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Individuals are affected by different biases and heuristics in different ways. This dissertation explores the two of these (underdog bias and self-rated performance) and their relationship with personal risk propensity in the South African investment professional community. To measure risk propensity in investment professionals, a new instrument was developed. This was tested against a risk measurement scale based on the original work in prospect theory. Both risk propensity measures found similar and comparable results in the investment professionals, and similar results when compared to other studies that studied risk propensity in a more general population and risk tolerance in investment professionals in Europe. Similarly, self-rated performance had comparable results to other studies on overconfidence bias and the better than average effect. Investment professionals, on average, think that they are better than their average peer. Underdog bias, or the headwinds/tailwinds asymmetry, had an unexpected result where the investment professionals felt they did not suffer from stronger headwinds and barriers compared to their peers. This was an unexpected result and may show that the South African investment industry feel more grateful than others to be where they are or, the sample may have triggered the boundary condition of underdog bias where individuals feel their personalised benefits more than their shared headwinds. Further testing is required in the same population as well as similar populations to confirm the boundary condition. The three constructs were tested to understand the relationship between them. In each of the three cases, there was no significant relationship between any of the constructs. The results were different to what was expected and, subject to further testing, may have found a blind spot in investment professionals where they believe that what when they are doing something they consider to be right, they do not perceive the increased risks associated with the action. These blind spots have an impact on how risk is managed investment firms and needs to be monitored to protect the overall firm. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Bullying can have a negative impact on children’s development andmental health. Studentswith disabilities aremore likely to be targeted for bullying than studentswithout disabilities. In particu- lar, studies have shown that studentswith disabilities are at greater risk of bullying than students without disabilities. In addition, childrenwithdisabilities have higher riskof lowsubjective health. Results showed that therewere significant differences in the dependent variables among four dif- ferent groups of bullying participants (disabled victims, victimswithout disabilities, non victims with disabilitiesandnon-victimswithoutdisabilities).Non-disabledstudentswhowere not bullied had the highest level of subjective health,while the subjective health of disabled students who are not bullied is higher than that of disabled students who are bullied and non-disabled students who are bullied. Thismeans that as the risk of exposure to bullying increases, the subjective health of childrenwith disabilitieswillbefurther lower.Childrenwithdisabilities alone have higher life satisfaction than those with disabilities who and bullied and have higher life satisfaction than those bullied without disabilities. And childrenwithdisabilities aremore likely to report somatic and psychological symptoms than childrenwithout disabilities.Children who were bullied reportedmore somatic symptoms than childrenwho were not bullied. Therefore, schools should establish student violence prevention interventions to reduce peer victimization regardless of students’ disabilities.

Background: Oral health disparities exist in the USA. However, little is known of the relationship between oral health disparity and citizenship. The aims of this study were: (i) to describe the differences in self-rated oral health (SROH) between adult American citizens and non-citizens (>20 years of age); and (ii) to test whether factors such as frequency of dentist visits and socio-economic status (SES) are differently associated with SROH in these two groups. Methods: The data used in this study were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2011–2012. Weighted logistic regression models were used to detect the strengths of the association between a series of predictors and SROH. Results: More non-citizens (59.54%) than their citizen peers (26.24%) rated their oral health as fair/bad. All factors analysed in this study were differently associated with SROH based on citizenship. More specifically, natural characteristics, such as ethnicity and age, were significantly associated with SROH among non-citizens, and SES was significantly associated with American citizens. Among non-citizens, Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black and Asian subjects were more likely than Non-Hispanic White subjects to report their oral health as being ‘good’. Family poverty level, education and the frequency of dentist visits were significantly associated with SROH among citizens. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that American immigrants report their oral health across most dimensions as being worse than do American citizens. Each explanatory factor may have a different strength of association with SROH in immigrants and citizens, which implies that different steps should be taken within these groups to reduce disparities in oral health.

This study examines the role of mother's health and socioeconomic status on daughter's self-rated health using data spanning three decades from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women and Young Women (N = 1,848 matched mother-daughter pairs; 1,201 White and 647 African American). Using nested growth curve models, we investigated whether mother's self-rated health affected the daughter's self-rated health and whether socioeconomic status mediated this relationship. Mother's health significantly influenced daughters' self-rated health, but the findings were mediated by mother's socioeconomic status. African American daughters reported lower self-rated health and experienced more decline over time compared with White daughters, accounting for mother's and daughter's covariates. Our findings reveal maternal health and resources as a significant predictor of daughters' self-rated health and confirm the role of socioeconomic status and racial disparities over time.

Relative differences in attitudes between educators and employers concerning training of the mentally retarded within Cache County were studied by analyzing their responses to 40 questions dealing with Academic, Personal, Social, and Vocational Skills. Academic Skills were found to show no statistical significance in terms of attitude differences expressed by educators and employers as they relate to successful employability criterion. Personal Skills were found to show no statistical significance in terms of attitude differences expressed by educators and employers tested as they relate to successful employability criterion. Personal Skills were found to show no statistical significance in terms of attitude differences expressed by educators and employers tested as they relate to successful employability criterion. Social skills were found to show statistical significance at the .10 level in terms of attitude differences expressed by educators and employers as they relate to successful employability criterion. Within this area, a higher mean score was recorded by employers than educators (44.83 to 42.90). This refers to the fact that employers, more than educators, feel that Social Skills are more important. Vocational Skills were found to show the highest statistical significance of the categories tested in terms of attitude differences expressed by educators and employers as they relate to successful employability criterion. The statistical level on this category was at the .01 level. A higher mean score was found within the employer segment of this category, 46.03, than that for educators 42.50.

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This thesis describes a novel approach that utilizes a special property of the Hanning window to accurately detect the fundamental frequency of the data signal in the presence of harmonic and interharmonic interference. After obtaining the fundamental frequency, the same procedure is applied to all possible harmonics to be filtered for further analysis of the interharmonics. The proposed approach is validated using numerical tests. In the literature, different authors have shown the difficulty of extracting a synchronized sampling frequency from the analyzed signal and discussed the effect of deviation of the fundamental in the presence of harmonics. This thesis suggests a new approach to overcome the difficulties, even if the interharmonics present are in frequency bins near the fundamental. In order to perform the interharmonic analysis, the author followed the IEC standard draft signal processing recommendations, with the exception of using a weighted Hanning window instead of a rectangular window in order to minimize the effect of the spectral leakage, and to minimize the effect of interharmonics on the main harmonics.