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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Avaliação de desempenho termodinâmico e ambiental de cenários de cogeração elétrica em usinas autônomas. / Thermodynamic and environmental performance evaluation of electrical cogeneration scenarios of autonomous distilleries.

Guerra, João Paulo Macedo 30 June 2014 (has links)
A descentralização do setor de eletricidade brasileiro associado à premente necessidade de aumento da oferta de energia elétrica tem fomentado a busca por fontes alternativas para produção de energia elétrica. Este fato motiva empresas do setor sucroalcooleiro a produzir eletricidade a partir da queima do bagaço de canade- açúcar em sistemas de cogeração, elevando dessa forma a capacidade de geração de energia elétrica exatamente no período de menor oferta hídrica. A geração de eletricidade a partir da biomassa canavieira revela-se uma opção interessante, pois além de ser produzida de forma distribuída e próxima aos centros consumidores, tem criado oportunidades a destilarias e usinas de açúcar para aumentarem seus portfólios de produtos. Nesse aspecto, o presente estudo se propõe a apresentar e discutir possibilidades de cogeração de energia elétrica em usinas autônomas (destilarias) em diferentes condições de processo e operação. Para atender a estes propósitos, foram definidos cenários de cogeração e desenvolvidos modelos para simulação e análise da produção de energia térmica e elétrica bem como estimar os impactos ambientais associados, considerando um sistema de cogeração que opera através do ciclo Rankine, que é o sistema mais utilizado pelas usinas brasileiras. Os cenários foram analisados a partir das técnicas de Análise Exergética (Análise Termodinâmica de Primeira e Segunda Lei) e Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Adotou-se para o caso da avaliação ambiental um enfoque do berço ao portão da fábrica, conforme diretrizes metodológicas descritas nas normas ISO 14040 e 14044. A unidade funcional adotada foi gerar 1,0 MWh de eletricidade excedente em sistema de cogeração energética. O sistema de produto compreende as cargas ambientais da etapa industrial e da produção agrícola da cana-de-açúcar. Especialistas no setor e pesquisadores da área sugerem concentrar esforços de melhoria de desempenho termodinâmico na elevação das propriedades de estado do vapor na saída da caldeira de 20 bar até 100 bar, e simulação de sistemas de cogeração com reaquecimento e regeneração, que são melhorias técnicas próprias de centrais termelétricas, mas com potencial de aproveitamento pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os cenários foram projetados com base em diferentes combinações dessas condições considerando duas possibilidades de utilização da biomassa como fonte de energia térmica: exclusivamente bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; e uma composição de bagaço e palha. A comparação dos desempenhos termodinâmicos e ambientais dos cenários ocorreu principalmente em termos da geração específica de eletricidade, da eficiência exergética, do perfil destruição de exergia ao longo do ciclo e dos perfis de impactos ambientais potenciais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência exergética é aumenta com a elevação das funções de estado do vapor superaquecido na alimentação da turbina, e ao aumento do grau de complexidade do ciclo Rankine, conseguido à medida que arranjos com reaquecimento e regeneração são integrados ao ciclo. Esses arranjos mostraram-se efetivos na melhoria dos desempenhos exergético e ambiental dos sistemas de cogeração a partir da queima do bagaço e da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Em termos de desempenho ambiental, observou-se a redução sistêmica de efeitos negativos associada ao aumento da eficiência do ciclo termodinâmico. Os resultados da ACV ratificaram também, que a melhoria da eficiência exergética do sistema é seguida de redução de impactos ambientais. Os melhores resultados ambientais, tanto em termos relativos, como absolutos, foram obtidos aproveitando a palha como fonte de energia térmica na caldeira, na condição de geração de vapor a 100 bar e 511 oC, com ciclo Rankine que utiliza reaquecimento e regeneração simultaneamente, numa proposta chamada de ciclo Resultante, cuja redução de impactos ambientais ocorreu entre 5,3% e 15,6% nas categorias analisadas. / The decentralization of the Brazilian electricity sector in association with the internal electricity supply crisis has encouraged companies in the sugarcane industry to produce electricity by burning sugarcane bagasse in cogeneration plants. This approach reduces the environmental impact of the sugarcane production and has opened up opportunities for distilleries and annex plants to increase their product portfolios. Potential scenarios for technically and environmentally improving the cogeneration performance were analyzed by using Thermodynamic analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method used in this study aimed to provide an understanding and a model of the electrical and thermal energy production and the environmental impacts of conventional vapor power systems which operate with Rankine cycle that are commonly used by Brazilian distilleries. Vapor power system experts have suggested focusing on the following technical improvement areas: increasing the properties of the steam from 20 to 100 bar, regeneration and reheating. The case scenarios were projected based on different Rankine cycle configurations and two possibilities of biomass utilization: only sugarcane bagasse or sugarcane bagasse with straw. The LCA was carried out according to ISO 14040 and 14044 regulations, with focus from cradle to gate. A Functional unit of: \"To delivery 1.0 MWh of electricity to the power grid using cogeneration system\" was defined. The product system covers the environmental burdens of the industrial stage and the agricultural production of sugarcane. Thermodynamic evaluation indicated that the energy efficiency and the potential net power exported to the grid increase as the pressure at which the vapor leaves the boiler increases. From the LCA, it was noted that the improved energy performance of the system is accompanied by reduced environmental impacts for all evaluated categories. In addition, vapor production at 100 bar and 511 °C resulted in greater environmental gains, both in absolute and relative terms. Reheating and regeneration concepts were found to be considerably effective in improving the energy and environmental performance of cogeneration systems by burning sugarcane bagasse and straw. For the evaluated categories, the results indicated that the proposed modifications are favorable for increasing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle and for decreasing the environmental impacts of the product system. The best results were obtained using bagasse and straw in the boiler furnace and using reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle. In this case it was noted a reduction between 5.3% and 15.6% over all impact categories analysed.
52

