expression of CRLR or any of the RAMPs. All members of the CT family, except ADM, rapidly and transiently, inhibited bone resorption in mouse calvarial bones. CT, CGRP, AMY and CRSP also significantly stimulated cAMP formation in the calvaria. cAMP analogues specifically stimulating the PKA or the Epac pathways did not cause inhibition of bone resorption in the calvaria. An unspecific cAMP analogue, stimulating both pathways did, however, cause inhibition. Analyses of an osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1, showed that these cells express the mRNA for CRLR and all three RAMP proteins. In conclusion, the results of this thesis show that all peptides in CT family of peptides, except ADM, inhibit of bone resorption and osteoclast formation and that these effects involve the adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway. Furthermore, expressions of CRLR and RAMP1-3 mRNA have been demonstrated on osteoclasts, as well as in an osteoblastic cell line.

This dissertation investigates the accessibility of public architecture. The aim is to illustrate the relevance of accessibility by establishing a theoretical premise and applying it in design. The theoretical analysis defines inclusive design and examines the relevance of the topic within the South African context. It explores written theory on the topic and how it has evolved. The aim is to understand the implications of an inclusive design approach in architecture and to assess the inclusivity of recently completed buildings. The design investigation explores an exclusively inclusive approach in the design of a public building. The intent is to create a building that is inclusive; one that can be used by all. Currently, there is a lack of accessible public facilities in the Burger’s Park precinct, thus the Burger’s Park Opportunity Platform is proposed. The Opportunity Platform is a building that provides and facilitates the necessary resources for a community to prosper. It facilitates much needed community programmes and facilities such as literacy and skills training and access to books, the Internet and other media. The public nature of this building type implies that it is to be used by the entire community, which provides appropriate conditions to explore inclusive design in Pretoria. The study, through theoretical, empirical and contextual enquiry, provides an understanding of the principles pertaining to inclusive design and how it manifests in architecture. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

This paper presents the development of a novel decentralized freeway merge assistance system using the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology. The system provides visual advisories on a Google map through a smart phone application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a DSRC-based freeway merging assistance system-integrated with smart phone application via Bluetooth-that has been tested in real-world on an interstate highway in an uncontrolled environment. Results from field operational tests indicate that this system can successfully advise drivers towards a collaborative and smooth merging experience on typical "Diamond" interchanges.

One-way escape gates and earthen escape ramps are structures used to enable deer to exit the highway right-of-way along fenced roads. I compared the use of one-way escape gates and earthen escape ramps by mule deer on two highways in Utah to determine if deer exhibited a preference for either structure. Results showed that earthen escape ramps were used by mule deer 8-11 times more frequently than one-way gates. Highway mortality data suggest that the installation of the escape ramps likely reduced mortality of mule deer in both study locations, because we could not attribute reductions in mortality to decreased population densities of mule deer in either location. Because they provide a topographic solution for exiting the right-of-way, escape ramps may reduce deer mortality along other game-fenced highways throughout the United States. Management recommendations that address the placement and spacing of escape ramps will help wildlife and highway personnel implement the use of these ramps in other locations. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted to determine if the cost of ramp installation was offset within a reasonable time period by the monetary savings associated with reduced deer-vehicle collisions. The cost-effectiveness of installing the earthen escape ramps at both locations was determined by using the number of successful ramp crossings and potential deer mortality levels to generate projected monetary losses associated with varying mortality levels. The assumption was made that at least some of these deer that crossed successfully would have been involved in a deer-vehicle collision had the ramps not been in place. Six arbitrary levels of potential mortality (from 2% to 15%) were generated based on those assumptions. These percentages were multiplied by the number of successful deer crossings at each location to generate potential deer mortality numbers. The number of deer mortalities was then multiplied by the average economic loss of a deer-vehicle collision ($3,845) to obtain an estimate of the mitigated benefits of installing the ramps through 1999. These values were compared to the cost of installing ramps at each location to determine the amortization period. Results showed that the cost of installation of earthen escape ramps is very rapidly offset by the benefits gained in deer survival and reduced automobile collisions. At the 2% mortality level, the cost of ramp installation in both locations was offset by the monetary savings associated with reduced deer-vehicle collisions by the second year. Heavy use of the escape ramps as well as reduction in mortality observed at both study sites indicate that the mitigation benefits may be much greater than those projected at the 2% mortality level. Installing earthen escape ramps on big-game fenced highways is a very cost-effective way to further reduce deer mortalities along roadways.

Wind energy as renewable energy will be crucial in ensuring future energy supply. Foundation for agood implementation of wind power output in the electrical grid are wind forecasts. Especially windpower ramp forecasting is important for an effective generation of wind power energy by wind parks.Wind power ramps are large changes in wind power output over a relative short amount of time. Thiswork compares two statistical definitions for four Swedish wind parks using 15 years of data from theNew European Wind Atlas data. This model provides, among other variables, the wind speed and direction at for wind power relevant height with a temporal solution of 30 min. Compared to absolutedefinitions, commonly used to define wind power ramps, a statistical definition is beneficial since it considers each site’s climatology. Based on this definition, a random forest classifier identifies wind speedand direction as the most important variables when forecasting wind power ramps. When fine-tuned, therandom forest classifier could become a valuable tool for forecasting wind power ramps.