Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / "December 2007." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: B, page: 7222. Adviser: Zuber D. Mulla. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-169).

A Linguagem RS é destinada a programação de núcleos reativos centralizados. Tais núcleos são responsáveis por toda a lógica de um sistema reativo, manipulando os sinais de entrada, realizando as reações e gerando os sinais de saída. Sendo sua idéia inicial tratar apenas processos centralizados, não houve a preocupação com a distribuição. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar os aspectos introduzidos de uma nova versão para a Linguagem e para o Compilador RS, que possibilitam a execução de programas distribuídos. Além da possibilidade de execução de sistemas reativos distribuídos, foi acrescentado à Linguagem RS extensões já previstas na sua criação, como sinais inibidores, regras de exclusão mútua e concomitância, a possibilidade de disparo de mais de uma regra em um mesmo instante e a limpeza léxica do código fonte RS. As modificações incorporadas nesta nova versão da linguagem, foram efetivadas através de um novo compilador, chamado de Compilador RS 5.0. O protótipo implementado oferece a geração de três formatos de código: o formato padrão da linguagem RS (os autômatos e as regras correspondentes), códigos na linguagem C para a simulação dos autômatos (tanto para programas distribuídos quanto não-distribuídos) e arquivos no formato portável OC, que é um formato de código objeto padrão para as linguagens reativas. Para a distribuição e implementação da Linguagem RS foi necessária a criação de um novo núcleo de comunicação do MDX, que é responsável pela comunicação dos autômatos RSD. Este núcleo é dividido em três partes. A primeira trata da definição de um modelo formal com as mudanças necessárias para que a linguagem RS consiga trabalhar de forma distribuída, a segunda mostra o projeto do novo núcleo MDX e a terceira apresenta a implementação em C e MDX dos autômatos gerados pelo Compilador RS 5.0. Por fim, exemplos de aplicação desta nova linguagem são apresentados, onde podem ser vistos a importância e o acréscimo proporcionado por este trabalho tanto à linguagem RS quanto à programação de sistemas reativos síncronos. / The RS language is intended to the programming of centralized reactive kernels. Such kernels are responsible for the logic of a reactive system, manipulating the input signals, carrying through the reactions and generating the output signals. Being its initial idea to treat only centered processes, it did not have the concern with the distribution. The main objective of this work is to describe the process of creation of a new version for the Language and Compiler RS, that make possible the execution of distributed programs. Beyond the possibility of execution distributed reactive systems, it was added to RS language foreseen extensions already in its creation, as inhibiting signals, rules of manual exclusion and concurrence, the possibility of detonation of more than a rule in one exactly instant and the lexical cleanness of the RS code source. The modifications incorporated in this new version of the language, had been accomplished through a new compiler, called Compiler RS 5.0. The implemented archetype offers the generation of three formats of code: the standard format of RS language (the corresponding automatons and rules), codes in the language C for the simulation of the automatons and archives in OC portable format, that is a object format code standard for the reactive languages. For the distribution and implementation of Language RS was necessary the creation of a new kernel of communication of the MDX, that is responsible for the communication of RSD automatons. It is divided in three parts. The first one deals with the definition of a formal model that defines the necessary changes so that RS language obtains to work of distributed form, the second shows the design of new MDX kernel and third presents the implementation in C and MDX of the automatons generated for Compiler RS 5.0. Finally, examples of application of this new language are presented, where the importance and the proportionate upgrade for this work to RS language how to the programming of synchronous reactive systems can in such a way be seen.