Performance of a thermally activated cooling system and design of a microchannel heat recovery unit

Seward, Ryan 09 March 2012 (has links)
The performance of a combined vapor-compression cycle/ORC is evaluated using waste-heat from a diesel generator. A flat plate microchannel heat exchanger is employed to provide energy exchange between the diesel exhaust stream and an oil loop, which provides energy to a boiler. This study finds an increased diesel duty corresponds with an increased cooling capacity, for a maximum of 5 kW of cooling (with 13.5 kWe diesel load). System COP is reduced with a higher input power due to limitations in the cooling cycle. A number of solutions are identified to increase the COP and cooling capacity. A new microchannel heat exchanger to recovery heat is designed to increase performance compared to the previous version. / Graduation date: 2012
53

First and second law analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle

Somayaji, Chandramohan, 1980- January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Mechanical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.
54

Simplified Methodology for Designing Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plants

Vasquez Padilla, Ricardo 01 January 2011 (has links)
The performance of parabolic trough based solar power plants over the last 25 years has proven that this technology is an excellent alternative for the commercial power industry. Compared to conventional power plants, parabolic trough solar power plants produce significantly lower levels of carbon dioxide, although additional research is required to bring the cost of concentrator solar plants to a competitive level. The cost reduction is focused on three areas: thermodynamic efficiency improvements by research and development, scaling up of the unit size, and mass production of the equipment. The optimum design, performance simulation and cost analysis of the parabolic trough solar plants are essential for the successful implementation of this technology. A detailed solar power plant simulation and analysis of its components is needed for the design of parabolic trough solar systems which is the subject of this research. Preliminary analysis was carried out by complex models of the solar field components. These components were then integrated into the system whose performance is simulated to emulate real operating conditions. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to get the optimum conditions and minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). A simplified methodology was then developed based on correlations obtained from the detailed component simulations. A comprehensive numerical simulation of a parabolic trough solar power plant was developed, focusing primarily on obtaining a preliminary optimum design through the simplified methodology developed in this research. The proposed methodology is used to obtain optimum parameters and conditions such as: solar field size, operating conditions, parasitic losses, initial investment and LCOE. The methodology is also used to evaluate different scenarios and conditions of operation. The new methodology was implemented for a 50 MWe parabolic trough solar power plant for two cities: Tampa and Daggett. The results obtained for the proposed methodology were compared to another physical model (System Advisor Model, SAM) and a good agreement was achieved, thus showing that this methodology is suitable for any location.
55

Production optimale d’énergie pour une communauté à petite échelle : application à l’optimisation d’une centrale solaire hybride produisant électricité et chaleur / Optimal energy delivery at a small community scale : application to the optimization of a hybrid solar power plant producing electricity and heat

