Thèses (M.Sc.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2002. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 20 juin 2006). Publié aussi en version papier.

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Since the global financial crisis of 2008-9 and the deficit reduction measures introduced by the British government from 2011, a new strategic deinstitutionalized model of community engagement has begun to emerge to address issues of social justice and environmental concern. Cloke (2011) identifies this new space of engagement as ‘rapprochement’. This research develops this concept, arguing that this organic, radical, social enterprise form of partnership offers the Established Church1 a potential means to engage in community-based social action in a postwelfare, post-regeneration age. A redistribution of power that seeks to enable agency and release enterprise, innovation and hope is at the heart of this new community-based model of partnership. These innovative enterprises are particularly evident in inner urban areas, although it is a model also appropriate for suburban and rural communities. This fresh model of partnership is a consequence of a developing nexus between rapprochement and austerity. Rapprochement emerges in what Habermas (2001 onwards) identifies as the postsecular. This acknowledges that religion, despite expectations to the contrary (Wilson 1982; Bruce 2002), continues to have a significant role in the public square. The global financial crisis and austerity measures imposed by the last two governments (2010-2015; 2015-2017) reflect a neo-liberal ideology leaving those least able to cope increasingly vulnerable and in need of support. A hermeneutic ethnographic approach accesses the experiences of leaders engaged in public, private and third sector organizations in a time of on-going austerity and considers their knowledge and understanding of partnership working. Data consists of 14 interviews and is triangulated with participant observation in two partnerships identified as examples of rapprochement. Case study helps clarify understandings of this new form of partnership. Dynamics characterizing these organic partnerships include a deep respect for hermeneutical integrity; a desire to create a sense of place, rather than space; a transformative form of hospitality and a style of leadership that enables the different stakeholders to acquire and develop a sense of agency. Innovative frameworks clarifying these dynamics include ideas of postsecularity, progressive localism, smart pluralism, and enablement. Alongside terms like personal responsibility, passion and vision, usual in partnership vocabulary, the research uncovered a more nuanced and sophisticated lexicon. This includes terms such as autonomy, brokering and process enablers. Rapprochement primarily encapsulates a person’s love for their neighbour. Those engaged in these partnerships practise a welcome engendering inclusivity, which offers a fresh theological understanding of hospitality. It also suggests a distinct theological understanding of leadership, espousing a model that draws others in, helping them to discover their gifts and constantly expanding and sharing leadership. This strategic deinstitutionalized model of partnership offers the Established Church an opportunity to join with others and to show, through praxis and community engagement, God’s bias for the poor and his longing for their enablement.

L’arbitrage est un moyen de gestion de litige apprécié et privilégié par les acteurs du commerce international. Son bon fonctionnement dépend de la justice étatique. Ces deux appareils doivent entretenir un rapport tantôt fusionnel et tantôt concurrentiel. Le déroulement de cette relation peut réciproquement susciter des complications et de la méfiance. En France comme dans plusieurs autres États de l’Afrique subsaharienne, le juge étatique est le collaborateur de l’arbitre malgré l’envergure de leurs rapports. Ces États reconnaissent à la justice étatique son pouvoir explicite et implicite durant l’arbitrage. La présente recherche et étude aborde la mise en œuvre des compétences respectives attribuées à l’arbitre et au juge durant l’arbitrage. Afin d’accentuer et de pérenniser le bon déroulement de l’arbitrage en France et en Afrique francophone, cette étude s’est attardée sur la question de l’arbitrabilité et du développement économique. Après avoir énuméré des réalités freinant la floraison durable de l’arbitrage en Afrique, quelques solutions sont proposées pour le préserver de tout dysfonctionnement. / Arbitration has been used to resolving cases appreciated by international trade actors. However, well-functioning depends upon state justice. Both devices should have maintain a fusional and competitive relationship. The unfolding of this relationship can reciprocally bring complications and mistrust. State judge is referee’s collaborator despite the spacing of reports in France and several other states in sub-Saharan Africa. These states recognize the explicit and implicit power of state justice during arbitration. This study approaches courts assigned to the arbitrator and judge during their challenge. In order to accentuate and sustain the smooth running of arbitration in France and Francophone Africa, this research has been focused on the issue of economic development. After listing realities hindering the flowering of arbitration in this part of Africa, some solutions have been proposed to preserve this method of dispute resolution of dysfunction.

