The purpose of this study is to investigate how the philanthropist Ebba Ramsay portrayed children with epilepsy in her writings during her time active at Wilhelmsro, an institution for children with epilepsy outside Jönköping, Sweden, from 1877 to 1915. The study is based on an analysis of 23 writings by Ramsay, where the main focus includes Ramsay's representations of the children and what insights these can provide about society's view of epilepsy and its impact on the affected children and society at this time. Bill Hughes' categorization of the basic aversive feelings on disability is used to categorize Ramsay's view of the epileptic children. The results show that Ramsay portrayed the children with a mixture of fear, pity, and disgust, often portraying epilepsy as a tragic and heavy burden for both individuals and their families. She also describes a society that is often unsympathetic and exclusionary towards these children. These representations are used to evoke compassion and support for better care and education for children with epilepsy. The final discussion highlights the relevance of Ramsay's work to the teaching of history at secondary school level, where her texts can be used to discuss how historical perspectives on illness and disability can relate to contemporary views and policies. Suggestions for future research include comparisons of Ramsay's work with other similar institutions internationally, as well as deeper studies of the gender aspects that may have influenced her work.

Résumé : Cette thèse s’intéresse au temps d’émergence et aux asynchronies patient-ventilateur à l’origine de lésions pulmonaires chez des patients en soins critiques sous algosédation durant la phase aiguë de la ventilation mécanique. L’originalité de cette recherche consiste à comparer un protocole d’algosédation guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (le standard) à celui guidé par la technologie BIS. Méthodologie. Suivant un devis mixte inter groupe et intrasujets, cette recherche comporte deux groupes de patients adultes et se déroule sur une période de quatre ans. Le premier groupe comprend 23 patients dont le protocole d’algosédation est guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay. Le second groupe compte 18 patients soumis à la même stratégie de ventilation et au même protocole d’algosédation mais guidé cette fois-ci par la technologie BIS. Mesures. Le temps d ’émergence pour un retour à la ventilation spontanée soutenue (TEVSS) suivant l’arrêt de la perfusion de l’algosédation et les interactions patient-ventilateur (synchronies et asynchronies) durant la phase aiguë de ventilation constituent les variables dépendantes. Résultats. Le groupe bénéficiant de la technologie BIS présente un TEVSS médian de 3,1 heures comparé à 22,5 heures pour le groupe guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (valeur p=0,001). De plus, le groupe bénéficiant de la technologie BIS présente 11% de moins d’asynchronies patient-ventilateur que celui guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (valeur p<0,001). En outre, parmi les paramètres de la technologie BIS, l’électromyogramme (EMG) s’avère l’élément le plus robuste à prédire l’asynchronie patient-ventilateur. Conclusion. La réduction du TEVSS ainsi que la diminution des asynchronies patient-ventilateur démontrent un avantage considérable à utiliser la technologie BIS en soins critiques chez les patients adultes non communicatifs durant la phase aiguë de ventilation mécanique. De plus, l’EMG de la technologie BIS permettrait vraisemblablement de déceler de façon précoce l’expression préclinique de la douleur. Enfin, cette thèse propose un algorithme de contrôle de l’algosédation en soins critiques en référence à la technologie BIS. // Abstract : This thesis focuses on emergence time from algosédation (for which a prolongation increases complex investigations and costs) and on patient-ventilator interaction (related to lung injuries) in critical care patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with algosedation perfusion during the acute phase of ventilator support. More specifically, the originality of this research stems from the simultaneous comparison of the emergence time for a retum of sustained spontaneous breathing and the presence of asynchronies, by eomparing algosedation guided by the Ramsay scale (gold standard) in a first group and by the BIS technology in a second group. Methodology. Following a mixed design of an inter group, intra subject, this research is performed in two groups of adults over a period of four years. The first group consists of 23 patients where algosedation is guided with the Ramsay scale whereas the second group consists of 18 patients with the same ventilation strategy and same algosédation protocol but guided using the BIS technology. This research evaluates the effectiveness of both instruments to guide algosedation during the acute phase of ventilation. Measures. Dependent variables consist of the emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing following cessation o f algosedation and patient-ventilator interaction (asynchronies) during the acute phase of ventilatory support. Results. The group guided with BIS technology has a median emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing of 3.1 hours compared to 22.5 hours for the Ramsay scale guided group (p value=0.001). Furthermore, patients benefiting from the BIS technology presented 11% less asynchrony than those with the Ramsay scale (p value <0.001). More specifically, among BIS technology parameters, electromyography (EMG) appeared the best indicator to predict patient-ventilator asynchrony in both groups. Conclusion. In the second group, the reduction in the emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing and the decrease of patient-ventilator asynchronies mandates the use o f BIS technology in critical care to guidee algosedation among non-communicative adults during the acute phase of ventilatory support. EMG from the BIS technology might be able to detect pre-clinical pain expression. This thesis also favors the implementation of a décision algorithm in the control of algosedation in critical care.