Mabrouk, Mohamed Tahar 05 November 2015 (has links)
Ce travail traite la modélisation et l'optimisation des centrales solaires thermodynamiques à concentration produisant de l'électricité pour l'électrification des zones rurales isolées et mal raccordées au réseau électrique. D’abord, un modèle optique et thermique détaillé des concentrateurs solaires cylindro-paraboliques est présenté permettant l'identification de capteurs existants et la création de corrélations qui peuvent être injectées dans un modèle plus global. Dans un second temps, un modèle original d'un stock de chaleur stratifié de type « lit de roche » est développé. Le nouveau modèle proposé permet de déterminer analytiquement le profil de température dans le stock à n'importe quel instant dans le cas d'une température d'entrée régulée. Ensuite, deux alternatives de bloc moteur sont modélisées : le moteur Stirling et le Cycle Organique de Rankine (ORC acronyme anglais pour Organic Rankine Cycle). Concernant le moteur Stirling, une revue critique des modèles existants a été effectuée. Certains de ces modèles ont été implémentés et complétés par des modèles originaux des pertes par fuite de matière et par effet navette. Le cycle organique de Rankine, lui, est modélisé par un modèle orientée vers l'optimisation. Enfin, une optimisation mono et multicritère d’une centrale solaire est effectuée. La configuration étudiée est équipée d’un stock de chaleur et d’une chaudière d’appoint. Elle est optimisée selon trois critères : le coût moyen actualisé de l'électricité (LCOE acronyme anglais pour Levelized Cost Of Electricity), le rendement énergétique de la centrale et la quantité de CO2 émise par Kilowatt heure d'électricité produite / This work deals with the modelling and the optimization of thermodynamic solar power plants intended to supply electricity to isolated locations. Firstly, a state of the art of solar collectors is achieved and a model for parabolic trough collectors is proposed. This model is used for actual collectors identification. It is used also to propose correlations to be introduced in the whole system model. In a second time, a state of the art of energy storage technologies is conducted and an original model of a packed bed storage tank is proposed. This model gives an explicit solution of the temperature inside the tank without using a time step based numerical resolution. Two alternatives for the power block are given: Stirling engines and Organic Rankine Cycles. For Stirling engines, a critical review of existing models is performed. Some losses occurring in Stirling engines are not well documented in the literature as leakage losses at the power piston and displacer gap losses. Therefore, original models are proposed to estimate these losses. When compared to former models in the literature, the new model of the displacer gap losses demonstrates clearly that it is very important to use decoupled models with caution. Concerning the ORC, an optimization-oriented model is proposed. Finally, a mono and multi-objective optimization of a solar power plant is performed. The optimized system is composed of a solar field, a packed bed heat storage, a power block and an auxiliary fired heater. Objective functions used in this study are: the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), the energetic efficiency of the power plant and CO2 emission per kilowatt hour of electricity
56

Optimizarea exergoeconimică a unei centrale solare termice / Optimisation exergoéconomique d’une centrale solaire thermodynamique / The exergoeconomic optimization of a solar thermal power plant

Marin, Andreea 23 May 2014 (has links)
Dans le contexte économique et énergétique actuel, la mise en œuvre de technologies à l'aide de l'énergie renouvelable comme source de chauffage offre un double avantage: la réduction de la pollution et des coûts de carburant. Il y a un besoin de promouvoir les sources renouvelables d'énergie comme les sources significatives de production d'énergie pour les systèmes décentralisés. Une première étude bibliographique a été fait sur les technologies existantes pour la production d'énergie électrique à partir du solaire. Cette étude consiste dans la recherche d’une nouvelle solution de conversion de l’énergie solaire pour la production d’électricité de faible puissance. L'un des objectifs de cette thèse a été la construction d'un moteur Stirling de type gamma fonctionnant à basse différence de température, adapté à un circuit solaire (capteur plan). Le moteur Stirling a été testé en vue de comparer les résultats expérimentales avec les résultats d’un model Schmidt, fait dans le logiciel, Matlab. Un autre cycle thermodynamique étais étudie dans cette travail, le Cycle Organique Rankine (ORC). Un modèle mathématique a été développé et vérifie dans les logiciels, Thermoptim et EES (Engineering Equation Solver) avec les résultats expérimentaux pour étudier les performances d'installation avec des différentes températures de fonctionnement. La méthode exergétique et la méthode du Pincement sont utilisée pour évaluer les performances du système comme irréversibilité, destruction d’exergie et phénomènes qui se produisent dans toutes les composantes du système ORC pour améliorer son fonctionnement. / In the current economic and energy context, implementation of technologies using renewable energy as heat source has two advantages: reducing pollution and fuel costs. There is a need to promote renewable energy sources such as significant sources of power generation for decentralized systems. In the first part, it was made a literature review on existing technologies for the production of electricity with solar energy. One of the objectives of this thesis was to build a Stirling engine gamma type suitable to use solar energy (flat plate collator). The Stirling engine was tested to compare the experimental results with the results of Schmidt model, realized in the software, Matlab. Another thermodynamic cycle was studied in this work, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). A mathematical model was developed and verified in software, Thermoptim and EES (Engineering Equation Solver) with experimental results to study the installation performance function of different operating temperatures. The entire system and each subsystem are analyzed according to the first and the second law of thermodynamics. The exergy method and Pinch analysis are used to evaluate the performance of the system like irreversibility and exergy destruction, phenomenon that occurs in all components of the ORC system. This analysis is to improve the operation.
57