A Linguagem RS é destinada a programação de núcleos reativos centralizados. Tais núcleos são responsáveis por toda a lógica de um sistema reativo, manipulando os sinais de entrada, realizando as reações e gerando os sinais de saída. Sendo sua idéia inicial tratar apenas processos centralizados, não houve a preocupação com a distribuição. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar os aspectos introduzidos de uma nova versão para a Linguagem e para o Compilador RS, que possibilitam a execução de programas distribuídos. Além da possibilidade de execução de sistemas reativos distribuídos, foi acrescentado à Linguagem RS extensões já previstas na sua criação, como sinais inibidores, regras de exclusão mútua e concomitância, a possibilidade de disparo de mais de uma regra em um mesmo instante e a limpeza léxica do código fonte RS. As modificações incorporadas nesta nova versão da linguagem, foram efetivadas através de um novo compilador, chamado de Compilador RS 5.0. O protótipo implementado oferece a geração de três formatos de código: o formato padrão da linguagem RS (os autômatos e as regras correspondentes), códigos na linguagem C para a simulação dos autômatos (tanto para programas distribuídos quanto não-distribuídos) e arquivos no formato portável OC, que é um formato de código objeto padrão para as linguagens reativas. Para a distribuição e implementação da Linguagem RS foi necessária a criação de um novo núcleo de comunicação do MDX, que é responsável pela comunicação dos autômatos RSD. Este núcleo é dividido em três partes. A primeira trata da definição de um modelo formal com as mudanças necessárias para que a linguagem RS consiga trabalhar de forma distribuída, a segunda mostra o projeto do novo núcleo MDX e a terceira apresenta a implementação em C e MDX dos autômatos gerados pelo Compilador RS 5.0. Por fim, exemplos de aplicação desta nova linguagem são apresentados, onde podem ser vistos a importância e o acréscimo proporcionado por este trabalho tanto à linguagem RS quanto à programação de sistemas reativos síncronos. / The RS language is intended to the programming of centralized reactive kernels. Such kernels are responsible for the logic of a reactive system, manipulating the input signals, carrying through the reactions and generating the output signals. Being its initial idea to treat only centered processes, it did not have the concern with the distribution. The main objective of this work is to describe the process of creation of a new version for the Language and Compiler RS, that make possible the execution of distributed programs. Beyond the possibility of execution distributed reactive systems, it was added to RS language foreseen extensions already in its creation, as inhibiting signals, rules of manual exclusion and concurrence, the possibility of detonation of more than a rule in one exactly instant and the lexical cleanness of the RS code source. The modifications incorporated in this new version of the language, had been accomplished through a new compiler, called Compiler RS 5.0. The implemented archetype offers the generation of three formats of code: the standard format of RS language (the corresponding automatons and rules), codes in the language C for the simulation of the automatons and archives in OC portable format, that is a object format code standard for the reactive languages. For the distribution and implementation of Language RS was necessary the creation of a new kernel of communication of the MDX, that is responsible for the communication of RSD automatons. It is divided in three parts. The first one deals with the definition of a formal model that defines the necessary changes so that RS language obtains to work of distributed form, the second shows the design of new MDX kernel and third presents the implementation in C and MDX of the automatons generated for Compiler RS 5.0. Finally, examples of application of this new language are presented, where the importance and the proportionate upgrade for this work to RS language how to the programming of synchronous reactive systems can in such a way be seen.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T15:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Olhe a data na citação: DUCAS, R. N. Análise de métodos alternativos ao uso de animais para a classificação da irritação ocular induzida por corantes têxteis. 2015. 52 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2018. on 2018-08-17T11:28:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-20T11:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Olhe a data da defesa na citação on 2018-08-21T11:19:58Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-21T11:36:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-22T12:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Rafael do Nascimento Ducas - 2015.pdf: 1199090 bytes, checksum: 197e2d02385d6512ad213fe017f881ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals still involves the use of animals. However, due to animal welfare and ethical values, research laboratories and regulatory agencies are working together to develop scientifically valid alternative methods. Currently, the Bovine Cornea Opacity and Permeability Test (BCOP) can be used as an alternative methodology to the Draize Test in the determination of ocular irritation and corrosion. In addition, recent data from the literature show that the association between alternative methods represents a useful tool in the evaluation of these parameters. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the BCOP test and the Short-Term Exposure Test (STE) in determining the ocular irritation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) and Reactive Green 19 (RG19) based on the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification (UN GHS) and in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS), as Category 2A (eye irritant), using the in vivo test from Draize. The STE test (OECD 491) was used to evaluate cytotoxicity in SIRC cells and the BCOP (OECD 437) assay for opacity, permeability and bovine cornea histopathology. According to the STE test, the RO16 dye obtained cell viability of 47% at 5% concentration and 51% of cell viability at the concentration of 0.05%. The corange RG19 presented cell viability of 41.5% in the concentration of 5% and 44% of cell viability in the concentration of 0.05%. Thus, the dyes were classified as Category 1 of the GHS. The BCOP assay, however, classified only RG19 dye as GHS Category 1 with IVIS: 112,760. The RO16 dye resulted in an IVIS: 12.027, not being classified by this method. To complement this assay, histopathological analyzes were performed, which allowed the observation of significant loss of epithelial cells, intense cytoplasmic