When it comes to moral political endeavors, the good eventually achieved is never identical to the good initially pursued. This is true if for no other reason than the fact that time passes with every new political moment. We move from goods intended to goods achieved. At the same time such movement is not simply a product of the temporal character of our lives. Occupying a middle ground between accounts of human agency as wholly determined or wholly ambiguous there is a sense in which any exercise of the will is fundamentally indeterminate. Said more simply, we are contingent beings. Thus, while it may be possible to speak conceptually of a determinate or atemporal political good, the possibility of a moral political endeavor – that is, a purposive movement toward some political good – rests upon the inescapably contingent and temporal character of our lives. If political endeavors are never entirely under (or out of) our control and always take shape temporally then it is important to insist that the discrepancy between intended goods and actual goods need not be interpreted negatively. That is to say, the indeterminate character of our moral lives need not be seen as a tragic disruption to what would otherwise be seamless political existence. Rather, the indeterminacy is a deliberate (read: good) feature of created existence in time. This allows for recognition of a structure to political morality. Agents seize the opportunity afforded by contingency to pursue identified political goods with purpose and direction. At the same time moral pursuits are always highly conditioned by contingencies of delimited authority, responsibilities of representation, demands of process, etc. The constantly changing political landscape perpetually requires both reactive and anticipatory adjustments of the political good in sight. If contingency and temporality shape and limit any political pursuit of the good, then a chief task of political theology is to illuminate the theological significance of those features of created existence. Political theology bears the burden of articulating the divine origin and purpose of the structures which make political morality possible. In this way contingency comes into view not as an incidental feature of humanity but as the gift of a good creator making possible faithful creaturely response. Similarly, political goods take shape not merely in time but in a particular time between creation and eschaton. This thesis is a study in the theological significance of indeterminacy and temporality in the pursuit of political goods by way of an analysis of the political writings of 20th century moral theologian Paul Ramsey. His reflections on the unique moral structure of political actions provide the theological and analytical resources to animate such a study. Close attention to his work pursues an understanding of how theological language describes, interprets and accounts for the nature of political morality and the function that such descriptions have in defining and shaping concepts of the political good.

Animal slaughter has recently become highly visible in popular food media. This thesis interrogates the myths, assumptions and ideologies underlying this so-called New Carnivore movement, through critical analysis of a range of popular gastronomic texts. Socially-constructed ideas about ‘reality’, ‘sentimentality’, ‘sacrifice’, and ‘redemption’ are intimately implicated in the process of animal slaughter, as are the notions of ‘good taste’ and social distinction. The domination of animals, demonstrated through the slaughter, butchery, and consumption of nonhuman bodies, is held to be an integral component in the performance of gender, as well as a means of reconnecting, via a kind of secular epiphany, with ‘Nature’ at its most authentic. As a hostile backlash against the social progress made by the animal advocacy and vegetarian movements, New Carnivorism denigrates vegetarianism and veganism as outdated, unfashionable, unnatural, puritanical and rude. Although these texts’ potential to inspire farmed animal welfare reform should not be ignored, New Carnivorism ultimately serves to naturalize, justify and promote the continued consumption of meat, and the continued exploitation of nonhuman animals, in Western societies.

For several millennia man has in some way farmed his waters by holding fish captive in ponds. Not until the second half of the nineteenth century, however, as a result of a general concern in the industrialised nations that fishery stocks were declining, were serious attempts made to breed fish artificially. The most concerted of these attempts in Britain effectively began in 1873 when Sir James Maitland (1848-1897), a Scottish landowner, commenced experiments which evolved into the construction of the world's largest salmonoid piscicultural establishment. This operation, the Howietoun Fishery, sold its produce nationally on the open market, a new departure in pisciculture. It also advanced the piscicultural process scientifically in selectively breeding fish superior to nature's own. Maitland's work was not, in itself, particularly successful commercially. This was not, however, the result of commercial failure on his behalf but rather a reflection of his desire to develop pisciculture for the public good in an attempt to restock impoverished fisheries and to disseminate knowledge in the hope that others would be encouraged to imitate his example on a more commercial basis. Maitland's piscicultural work was highly important to the development of what has today become a significant global industry, though his contribution has not hitherto been recognised. The thesis intends to set out Maitland's piscicultural advances and their significance. It offers a detailed analysis of Maitland's entrepreneurship and casts its net wider to draw in some discussion of his work away from Howietoun, particularly on his membership of the Fishery Board for Scotland where it examines the debate over state support for nineteenth century British science. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the development of Howietoun in the seventy years after its founder's death. In addition to Maitland's own writings, the thesis uses evidence from Howietoun's general records, Maitland's family papers, Fishery Board for Scotland material, and a very wide variety of published sources.