Cette étude propose une analyse contrastive de la rédaction scientifique du japonais et du français. Sa première partie examine les différentes approches qui visent à caractériser l'écrit scientifique et à comparer des textes de différentes langues. Sa seconde partie analyse les consignes des revues scientifiques en quête d'indicateurs de normes ou d'usages rédactionnels qui reposeraient sur des traits caractéristiques de la langue, du domaine de la chimie et sur les choix des revues. La troisième partie étudie les résumés d'articles de chimie japonais et français. Ses trois chapitres reflètent la structure informative du résumé : le bloc introductif, le bloc méthodologie-résultats et le bloc bilan-discussion. Parmi les caractérisations réalisées, la mesure des " densités informatives " centrée sur la forme donnée à l'écrit témoigne d'une approche contrastive visant à décrire les choix rédactionnels des auteurs en marge de la nature spécifique de leur démarche expérimentale.

China-Taiwan relations have been for decades a hot issue in East Asia as well as worldwide. The thesis researches on the China’s foreign policy toward Latin America and the Caribbean region in terms of competition with Taiwan for diplomatic recognition from the perspective of zero-sum and non zero-sum game. This study’s objective is to examine the impact of recently improved cross-Strait relations on the intensity of diplomatic competition for recognition in Latin America and the Caribbean between both sides of the Strait. Two following questions are going to be answered: Is a complete victory in diplomatic competition in Latin America and the Caribbean region a short-term goal for the PRC? How can China’s refusal of its diplomatic recognition by Paraguay be interpreted? First, literature review and theoretical framework is provided. Second, China’s and Taiwan’s policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean is researched. Third, cross- Strait rapproachement is depicted. Fourth, relations between the PRC and Taiwan after year 2005 are presented. Fifth, three case studies of Costa Rica, Panama, Paraguay are discussed. In the study I am going to look for evidence to prove that the rapprochement and the new cross-Strait diplomacy are good signs of non-zero sum game between Taiwan and China with a significant impact on diplomatic competition in Latin America and the Caribbean region. To fulfil the aim of this master thesis I am using secondary data. The scope of the paper in terms of the time period is from the establishment of the PRC but the bigger part of the paper is focused on the recent events.

A reunião de países em organizações para a integração regional resulta em peculiar direito, o qual tende à construção de ordens jurídicas transcendentes às dos Estados que as conformam. Em face disso, adquire relevância o estudo do marco normativo dos blocos regionais pelas transformações que provocam nos modelos jurídicos de seus países membros. Com isso, importa analisar, nesta seara, o modo pelo qual estas podem ocorrer, mediante adoção de instrumentos de aproximação jurídica, utilizados para materializar regras aptas a permitir a consecução dos objetivos integracionistas. Diante disso, é em tal conjuntura que se insere esta tese, a qual visa a compreender o papel e relevância da aproximação normativa para a integração regional, a partir do exemplo do Código Aduaneiro do MERCOSUL, perquirindo sobre seus âmbitos de abrangência e de possibilidade de efetividade. Nesse passo, questiona-se o ajuste do referido texto legislativo ao modelo de aproximação jurídica adotado pelo bloco, bem como a adequação de sua denominação como “Código” diante das finalidades às quais se propõe. Ademais, indaga-se sobre o seu impacto frente aos ordenamentos de seus países membros, com vistas a investigar a função exercida por esta ferramenta de aproximação jurídica para a consecução dos objetivos traçados pelo processo de integração, em termos de alcance da união aduaneira plena. