Les cultivars de bananiers sont dérivés d'hybridations entre sous-espèces de Musa acuminata (génome A) et pour certains avec l'espèce M. balbisiana (génome B). Ces hybrides présentent une fertilité réduite, des méioses perturbées et de fortes distorsions de ségrégation. Ces caractéristiques attribuées à des réarrangements chromosomiques entre espèces et sous-espèces compliquent les analyses génétiques et les programmes d'amélioration variétale. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons mis en place et testé de nouvelles approches, basées sur la récente disponibilité d'une séquence de référence du bananier et des technologies de séquençage haut-débit, pour caractériser ces différences de structures chromosomiques et comprendre leur impact sur les ségrégations chromosomiques. Ces approches ont nécessité l'amélioration de la séquence de référence du bananier. Pour cela, des outils ont été développés. Ils sont applicables à d'autres génomes et modulables en fonction des données disponibles. Le nombre de scaffolds a été divisé par 5 et 90% de la séquence est maintenant ancré aux chromosomes. Les scaffolds correspondant au génome mitochondrial ont été identifiés et le génome chloroplastique a été assemblé et annoté. Des données de re-séquençage de l'accession ‘Pahang' et de génotypage dense de sa descendance ont été utilisées pour explorer l'origine des distorsions de ségrégation impliquant les chromosomes 1 et 4. L'ensemble des données (profils de distorsion et de recombinaison, appariements à la méiose, re-séquençage), nous orientent vers l'hypothèse d'une translocation réciproque en orientation inversée, entre régions distales des chromosomes 1 et 4. Le test de nos outils de recherche de variations structurales pour comparer les génomes A et B du bananier, dont les différences de structure sont connues, montre que nos outils détectent directement les signatures de certaines variations structurales mais que pour d'autres il ne détecte que des signatures partielles. Ces dernières peuvent néanmoins être informatives en complément d'autres types d'informations provenant de cartographie génétique et d'analyses cytogénétiques. / Banana cultivars are derived from hybridization between Musa acuminata subspecies (A genome) and, for some of them, with the species M. balbisiana (B genome). These hybrids have reduced fertility, disturbed meiosis and strong segregation distortions. These characteristics attributed to chromosomal rearrangements between species and subspecies complicate genetic analyses and breeding programs. In this thesis, we have developed and tested new approaches based on the recent availability of a banana reference genome sequence and high-throughput sequencing technologies, to characterize these differences in chromosomal structures and understand their impact on chromosomal segregation. These approaches needed improvement of the banana reference genome sequence. New bioinformatics tools were developed for this purpose. They are applicable to other genomes and are flexible according to available data. The scaffolds number was divided by 5 and 90% of the assembly is now anchored to the chromosomes. Scaffolds corresponding to the mitochondrial genome were identified and the chloroplast genome was assembled and annotated. Re-sequencing data from the 'Pahang' accession and dense genotyping of its progeny were used to explore the origin of segregation distortion involving chromosomes 1 and 4. Distortion and recombination profiles, chromosomal pairing at meiosis and re-sequencing data direct us to the hypothesis of a reciprocal translocation in inverted orientation between distal portions of chromosomes 1 and 4. We tested our structural variation research tools to compare the A and B genomes of banana, for which structural differences are known. The results showed that our tools detected complete signatures of some structural changes but for others, they only detected partial signatures. The latter can still be informative in addition to other informations derived from genetic mapping and cytogenetic studies.