Étude numérique et expérimentale d'un cycle de Rankine-Hirn de faible puissance pour la récupération d'énergie / Numerical and experimental study of a low power Rankine-Hirn cycle for waste heat recovery

Danel, Quentin 12 December 2016 (has links)
Ce travail de recherche est motivé par les contraintes environnementales qui imposent une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer les possibilités de réduction de consommation des moteurs à combustion interne en les munissant d'un dispositif de récupération de chaleur. Cette étude est focalisée sur la valorisation des rejets thermiques d'installations de faible puissance. Le cycle de Rankine est la technologie qui a été sélectionnée. Une installation d'essais a été construite. Un générateur de gaz chaud simule le moteur thermique ; une part de cette chaleur est collectée par le système de récupération de chaleur et partiellement convertie en énergie mécanique. L'échangeur de chaleur a été conçu et construit en interne ainsi que la machine de détente à piston. Un modèle numérique statique validé expérimentalement pour l'évaporateur a été développé. Celui-ci permet d'explorer les performances du cycle de Rankine sur un large champ de fonctionnement. Avec des hypothèses restrictives le modèle numérique fait apparaître qu'un gain de consommation de l'ordre de 3 % à 4 % sur un tracteur agricole serait possible. Un modèle dynamique de moteur à piston adapté aux cycles de Rankine de faibles puissances a été développé pour aider à son dimensionnement. Ce modèle a permis de mettre au point un concept de machine de détente à piston avec un mécanisme de distribution simplifié. Bien qu'offrant des performances en retrait sur les machines de détente à piston à distribution commandée ce concept est à approfondir pour les systèmes de faible puissance nécessitant une simplicité de construction et un faible coût. / This research was motivated by environmental constraints which impose a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the thesis was to explore the possibility of reducing the consumption of an internal combustion engine using a bottom waste heat recovery system. The study focused on waste heat recovery for low power installations. The Rankine cycle technology was selected to exploit the heat source. An experimental test bench was designed and set up. A hot gas generator simulates an internal combustion engine. Part of the thermal power is absorbed by the evaporator and partially converted into mechanical power. The heat exchanger and piston expander were designed and built in-house. A numerical static model with experimental validation of the evaporator was developed. The model was used to explore the performances of the Rankine cycle over a large operating range. Under restrictive hypotheses, the numerical model showed that is possible to reduce the consumption of a tractor by about 3 to 4 %. A piston expander dynamic model was developed to assist in sizing the expander. The model was used to define a piston expander concept with a simple distribution mechanism. Although a classical distribution mechanism offers better performances, this concept is promising for systems that are simple, small-scale and low-cost.
58

Determinação do custo de energia gerada através da utilização de células a combustível de carbonato fundido e turbina a vapor em um ciclo combinado / Determination of the cost of energy of a combined cycle using molten carbonate fuel cell and steam turbine