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se, através do exame das categorias de aproximação jurídica, estabelecer quais destas compõem o modelo utilizado pelo MERCOSUL e em qual se insere o seu Código Aduaneiro, a fim de apurar a adequação de sua denominação, a sua abrangência no seio do bloco e os seus reflexos frente aos direitos aduaneiros dos Estados Partes. Pretende-se, com isso, analisar sua possibilidade de efetividade em face aos escopos aos quais deve atender, para determinar o seu papel na busca pela estabilização da união aduaneira mercosulina. Portanto, busca-se determinar se serve para ilustrar a relevância da aproximação jurídica à integração regional. / The gathering of countries in organizations for regional integration results in peculiar law, which tends to build transcendent legal systems with respect to its member states. Given this, becomes relevant the study of normative framework of regional blocks for the transformations they cause in the legal models of its member countries. Thus, important to consider in this area, the way in which it can occur through adoption of legal instruments of approximation, used to materialize rules able to allow the achievement of integrationist goals. Therefore, it is at this juncture that this thesis is presented, which aims to understand the role and relevance of the normative approach to regional integration, from the example of the MERCOSUR Customs Code, inquiring about its areas of coverage and the possibility of effectiveness. In such, we question the fit of the legislative text to the legal approximation model adopted by the block, and the adequacy of its name as "Code" in relation to the purposes for which it is proposed. Furthermore, we look into its impact compared to the systems of its member countries, in order to investigate the function exerted by this legal approximation tool for achieving the goals set by the integration process, in terms of range of full customs union. In this sense, the objective is, by examining the categories of legal approximation, to establish which of these make up the model used by MERCOSUR and which embodies its Customs Code in order to determine the appropriateness of its name, its scope within block and its impact in relation to the customs laws of the States Parties. The intention with this is to analyze its ability to effectiveness related to scopes that should meet to determine its role in the search for stabilization of the MERCOSUR customs union. Therefore, we seek to determine whether it serves to illustrate the relevance of the legal rapprochement to regional integration. / La reunión de los países en las organizaciones de integración regional en resuelta en derecho peculiar, que tiende a construir ordenamientos jurídicos trascendentes a las órdenes de los Estados que conforman. En vista de ello, se vuelve relevante el estudio del marco normativo de los bloques regionales debido a los cambios que hacen en los modelos legales de sus países miembros. Por lo tanto, es importante considerar en esta área, la forma en la que puede ocurrir a través de la adopción de instrumentos jurídicos de aproximación, que se utilizan para materializar reglas capaces de permitir el logro de los objetivos integracionistas. Por lo tanto, es en este momento que presenta esta tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo es entender el papel y la relevancia del enfoque normativo de la integración regional, a partir del ejemplo del Código Aduanero del MERCOSUR, indagando sobre su alcance y su eficacia potencial. En este paso, cuestionamos el ajuste del texto legislativo al modelo de aproximación jurídica adoptada por el bloque, y la adecuación de su nombre como "Código" de acuerdo con los fines para los que se propone. Por otra parte, miramos hacia su impacto en comparación con los sistemas de sus países miembros, con el fin de investigar la función ejercida por esta herramienta de aproximación para alcanzar los objetivos fijados por el proceso de integración, en términos de rango de la unión aduanera plena. En este sentido, el objetivo es, mediante el examen de las categorías de aproximación, establecer cuál de ellas conforman el modelo utilizado por el MERCOSUR y que consagra su Código aduanero a fin de determinar la conveniencia de su nombre, su alcance dentro bloque y su impacto en el derecho de los Estados Partes. Se pretende con ello, su capacidad para analizar la eficacia en relación con los ámbitos que debe cumplir para determinar su papel en la búsqueda de la estabilización de la unión aduanera del MERCOSUR. Por lo tanto, tratamos de determinar si sirve para ilustrar la relevancia de la aproximación normativa para la integración regional.