Le géochronomètre Re-Os a fait ses preuves dans son application aux huiles et bitumes pétroliers. Cependant, l’application de ce système sur les fluides pétroliers souffre d’un manque de compréhension de la géochimie pétrolière de Re et Os, des mécanismes de remise à zéro du géochronomètre et par conséquent des évènements réellement datés. Plus précisément, l’utilisation du géochronomètre Re-Os nécessite de comprendre la manière dont le comportement du système Re-Os permet de remplir les conditions nécessaire au développement d’une isochrone. Ces conditions sont : 1) l’homogénéisation isotopique des huiles à l’échelle d’un champ pétrolier ; 2) le fractionnement de Re par rapport à Os pour obtenir des échantillons ayant différents rapport Re/Os ; 3) la fermeture du système jusqu’au moment de la datation. Des protocoles expérimentaux ont ainsi été mis au point afin de comprendre le comportement géochimique de Re et Os dans les huiles afin d’évaluer l’utilisation du système Re-Os en tant que géochronomètre dans le cadre d’une application directe sur les pétroles. Le fractionnement de Re et Os a été vérifié dans le cas de la perte d’asphaltènes au cours de l’évolution de l’huile par précipitation séquentielle en laboratoire. Des expériences de contact entre solutions aqueuses de Re et Os et huiles ont été conduites afin d’étudier la possibilité d’un transfert des métaux entre ces deux phases sur une large gamme de concentrations et de températures. Enfin, l’étude de spéciation de Re et Os dans les huiles artificiellement enrichies en Re et Os par spectroscopie d’absorption X (rayonnement synchrotron) a permis de proposer un mécanisme d’incorporation de Re et Os dans les huiles / The Re-Os radiogenic system is well adapted to the dating of oils and bitumen. However the meaning of the obtained age is ambiguous. This is mainly due to gaps in our knowledge of the geochemical behavior and the speciation of Re and Os in oils. Specifically, use of the Re-Os system requires an understanding of how Re-Os behavior can lead to the fulfillment of the conditions necessary for the development of an isochron. These conditions are: 1) the isotopic homogenization of oils at the scale of a petroleum field 2) the fractionation of Re from Os so as to obtain samples with various Re/Os ratios 3) the closure of the system during the period of radiogenic ingrowth of the daughter isotope, that is, from the time of the event of interest to the present day. Experimental investigation of the organic geochemical behavior of Re and Os in oils under various conditions, designed as analogs of the different stages of petroleum generation and evolution, were performed in order to evaluate the use of the Re-Os system as a geochronometer in the context of a direct use on petroleum. The possibility of Re-Os fractionation resulting from asphaltene loss during oil evolution was investigated by sequential asphaltene precipitation in the laboratory. The possibility of metal transfer from formation waters to petroleum was studied by performing contact experiments between oils and aqueous solutions of Re and Os of various concentrations over a wide range of temperatures and for varying periods of time. Finally, the study by X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Re and Os in oils artificially enriched in these elements contributed to the proposal of a mechanism for Re and Os incorporation at the oil-water interface

No description available.

Le marché du gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL) est en plein essor et présente l'avantage de diversifier les approvisionnements. Le GNL est acheminé à une température de -162 °C et à pression atmosphérique. L'objet principal de la thèse vise à valoriser l'exergie contenue dans le GNL lors de sa gazéification et de son réchauffage avant d'être distribué sur le réseau. La thèse étudie un nouveau concept de gazéification qui se différentie des développements en cours par l'usage de l'air ambiant comme seule source de chaleur et par la valorisation d'une partie de l'exergie du GNL en énergie mécanique.Une analyse énergétique et exergétique a permis de définir des architectures de cycles moteurs utilisant l'énergie calorifique de l'air comme source chaude (récupérée par un fluide intermédiaire qui est le propane) et le GNL comme puits froid.L'usage de l'air ambiant conduit à gérer les cycles de givrage et dégivrage sur les évaporateurs du fluide intermédiaire récupérant les calories de l'air. Ceci nécessite la compréhension des phénomènes couplés de transferts de chaleur et de masse. Pour cela un banc d'essai a été construit afin de caractériser des échangeurs à ailettes rondes discontinues en condition de givrage et de valider un modèle numérique simulant le comportement de ces échangeurs en présence de givre. Cette modélisation a permis de proposer une logique de dimensionnement et d'exploitation des évaporateurs à air en prenant en compte l'effet du givre. Une étude saisonnière a montré que le procédé proposé est énergétiquement excédentaire tout au long de l'année. / The market of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is growing and presents the advantage of diversifying supplies. The LNG is fed at a temperature of -162°C and at atmospheric pressure. The main objective of the thesis aims at the valorization of the LNG exergy during its gasification and heating before being delivered through the network. The thesis investigates a new concept of gasification that differs from the current developments by the use of ambient air as the only heat source and by partial valorization of the LNG exergy in mechanical energy.An energy and exergy analysis helped to the definition of engine-cycle architectures using the air heating capacity as a heat source (recovered by an intermediate fluid, here propane) and LNG as a cold sink.The use of ambient air led to manage frosting and defrosting cycles on the evaporators of intermediate fluid recovering heat from the air. This requires understanding the coupled heat and mass-transfer phenomena. A test bench was built to characterize Circular Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers in frosting conditions and to validate a numerical model simulating the behavior of such heat exchangers in presence of frost. As a result, a logic for the design and operation of air heat exchangers is proposed taking into account the frosting effect. A seasonal study showed that the output power generated by the new concept of gasification is superior to its energy consumption throughout the year.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to present the importance of user-involvement when designing a system. This is done by using an already implemented design of a digital service platform and analyzing it in order to with the help of user-gathered feedback provide examples of how user-feedback lead to improvements in the design. This is done by implementing user needs and requirements in a suggested new design. By a three-phase design process for a design project, the suggested design is made possible. This process is about creating a suggested design from a concept to a finished idea, where the concept builds on what the stakeholders of the project finds necessary (Arvola, 2014). The stakeholders in this case being end-users, but also representatives from the organization providing the digital service platform in the presented case. As a first step of this design process, a literature search was conducted in order to determine the theoretical framework for the study. This theoretical framework was later used for the final analysis as well as the final discussion of the study. The end-user feedback was collected through interviews and observations through a qualitative approach. This feedback was then analyzed from a qualitative approach in order to find user needs to implement in the suggested design. After completing the analysis, the suggested design was created, applying both end-user needs but also requirements from the organization making the platform available. Also applied were a group of selected design principles. After finalizing the suggested design, an analysis of the design was performed with the help of the theoretical framework in order to show the importance of user-involvement when designing a system. Conclusions have been drawn based on the suggested design and the theoretical framework and strives to answer the purpose of the study. / Syftet med denna studie är att visa på vikten av användarinvolvering vid systemdesign. Detta görs genom att utgå från en redan befintlig design av en digital tjänsteplattform, analysera desamma för att därefter visa exempel på hur användares återkoppling leder till förbättringar i designen. Detta görs genom att implementera användares behov och önskemål direkt i ett framtaget förslag för en ny design. Genom en designprocess i tre faser har designförslaget möjliggjorts. Processen innebär att skapa ett designförslag från ett koncept till en färdig idé, där konceptet bygger på vad projektets intressenter finner önskvärt (Arvola, 2014). Intressenterna är i detta fall slutanvändare, men också representanter från den organisation som tillhandahåller tjänsteplattformen i det presenterade fallet. Som ett första steg i denna designprocess så genomfördes en insamling av teori i syfte att bestämma studiens teoretiska ramverk som sedan användes i studiens analys samt diskussion. Åsikter från slutanvändare samlades in genom intervjuer och observationer med utgångspunkten i en kvalitativ ansats. Dessa åsikter analyserades därefter utifrån en kvalitativ analysmetod i syfte att hitta behov och önskemål att implementera i det sedan framtagna designförslaget. Efter att ha färdigställt analysen så skapades ett designförslag som tillämpar både slutanvändares behov och önskemål men också krav från organisationen som tillhandahåller plattformen. Ett antal valda designprinciper har också tillämpats i designförslaget. Efter att ha färdigställt designförslaget har det analyserats med hjälp av studiens teoretiska ramverk i syfte att visa på vikten av användarinvolvering vid systemdesign. Slutsatser har dragits baserat på det framtagna förslaget samt det teoretiska ramverket och avser att besvara studiens syfte.