Silva, Fellipe Sartori da [UNESP] 07 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Fellipe Sartori da Silva null (fellipe_sartori@yahoo.com) on 2018-03-20T14:29:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Determinação do custo de energia gerada através da utilização de células a combustível de carbonato fundido e turbina a vapor em um ciclo combinado.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-03-21T13:25:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_me_guara.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T13:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_me_guara.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os modelos energéticos atuais são baseados majoritariamente na utilização de combustíveis fósseis, os quais, além de serem fontes finitas, ainda geram gases poluentes que contribuem para o efeito estufa e, consequentemente, para o aquecimento global. As células a combustível, por possuírem alta eficiência de conversão, baixa emissão, simplicidade de operação e flexibilidade em sua utilização, vêm sendo estudadas como opção mais limpa de geração. A célula a combustível de carbonato fundido, em particular, além de ter vantagens estruturais por operar a alta temperatura, possui calor residual que pode ser aproveitado para cogeração. O presente trabalho propõe uma configuração de ciclo combinado de uma célula a combustível de carbonato fundido de 10 MW, que possui reforma interna de gás natural, com um ciclo a vapor que aproveita o calor residual da célula. A reforma a vapor do gás natural, simulada pelo software STANJAN Chemical Equilibrium Solver, apresentou valores satisfatórios de produção de H2 na temperatura de operação da célula. As análises energética e exergética, simuladas através do software Engineering Equation Solver (EES), apontaram aumentos nas respectivas eficiências globais de 4,8 e 4,6%, respectivamente. A análise exergoeconômica indicou custo de geração de 0,4679 USD/kWh, valor acima das tarifas nacionais. Entretanto, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou que plantas de grande porte com essa configuração podem ser economicamente competitivas em diferentes cenários. / Current researches point to a significant increase in energy demand over the next few years. Energy models are mostly based on fossil fuels, which generates greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop equipment and cycles that operate with greater efficiency, as well as new technologies of energy generation with both fossil and renewable sources. Fuel cells are being widely investigated due to their high conversion efficiency, low emissions, structural simplicity and flexibility. Among several fuel cell types, molten carbonate fuel cell has advantages such as fuel flexibility and high operating temperature, which leads to high thermal energy residue. This residue can be used for cogeneration and combined cycles, in order to enhance the global efficiency. This study aimed to introduce a 10 MW internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell and steam turbine combined cycle. Steam reforming of natural gas was simulated by STANJAN Chemical Equilibrium Solver and presented satisfactory H2 production at MCFC operating temperature. Simulation in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) of energetic and exergetic analysis showed efficiency increases of 4,8 and 4,6%, respectively. Exergoeconomic analysis pointed to a 0,4679 USD/kWh power cost. However, sensitivity analysis showed that higher plants can achieve economic viability in different scenarios
59

Análise de desempenho ambiental da cogeração de energia elétrica a partir de adições sucessivas de biomassa em destilaria autônoma. / Environmental performance analysis of cogeneration of electricity from successive additions of biomass in autonomous distillery.