I uppsatsen behandlas musiken i ett avsnitt av realityserien Kitchen Nightmares. Ett antal tydliga musikaliska teman i avsnittet belyses. Instrumentering, narrativa funktioner och hur ljudstudenter tolkar dessa teman är de huvudsakliga frågeställningarna. Genom egna observationer, en intervju med en professionell kompositör för TV och film samt en fokusgrupp har frågeställningarna besvarats. De musikaliska teman som behandlas i uppsatsen varierar i karaktär, intensitet och instrumentering beroende på vad de vill förmedla. Ofta är det känslolägen som interpersonella konflikter och sorg som underbyggs av musiken men den har även funktioner som syftar till att belysa saker som etnisk härkomst och förlöjligande av personer som beter sig problematiskt. Vikten av tydlighet inom musik för TV och film behandlas och hur denna tydlighet framträder. Ljudstudenternas tolkningar av musiken beskrivs och sammantaget tyder resultatet på att de intentioner upphovsmännen haft med musikläggningen framgår tydligt hos dessa.

This thesis is a study of the Community Relations Department of the Southern Organizing Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations during the CIO’s Southern Organizing Drive, often referred to as “Operation Dixie.” The Community Relations Department was primarily interested in improving relations between organized labor and organized religion, in the hopes that improved church-labor relations would produce a situation more conducive to labor organizing, and reduce attacks on the CIO from religious leaders. This thesis examines the methods utilized by the CRD to achieve this end, and presents an analysis both of their efficacy and of their implementation. Specific programs that are explored are the CRD’s compilation, and publication, of various religiously themed pamphlets, the formation of Religion and Labor Fellowship groups, and the CRD’s relations with various anti-labor newspapers that made use of religious arguments to attack the CIO and Operation Dixie.

Insects maintain blood (haemolymph) Ca2+ concentrations within a narrow range in order to support the health of internal tissues and organs. The Malpighian (renal) tubules play a primary role in haemolymph Ca2+ homeostasis by sequestering excess Ca2+ within calcified biomineral deposits (Ca-rich granules) often located within type I (principal) tubule cells. Using the classic Ramsay assay, the scanning ion-selective microelectrode technique (SIET), and modifications of these two electrophysiological techniques, this thesis begins to unravel the sites and mechanisms of Ca2+ transport by the Malpighian tubules isolated from eight insects, representing seven orders. A segment-specific pattern of Ca2+ flux was observed along the length of the Malpighian tubules isolated from D. melanogaster, A. aegypti and A. domesticus and was uniform along the length in the remaining species. The majority (≥ 90%) of Ca2+ entering the tubule cells is sequestered within intracellular calcium stores in Ca2+-transporting segments of D. melanogaster and A. domesticus tubules, consistent with the presence of Ca-rich storage granules in these tubule segments. In addition, this thesis provides the first measurements of basolateral Ca2+ flux across single principal and secondary tubule cells of T. ni, where Ca2+ uptake occurs only across principal cells. Perhaps the most important finding of this thesis is that increasing fluid secretion through manipulation of intracellular levels of cAMP or Ca2+ in isolated tubules of A. domesticus had opposite effects on tubule Ca2+ transport. The adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA pathway promotes Ca2+ sequestration whereas both 5-hydroxytryptamine and thapsigargin inhibited sequestration. In contrast, tubules of the remaining species were generally insensitive to cAMP or thapsigargin and v rates of tubule Ca2+ transport were often very low. The presence of Ca-rich granules in the cells of the midgut in several of the species with low rates of tubule Ca2+ transport provide evidence for a putative role of the midgut in haemolymph Ca2+ homeostasis. Taken together, these results suggest that the principal cells of the Malpighian tubules contribute to haemolymph calcium homeostasis through neuroendocrine regulated sequestration of excess Ca2+ during periods of high dietary calcium intake. Sequestration of dietary Ca2+ by the midgut may reduce Ca2+ entry into the haemolymph and therefore Ca2+ sequestration by the Malpighian tubules need not be so rapid. Finally, reversible tubule Ca2+ transport may allow internal reserves of Ca2+ (Ca-rich granules) to be returned to the haemolymph allowing insects to survive prolong periods of Ca2+ deficiency (i.e. overwintering). / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis contributes to our understanding of how insects regulate the calcium content of their blood (haemolymph). Using electrophysiological techniques with improved spatial resolution (from millimeters to micrometers) this thesis sought to determine the sites, mechanisms and regulation of Ca2+ transport by insect Malpighian (renal) tubules in order to gain insights into the role of Ca-rich granules (similar to those identified in early stages of human kidney stone formation i.e. nephrolithiasis) within these tissues. Using eight insect species this thesis demonstrates that the Malpighian tubules act as dynamic Ca2+ stores that appear to be under neuroendocrine control: actively taking up Ca2+ through calcium entry channels, where the majority (≥ 90%) of excess haemolymph Ca2+ is sequestered within intracellular stores (Ca-rich granules) during period of excess dietary calcium and passively releasing Ca2+ back to the haemolymph during periods of metamorphosis or calcium deficiency (i.e. overwintering).