This thesis is concerned with the topic of person re-identification. Many tracking algorithms today cannot keep track of players reentering the scene from different angles and times. Therefore, in this thesis, current literature is explored to gather information about the topic, and a current state-of-the-art model is tested. The person re-identification techniques will be applied to Padel games due to the collaboration with PadelPlay AB. The purpose of the thesis is to keep track of players during full matches of Padel with correct identities. To this, a current state-of-the-art model is applied to an existing tracking algorithm to enhance its capabilities.  Furthermore, the purpose is broken down into two research questions. Firstly, how well does an existing person re-id model perform on Padel matches when it comes to keeping a consistent and accurate id on all players. Secondly, how can this model be improved upon to perform better in the new domain, being the sport of Padel? To be able to answer the research questions, a Padel dataset is created for benchmarking purposes. The state-of-the-art model is tested on the new dataset to see how it handles a new domain. Additionally, the same state-of-the-art model is retrained on the Padel dataset to answer the second research question.  The results show that the state-of-the-art model that is previously trained on the Market-1501 dataset is highly generalizable on the Padel dataset and performs closely to the new model that is purely trained on the Padel dataset. Although they perform alike, the new model trained on the Padel dataset is slightly better as seen through both the quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Furthermore, the application of re-identification technology to keep track of players yielded significantly higher results than conventional solutions such as YOLOv5 with Deepsort.