Laíse Anton 14 February 2017 (has links)
Uma análise do setor sucroalcooleiro nacional revela sua autossuficiência energética que com investimentos adequados, pode evoluir para transformar tal característica em benefício por meio de exportação de energia elétrica. Atualmente, os sistemas de cogeração das usinas de etanol operam com bagaço-de-cana; no entantoesse quadro deve ser alterado devido ao grande aumento de disponibilidade de palha gerada no campo. Um acordo firmado entre o Governo do Estado de São Paulo e UNICA, que limita e condiciona queimadas durante a colheita na região ratifica essa condição. O presente estudo se propõe a estimar e discutir impactos ambientais associados à cogeração de energia elétrica em destilarias autônomas para situações diversas de operação do ciclo Rankine, modelo de termodinâmico adotado para representar o funcionamento daquele sistema. Para atender a tais propósitos foram verificadas diferentes condições de pressão de operação da caldeira (20, 45, 67, 80 e 100 bar), teor de umidade da palha (10%, 15%, 25%, 35% e 50%), e taxa de adição dessa biomassa (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50%) com relação ao total gerado no campo. A coordenação simultânea dessas variáveis resultou na formulação de cento e vinte e cinco cenários de análise. Os cenários foram analisados a partir de Análise Energética (Análise Termodinâmica de 1ª e 2ªLeis) e Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). AACVocorreusob enfoque do tipo \"berço-aoportão\", e seguiu diretrizes metodológicas descritas na norma ABNT NBR ISO 14044. Adotou-se como unidade funcional para o estudo \"produzir10 t de etanol anidro (99,5% w/w)\". O sistema de produto compreende atividades realizadas nas etapas agrícola (de produção de cana-de-açúcar e palha) e industrial (obtenção de etanol e cogeração). A análise ocorreu em termos da geração específica de eletricidade, e de perfil de impactos ambientais, definido em termos dos potenciais de Mudanças Climáticas, Acidificação Terrestre, Eutrofização Aquática, e de Formação de Oxidantes Fotoquímicos e de Material Particulado.Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência energética aumenta com a elevação das funções de estado do vapor superaquecido que é injetadona turbina. Em termos de desempenho ambiental, observou-se redução sistêmica de efeitos adversos com o aumento da eficiência do ciclo termodinâmico. Os resultados também ratificaram como condição mais favorável em termos de desempenho ambiental aquela em que 50% da palha gerada no campo, com 10% de umidade, é aproveitada como fonte de energia térmica na caldeira, produzindo vapor superaquecido a 100 bar. / Analyzing the sugar-alcohol sector in Brazil, one can perceive that it is self-sufficient in energy terms and that, with adequate investments, it can evolve to transform this characteristic into a benefit through the export of electricity. Currently, the cogeneration systems of the ethanol plants operate with bagasse. However, this picture should be changed due to the large increase in availability of straw generated in the field. An agreement signed between the Government of the State of São Paulo and the federation of ethanol and sugar mills (UNICA) that limits and conditions burnings during harvesting in the region ratifies this condition. This study estimates and discusses environmental impacts associated with the cogeneration of power in autonomous distilleries for typical operational conditions of the Rankine cycle, a thermodynamic model adopted to represent the operation of that system. In order to meet these purposes, different boiler operating pressure (20, 45, 67, 80 and 100 bar), moisture content of the straw (10%, 15%, 25%, 35% and 50%), and rate of biomass feeding (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) in relation to the total generated in the field have been verified.The simultaneous coordination of these variables resulted in the formulation of one hundred and twenty-five analysis scenarios, which were investigated in terms of Energy Analysis (Thermodynamic Analysis of 1st and 2nd Laws) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The LCA was carried out under a \"cradle-to-gate\" approach and followed the methodological guidelines described in ABNT NBR ISO 14044. It was adopted as a Functional Unit for the study \"to produce 10 t of anhydrous ethanol (99.5% w/w) \". The product system comprises activities that occur in the agricultural (production of sugarcane and straw) and industrial (synthesis of ethanol and cogeneration) stages. The analysis took place in terms of the specific generation of electricity, and of environmental impact profiles have been defined in terms of the potential of Climate Change, Terrestrial Acidification, Aquatic Eutrophication, and Formation of Photochemical Oxidants and Particulate Material. The results indicate that the energy efficiency increases with the increase of the state functions of the steam that is injected into the turbine. Regarding the environmental performance, it was observed a systemic reduction of adverse effects with the increase of the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle. The results also confirmed that the most favorable condition in terms of environmental performance is that one which 50% of the straw produced in the field, with 10% humidity, is used as a source of thermal energy in the boiler, producing superheated steam at 100 bar.
60

Avaliação de desempenho termodinâmico e ambiental de cenários de cogeração elétrica em usinas autônomas. / Thermodynamic and environmental performance evaluation of electrical cogeneration scenarios of autonomous distilleries.