Andrew Michael Ramsay fut un intellectuel écossais du Siècle des Lumières, à la fois "aventurier religieux", auteur politique et franc-maçon. Élevé dans le protestantisme, il rechercha un équilibre spirituel et une doctrine plus conformes à ses vœux. Il voyagea dans de nombreux pays pour atteindre ce but et finalement trouva auprès de Fénelon, archevêque de Cambrai, et de Madame Guyon, adepte du "Pur Amour", un père et une mère spirituels. Sous leur influence, il finit par adhérer à un catholicisme de nature gallicane caractérisé par un appel constant à l’intériorité. De son œuvre, émergent quatre traités : l’Essai sur le gouvernement civil(1721) dans lequel il démontre que la meilleure forme de gouvernement est la monarchie absolue, héréditaire, de droit divin. Fervent jacobite, il espérait le retour de la dynastie Stuart sur le trône d’Angleterre. L’Histoire de la vie de Fénelon (1727) traite principalement des péripéties de sa conversion par le prélat; Les Voyages de Cyrus (1727), roman didactique, apologétique et politique, raconte la formation d’un jeune prince accompli, rempli de sagesse et de piété. Son ouvrage central, Les principes philosophiques de la religion naturelle et révélée (1749), communément appelé le "Great Work" ne parut qu’après sa mort. Le franc-maçon perçait alors sous le philosophe. Son Discours (1737) fait remonter les origines de l’Ordre aux croisades et, surtout, fixe les obligations auxquelles est soumis tout franc-maçon, qui lui sont rappelées au moment de son initiation. Cet homme, complexe, mystique et politique réussit l’exploit de faire changer radicalement cette organisation très attachée à ses traditions qu’est la Franc-maçonnerie. / Andrew Michael Ramsay was a Scottish intellectual of the Enlightenment and was at the same time a "religious adventurer", a political author and a freemason. Born into a Protestant family, he undertook a search for spiritual stability and for a doctrine more in line with his aspirations. In this quest, he journeyed through several countries, and he eventually found in the company of Fénelon, archbishop of Cambrai, and of Madame Guyon, an advocate of the doctrine of "Pure Love", a spiritual father and mother. Inspired by them, he finally converted to a Gallican variety of Catholicism which was at the root of his call to a life of constant soul-searching. From his work four treatises emerge: An Essay upon Civil Government (1721), in which he sought to show that the best form of government is an absolute, hereditary monarchy, based on divine right. As a zealous Jacobite, he longed for the return of the Stuarts to the British throne. The Life of Fénelon (1727) deals mainly with the various stages leading up to his conversion by the prelate. The Travel of Cyrus (1727) is a didactic, apologetic and political novel which relates the education of a young accomplished prince endowed with wisdom and piety. His most considerable work is The Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion (1749), commonly called the "Great Work", which was published posthumously. Here the freemason can be seen beneath the philosopher. His Discourse (1737) traces the origins of Freemasonry back to the crusades, and also sets out the obligations that every freemason must adhere to and which he is reminded of during his initiation. His success in radically changing this organization so deeply attached to its customs remains the lasting legacy of this complex, mystical and political figure who is Andrew Michael Ramsay.