Despite Sweden being described as the most secularised country in the world, there is belief that religion is expected to play a lesser role in public life especially amongst peoples’ lives regardless of modernisation and industrialisation. At the same time, in a post-secular Sweden, there is anticipation of the rise in private religiousness and increased religion due to factors like migration among others. Post-secular religiousness has also had an impact on religious education in Sweden especially regarding didactics in secondary schools. This study was specifically aimed at analysing how secondary school RE teachers are adapting to teaching religion in Sweden. Likewise, the study was aimed at analysing, how RE teachers in secondary schools understand the term post-secular religiousness in school. To accomplish this research, the study used only qualitative research methods which helped me analyse the impact of post secular religiousness on the didactics of religious education. The study used observations and interviews limited to secondary school RE teachers where the data gave me different kinds of results and conclusions regarding the research.  The results from the study and the empirical analysis revealed that religion was about creating understanding for all religions and to achieve this, there is need to ensure an open environment where everyone can freely express themselves. Based on the findings of my study, post-secular religiousness has also been understood by RE teachers to mean increased private religiousness despite religion continuing to play a major role in public and likewise in school.  In conclusion, the research shows that RE teachers have adapted in their work in a post-secular classroom by adopting different methods to teach religion depending on circumstances by using their intercultural competences. Future research can try and explore the meaning of both post-secularism and didactics specifically in a classroom context in Sweden. / Trots att Sverige beskrivs som världens mest sekulariserade land i världen, finns det, tro på att religion förväntas att spela en mindre roll i det offentliga livet särskilt, bland människors liv oavsett modernisering och industrialisering. Samtidigt finns det i ett postsekulärt Sverige, en förväntan på ökad privat religiositet och ökad religion på grund av bland annat migration. Postsekulär religiositet har också haft en inverkan på religionsundervisning i Sverige, särskilt vad gäller didaktik i gymnasieskolan. Studien syftar specifikt till att analysera hur gymnasielärare har anpassat sig till religionsundervisning i Sverige och även analysera hur religionslärare i gymnasieskolor förstår begreppet postsekulär religiositet.  För att analysera postsekulärt religiositets inflytande på gymnasieskolor använde jag i studien kvalitativa forskningsmetoder som hjälpte mig att analysera postsekulärt religiösitetsinflytande på religionsundervisnings didaktiken. I studien, användes jag observationer och intervjuer som begränsades till religionslärare från olika gymnasieskolor vilket gav mig olika typer av resultat och slutsatser.  Resultaten från studien och den empiriska analysen avslöjade att religionsundervisning för religionslärare handlade om, att skapa förståelse för alla religioner och för att uppnå detta är det nödvändigt att säkerställa en öppen miljö där alla kan fritt uttrycka sig. Studien visar att den postsekulära religiositeten också förståtts av religionslärare att religion fortfarande spelar en viktig roll i allmänhet samt på skolan men i form av privat religiositet.  Sammanfattningsvis, visar forskningen att religionslärare har anpassat sig i sitt arbete i ett sekulärt klassrum genom att använda olika metoder för att undervisa religion beroende på omständigheter med hjälp av sina inter-kulturella kompetenser. Framtida forskning kan försöka utforska betydelsen av både post-sekulärism och didaktik, särskilt i ett svenskt sammanhang i klassrummet.

Panelstories: Ethnography of Space (Re)production at Černý Most Modernist Housing Estate. Mgr. Michal Lehečka Abstract: The dissertation focuses on spatial environment of socialist modernist housing estates. Based on data collected during a 10year long fieldwork in multiple modernist housing locations, it explores dominant ways of spatial (re)production of Černý Most housing estate in Prague. Thanks to its ownership and ethnic structure Černý Most represents an ideal fieldwork site where both long term and contemporary phenomena resulting from the post-socialist transformation can be detected, described and analysed. After 1989, former socialist modernist cities have undergone a plethora of political, economical and social changes and disruptions. These changes continuously uncover an ongoing interaction between the initial egalitarian and collectivist heritage of the housing estate as well as its ambiguous and fragmented property structure. Spaces of the estates are continuously (re)produced through various manifestations of actors' territorial claims. The spatial changeability is best described by Henri Lefebvre's notion of socio-material (re)production of space and his widely used concept of spatial triad (Lefebvre 1991). Transformation of housing estates is therefore (re)produced through (in)visible...

The accurate modeling of the variability of illumination in a class of images is a fundamental problem that occurs in many areas of computer vision and graphics. For instance, in computer vision there is the problem of facial recognition. Simply, one would hope to be able to identify a known face under any illumination. On the other hand, in graphics one could imagine a system that, given an image, the illumination model could be identified and then used to create new images. In this thesis we describe a method for learning the illumination model for a class of images. Once the model is learnt it is then used to render new images of the same class under the new illumination. Results are shown for both synthetic and real images. The key contribution of this work is that images of known objects can be re-illuminated using small patches of image data and relatively simple kernel regression models. Additionally, our approach does not require any knowledge of the geometry of the class of objects under consideration making it relatively straightforward to implement. As part of this work we will examine existing geometric and image-based re-lighting techniques; give a detailed description of our geometry-free face re-lighting process; present non-linear regression and basis selection with respect to image synthesis; discuss system limitations; and look at possible extensions and future work.