A reunião de países em organizações para a integração regional resulta em peculiar direito, o qual tende à construção de ordens jurídicas transcendentes às dos Estados que as conformam. Em face disso, adquire relevância o estudo do marco normativo dos blocos regionais pelas transformações que provocam nos modelos jurídicos de seus países membros. Com isso, importa analisar, nesta seara, o modo pelo qual estas podem ocorrer, mediante adoção de instrumentos de aproximação jurídica, utilizados para materializar regras aptas a permitir a consecução dos objetivos integracionistas. Diante disso, é em tal conjuntura que se insere esta tese, a qual visa a compreender o papel e relevância da aproximação normativa para a integração regional, a partir do exemplo do Código Aduaneiro do MERCOSUL, perquirindo sobre seus âmbitos de abrangência e de possibilidade de efetividade. Nesse passo, questiona-se o ajuste do referido texto legislativo ao modelo de aproximação jurídica adotado pelo bloco, bem como a adequação de sua denominação como “Código” diante das finalidades às quais se propõe. Ademais, indaga-se sobre o seu impacto frente aos ordenamentos de seus países membros, com vistas a investigar a função exercida por esta ferramenta de aproximação jurídica para a consecução dos objetivos traçados pelo processo de integração, em termos de alcance da união aduaneira plena. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se, através do exame das categorias de aproximação jurídica, estabelecer quais destas compõem o modelo utilizado pelo MERCOSUL e em qual se insere o seu Código Aduaneiro, a fim de apurar a adequação de sua denominação, a sua abrangência no seio do bloco e os seus reflexos frente aos direitos aduaneiros dos Estados Partes. Pretende-se, com isso, analisar sua possibilidade de efetividade em face aos escopos aos quais deve atender, para determinar o seu papel na busca pela estabilização da união aduaneira mercosulina. Portanto, busca-se determinar se serve para ilustrar a relevância da aproximação jurídica à integração regional. / The gathering of countries in organizations for regional integration results in peculiar law, which tends to build transcendent legal systems with respect to its member states. Given this, becomes relevant the study of normative framework of regional blocks for the transformations they cause in the legal models of its member countries. Thus, important to consider in this area, the way in which it can occur through adoption of legal instruments of approximation, used to materialize rules able to allow the achievement of integrationist goals. Therefore, it is at this juncture that this thesis is presented, which aims to understand the role and relevance of the normative approach to regional integration, from the example of the MERCOSUR Customs Code, inquiring about its areas of coverage and the possibility of effectiveness. In such, we question the fit of the legislative text to the legal approximation model adopted by the block, and the adequacy of its name as "Code" in relation to the purposes for which it is proposed. Furthermore, we look into its impact compared to the systems of its member countries, in order to investigate the function exerted by this legal approximation tool for achieving the goals set by the integration process, in terms of range of full customs union. In this sense, the objective is, by examining the categories of legal approximation, to establish which of these make up the model used by MERCOSUR and which embodies its Customs Code in order to determine the appropriateness of its name, its scope within block and its impact in relation to the customs laws of the States Parties. The intention with this is to analyze its ability to effectiveness related to scopes that should meet to determine its role in the search for stabilization of the MERCOSUR customs union. Therefore, we seek to determine whether it serves to illustrate the relevance of the legal rapprochement to regional integration. / La reunión de los países en las organizaciones de integración regional en resuelta en derecho peculiar, que tiende a construir ordenamientos jurídicos trascendentes a las órdenes de los Estados que conforman. En vista de ello, se vuelve relevante el estudio del marco normativo de los bloques regionales debido a los cambios que hacen en los modelos legales de sus países miembros. Por lo tanto, es importante considerar en esta área, la forma en la que puede ocurrir a través de la adopción de instrumentos jurídicos de aproximación, que se utilizan para materializar reglas capaces de permitir el logro de los objetivos integracionistas. Por lo tanto, es en este momento que presenta esta tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo es entender el papel y la relevancia del enfoque normativo de la integración regional, a partir del ejemplo del Código Aduanero del MERCOSUR, indagando sobre su alcance y su eficacia potencial. En este paso, cuestionamos el ajuste del texto legislativo al modelo de aproximación jurídica adoptada por el bloque, y la adecuación de su nombre como "Código" de acuerdo con los fines para los que se propone. Por otra parte, miramos hacia su impacto en comparación con los sistemas de sus países miembros, con el fin de investigar la función ejercida por esta herramienta de aproximación para alcanzar los objetivos fijados por el proceso de integración, en términos de rango de la unión aduanera plena. En este sentido, el objetivo es, mediante el examen de las categorías de aproximación, establecer cuál de ellas conforman el modelo utilizado por el MERCOSUR y que consagra su Código aduanero a fin de determinar la conveniencia de su nombre, su alcance dentro bloque y su impacto en el derecho de los Estados Partes. Se pretende con ello, su capacidad para analizar la eficacia en relación con los ámbitos que debe cumplir para determinar su papel en la búsqueda de la estabilización de la unión aduanera del MERCOSUR. Por lo tanto, tratamos de determinar si sirve para ilustrar la relevancia de la aproximación normativa para la integración regional.