João Paulo Macedo Guerra 30 June 2014 (has links)
A descentralização do setor de eletricidade brasileiro associado à premente necessidade de aumento da oferta de energia elétrica tem fomentado a busca por fontes alternativas para produção de energia elétrica. Este fato motiva empresas do setor sucroalcooleiro a produzir eletricidade a partir da queima do bagaço de canade- açúcar em sistemas de cogeração, elevando dessa forma a capacidade de geração de energia elétrica exatamente no período de menor oferta hídrica. A geração de eletricidade a partir da biomassa canavieira revela-se uma opção interessante, pois além de ser produzida de forma distribuída e próxima aos centros consumidores, tem criado oportunidades a destilarias e usinas de açúcar para aumentarem seus portfólios de produtos. Nesse aspecto, o presente estudo se propõe a apresentar e discutir possibilidades de cogeração de energia elétrica em usinas autônomas (destilarias) em diferentes condições de processo e operação. Para atender a estes propósitos, foram definidos cenários de cogeração e desenvolvidos modelos para simulação e análise da produção de energia térmica e elétrica bem como estimar os impactos ambientais associados, considerando um sistema de cogeração que opera através do ciclo Rankine, que é o sistema mais utilizado pelas usinas brasileiras. Os cenários foram analisados a partir das técnicas de Análise Exergética (Análise Termodinâmica de Primeira e Segunda Lei) e Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Adotou-se para o caso da avaliação ambiental um enfoque do berço ao portão da fábrica, conforme diretrizes metodológicas descritas nas normas ISO 14040 e 14044. A unidade funcional adotada foi gerar 1,0 MWh de eletricidade excedente em sistema de cogeração energética. O sistema de produto compreende as cargas ambientais da etapa industrial e da produção agrícola da cana-de-açúcar. Especialistas no setor e pesquisadores da área sugerem concentrar esforços de melhoria de desempenho termodinâmico na elevação das propriedades de estado do vapor na saída da caldeira de 20 bar até 100 bar, e simulação de sistemas de cogeração com reaquecimento e regeneração, que são melhorias técnicas próprias de centrais termelétricas, mas com potencial de aproveitamento pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os cenários foram projetados com base em diferentes combinações dessas condições considerando duas possibilidades de utilização da biomassa como fonte de energia térmica: exclusivamente bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; e uma composição de bagaço e palha. A comparação dos desempenhos termodinâmicos e ambientais dos cenários ocorreu principalmente em termos da geração específica de eletricidade, da eficiência exergética, do perfil destruição de exergia ao longo do ciclo e dos perfis de impactos ambientais potenciais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência exergética é aumenta com a elevação das funções de estado do vapor superaquecido na alimentação da turbina, e ao aumento do grau de complexidade do ciclo Rankine, conseguido à medida que arranjos com reaquecimento e regeneração são integrados ao ciclo. Esses arranjos mostraram-se efetivos na melhoria dos desempenhos exergético e ambiental dos sistemas de cogeração a partir da queima do bagaço e da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Em termos de desempenho ambiental, observou-se a redução sistêmica de efeitos negativos associada ao aumento da eficiência do ciclo termodinâmico. Os resultados da ACV ratificaram também, que a melhoria da eficiência exergética do sistema é seguida de redução de impactos ambientais. Os melhores resultados ambientais, tanto em termos relativos, como absolutos, foram obtidos aproveitando a palha como fonte de energia térmica na caldeira, na condição de geração de vapor a 100 bar e 511 oC, com ciclo Rankine que utiliza reaquecimento e regeneração simultaneamente, numa proposta chamada de ciclo Resultante, cuja redução de impactos ambientais ocorreu entre 5,3% e 15,6% nas categorias analisadas. / The decentralization of the Brazilian electricity sector in association with the internal electricity supply crisis has encouraged companies in the sugarcane industry to produce electricity by burning sugarcane bagasse in cogeneration plants. This approach reduces the environmental impact of the sugarcane production and has opened up opportunities for distilleries and annex plants to increase their product portfolios. Potential scenarios for technically and environmentally improving the cogeneration performance were analyzed by using Thermodynamic analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method used in this study aimed to provide an understanding and a model of the electrical and thermal energy production and the environmental impacts of conventional vapor power systems which operate with Rankine cycle that are commonly used by Brazilian distilleries. Vapor power system experts have suggested focusing on the following technical improvement areas: increasing the properties of the steam from 20 to 100 bar, regeneration and reheating. The case scenarios were projected based on different Rankine cycle configurations and two possibilities of biomass utilization: only sugarcane bagasse or sugarcane bagasse with straw. The LCA was carried out according to ISO 14040 and 14044 regulations, with focus from cradle to gate. A Functional unit of: \"To delivery 1.0 MWh of electricity to the power grid using cogeneration system\" was defined. The product system covers the environmental burdens of the industrial stage and the agricultural production of sugarcane. Thermodynamic evaluation indicated that the energy efficiency and the potential net power exported to the grid increase as the pressure at which the vapor leaves the boiler increases. From the LCA, it was noted that the improved energy performance of the system is accompanied by reduced environmental impacts for all evaluated categories. In addition, vapor production at 100 bar and 511 °C resulted in greater environmental gains, both in absolute and relative terms. Reheating and regeneration concepts were found to be considerably effective in improving the energy and environmental performance of cogeneration systems by burning sugarcane bagasse and straw. For the evaluated categories, the results indicated that the proposed modifications are favorable for increasing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle and for decreasing the environmental impacts of the product system. The best results were obtained using bagasse and straw in the boiler furnace and using reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle. In this case it was noted a reduction between 5.3% and 15.6% over all impact categories analysed.

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