A reunião de países em organizações para a integração regional resulta em peculiar direito, o qual tende à construção de ordens jurídicas transcendentes às dos Estados que as conformam. Em face disso, adquire relevância o estudo do marco normativo dos blocos regionais pelas transformações que provocam nos modelos jurídicos de seus países membros. Com isso, importa analisar, nesta seara, o modo pelo qual estas podem ocorrer, mediante adoção de instrumentos de aproximação jurídica, utilizados para materializar regras aptas a permitir a consecução dos objetivos integracionistas. Diante disso, é em tal conjuntura que se insere esta tese, a qual visa a compreender o papel e relevância da aproximação normativa para a integração regional, a partir do exemplo do Código Aduaneiro do MERCOSUL, perquirindo sobre seus âmbitos de abrangência e de possibilidade de efetividade. Nesse passo, questiona-se o ajuste do referido texto legislativo ao modelo de aproximação jurídica adotado pelo bloco, bem como a adequação de sua denominação como “Código” diante das finalidades às quais se propõe. Ademais, indaga-se sobre o seu impacto frente aos ordenamentos de seus países membros, com vistas a investigar a função exercida por esta ferramenta de aproximação jurídica para a consecução dos objetivos traçados pelo processo de integração, em termos de alcance da união aduaneira plena. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se, através do exame das categorias de aproximação jurídica, estabelecer quais destas compõem o modelo utilizado pelo MERCOSUL e em qual se insere o seu Código Aduaneiro, a fim de apurar a adequação de sua denominação, a sua abrangência no seio do bloco e os seus reflexos frente aos direitos aduaneiros dos Estados Partes. Pretende-se, com isso, analisar sua possibilidade de efetividade em face aos escopos aos quais deve atender, para determinar o seu papel na busca pela estabilização da união aduaneira mercosulina. Portanto, busca-se determinar se serve para ilustrar a relevância da aproximação jurídica à integração regional. / The gathering of countries in organizations for regional integration results in peculiar law, which tends to build transcendent legal systems with respect to its member states. Given this, becomes relevant the study of normative framework of regional blocks for the transformations they cause in the legal models of its member countries. Thus, important to consider in this area, the way in which it can occur through adoption of legal instruments of approximation, used to materialize rules able to allow the achievement of integrationist goals. Therefore, it is at this juncture that this thesis is presented, which aims to understand the role and relevance of the normative approach to regional integration, from the example of the MERCOSUR Customs Code, inquiring about its areas of coverage and the possibility of effectiveness. In such, we question the fit of the legislative text to the legal approximation model adopted by the block, and the adequacy of its name as "Code" in relation to the purposes for which it is proposed. Furthermore, we look into its impact compared to the systems of its member countries, in order to investigate the function exerted by this legal approximation tool for achieving the goals set by the integration process, in terms of range of full customs union. In this sense, the objective is, by examining the categories of legal approximation, to establish which of these make up the model used by MERCOSUR and which embodies its Customs Code in order to determine the appropriateness of its name, its scope within block and its impact in relation to the customs laws of the States Parties. The intention with this is to analyze its ability to effectiveness related to scopes that should meet to determine its role in the search for stabilization of the MERCOSUR customs union. Therefore, we seek to determine whether it serves to illustrate the relevance of the legal rapprochement to regional integration. / La reunión de los países en las organizaciones de integración regional en resuelta en derecho peculiar, que tiende a construir ordenamientos jurídicos trascendentes a las órdenes de los Estados que conforman. En vista de ello, se vuelve relevante el estudio del marco normativo de los bloques regionales debido a los cambios que hacen en los modelos legales de sus países miembros. Por lo tanto, es importante considerar en esta área, la forma en la que puede ocurrir a través de la adopción de instrumentos jurídicos de aproximación, que se utilizan para materializar reglas capaces de permitir el logro de los objetivos integracionistas. Por lo tanto, es en este momento que presenta esta tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo es entender el papel y la relevancia del enfoque normativo de la integración regional, a partir del ejemplo del Código Aduanero del MERCOSUR, indagando sobre su alcance y su eficacia potencial. En este paso, cuestionamos el ajuste del texto legislativo al modelo de aproximación jurídica adoptada por el bloque, y la adecuación de su nombre como "Código" de acuerdo con los fines para los que se propone. Por otra parte, miramos hacia su impacto en comparación con los sistemas de sus países miembros, con el fin de investigar la función ejercida por esta herramienta de aproximación para alcanzar los objetivos fijados por el proceso de integración, en términos de rango de la unión aduanera plena. En este sentido, el objetivo es, mediante el examen de las categorías de aproximación, establecer cuál de ellas conforman el modelo utilizado por el MERCOSUR y que consagra su Código aduanero a fin de determinar la conveniencia de su nombre, su alcance dentro bloque y su impacto en el derecho de los Estados Partes. Se pretende con ello, su capacidad para analizar la eficacia en relación con los ámbitos que debe cumplir para determinar su papel en la búsqueda de la estabilización de la unión aduanera del MERCOSUR. Por lo tanto, tratamos de determinar si sirve para ilustrar la relevancia de la aproximación normativa para la integración regional.

En ce moment même, d'énormes quantités de données sont générées, collectées et analysées. Dans de nombreux cas, ces données sont échantillonnées sur des objets à la structure géométrique particulière. De tels objets apparaissent fréquemment dans notre vie quotidienne. Utiliser ce genre de données pour inférer la structure géométrique de tels objets est souvent ardue. Cette tâche est rendue plus difficile encore si les objets sous-jacents sont abstraits ou encore de grande dimension. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux problèmes concernant l'analyse géométrique de données. Dans un premier temps, nous nous penchons sur l'inférence de la métrique de structures filamentaires. En supposant que ces structures sont des espaces métriques proches d'un graphe métrique nous proposons une méthode, combinant les graphes de Reeb et l'algorithme Mapper, pour approximer la structure filamentaire via un graphe de Reeb. Notre méthode peut de plus être facilement implémentée et permet de visualiser simplement le résultat. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur le problème de la comparaison de formes. Nous étudions un ensemble de méthodes récentes et prometteuses pour la comparaison de formes qui utilisent la notion de carte fonctionnelles. Nos résultats théoriques montrent que ces approches sont stables et peuvent être utilisées dans un contexte plus général que la comparaison de formes comme la comparaison de variétés Riemanniennes de grande dimension. Enfin, en nous basant sur notre analyse théorique, nous proposons une généralisation des cartes fonctionnelles aux nuages de points. Bien que cette généralisation ne bénéficie par des garanties théoriques, elle permet d'étendre le champ d'application des méthodes basées sur les cartes fonctionnelles. / Massive amounts of data are being generated, collected and processed all the time. A considerable portion of them are sampled from objects with geometric structures. Such objects can be tangible and ubiquitous in our daily life. Inferring the geometric information from such data, however, is not always an obvious task. Moreover, it’s not a rare case that the underlying objects are abstract and of high dimension, where the data inference is more challenging. This thesis studies two problems on geometric data analysis. The first one concerns metric reconstruction for filamentary structures. We in general consider a filamentary structure as a metric space being close to an underlying metric graph, which is not necessarily embedded in some Euclidean spaces. Particularly, by combining the Reeb graph and the Mapper algorithm, we propose a variant of the Reeb graph, which not only faithfully approximates the metric of the filamentary structure but also allows for efficient implementation and convenient visualization of the result. Then we focus on the problem of shape comparison. In this part, we study the stability properties of some recent and promising approaches for shape comparison, which are based on the notion of functional maps. Our results show that these approaches are stable in theory and potential for being used in more general setting such as comparing high-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. Lastly, we propose a pipeline for implementing the functional-maps-based frameworks under our stability analysis on unorganised point cloud data. Though our pipeline is experimental, it undoubtedly extends the range of applications of these frameworks.