vacuolization and damage to the epithelial structure of the corneas exposed to RG19 dye. Although not classified by the BCOP, the corneas exposed to RO16 showed surface coating losses and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Therefore, the STE test alone was not sufficient to define the categorization of the ocular irritation potential of the dyes in relation to the GHS system, but its association with the BCOP test added by the histomorphometric analysis may be an alternative for the prediction of this effect, investigation of other dyes to confirm this fact. / A avaliação da toxicidade de produtos químicos ainda envolve o uso de animais. No entanto, devido ao bem-estar animal e valores éticos, os laboratórios de pesquisas e as agências regulatórias estão trabalhando juntos no desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos cientificamente válidos. Atualmente, o Ensaio de Opacidade e Permeabilidade da Córnea Bovina (BCOP) pode ser utilizado como metodologia alternativa ao Teste de Draize na determinação da irritação e corrosão ocular. Além disso, dados recentes da literatura demonstram que a associação entre métodos alternativos representa uma ferramenta útil na avaliação destes parâmetros. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da associação do ensaio BCOP com o Teste de Exposição de Curta Duração (STE) na determinação da irritação ocular dos corantes têxteis Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) e Reactive Green 19 (RG19), classificados com base no Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação das Nações Unidas (UN GHS) e de acordo com a Occupational Safety & Health Administration - Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS), como Categoria 2A (irritante para olhos), utilizando o teste in vivo de Draize. Para tanto, foram utilizados o teste STE (OECD 491) para avaliação da citotoxicidade em células SIRC e o ensaio BCOP (OECD 437) para análise da opacidade, permeabilidade e histopatologia da córnea bovina. De acordo com o teste STE, o corante RO16 obteve viabilidade celular de 47% na concentração de 5% e de 51% de viabilidade celular na concentração de 0,05%. Já o corange RG19 apresentou viabilidade celular de 41,5% na concentração de 5% e 44% de viabilidade celular na concentração de 0,05%. Assim, os corantes foram classificados como Categoria 1 do GHS. Já o ensaio BCOP classificou apenas o corante RG19 como Categoria 1 do GHS com IVIS:112,760. O corante RO16, resultou em um IVIS:12,027, não sendo classificado por este método. Para complementar esse ensaio, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas, o que permitiu observar a perda significativa de células epiteliais, a vacuolização citoplasmática intensa e danos à estrutura epitelial das córneas expostas ao corante RG19. Apesar de não ser classificado pelo BCOP, as córneas expostas ao RO16 apresentaram perdas do revestimento superficial e vacuolização citoplasmática. Portanto, o teste STE sozinho não foi suficiente para definir a categorização do potencial de irritação ocular dos corantes frente ao sistema GHS, mas a sua associação com o ensaio BCOP adicionado da análise histomorfométrica pode ser uma alternativa para a predição desse efeito, sendo necessária a investigação de outros corantes para a confirmação desse fato.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T15:25:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciabarrossantos.pdf: 5111164 bytes, checksum: a7268529a7643972391f0dd226a987a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:32:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciabarrossantos.pdf: 5111164 bytes, checksum: a7268529a7643972391f0dd226a987a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciabarrossantos.pdf: 5111164 bytes, checksum: a7268529a7643972391f0dd226a987a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho consistiu na síntese e caracterização de catalisadores plasmônicos nanoestruturados híbridos metal∕semicondutor, para aplicação na fotodegradação do corante têxtil Reactive Black 5 (RB5), utilizando irradiação no visível. Foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de óxido de zinco, cobre (CuNPs) e prata (AgNPs), bem como catalisadores plasmônicos híbridos do tipo Cu∕ZnO e Ag∕ZnO que foram submetidos a diversas técnicas de caracterização como, espectroscopia Raman, UV-VIS, DRX de policristais, MEV e MET. Os processos de fotodegradação foram realizados em um reator labmade, no qual a solução de corante (1×10-5mol L-1) foi irradiada utilizando lâmpada fluorescente (11W) e∕ou incandescente (100W) como fontes de irradiação no visível. A fotodegradação do corante RB5 foi monitorada através de espectroscopia eletrônica no UV-VIS, espectroscopia vibracional Raman ressonante (RR) e intensificada por superfície (SERS), sendo possível observar mudanças relacionadas ao processo de fotodegradação. A espectroscopia no UV-VIS mostrou a queda na intensidade da banda de absorção do grupo cromóforo com o tempo de irradiação; por outro lado, RR e SERS permitiram observar a formação de espécies fluorescentes e mudanças no perfil espectral vibracional. Não ocorreu a fotólise do corante por nenhuma das duas fontes de irradiação utilizadas. AgNPs não promoveram a fotodegradação do RB5, porém nanopartículas de ZnO degradaram cerca de 66% das moléculas de corante, sob irradiação no visível (lâmpada incandescente). Fotocatalisadores plasmônicos do tipo Ag∕ZnO foram utilizados nos processos de degradação do RB5 utilizando ambas as fontes de irradiação no visível, sendo adicionados ao meio do corante de formas diferentes. Quando utilizado diretamente em suspensão e sob irradiação da lâmpada fluorescente o percentual de fotodegradação foi de 97%. Já com a adição do catalisador no estado sólido à solução de corante e sob irradiação da lâmpada fluorescente 72% das moléculas de RB5 foram degradadas. Esse último resultado pode ser comparado ao obtido utilizando ZnO como catalisador, e mostra um ganho de 22% na eficiência catalítica no visível na presença do material plasmônico AgNP/ZnO. / The present work consisted in the synthesis and characterization of plasmonic nanostructured hybrids metal∕semiconductor catalysts, for application on photodegradation of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) textile dye using visible irradiation. Nanoparticles consisting of zinc oxide, copper (CuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) were synthesized, as well as plasmonics catalysts of Cu∕ZnO and Ag∕ZnO types. The materials underwent several characterizations using techniques such as Raman Spectroscopy, UV-VIS, polycrystal DRX, SEM and TEM. Photodegradation processes were carried out in a labmade reactor, in which a dye solution (1×10-5mol L-1) was irradiated using fluorescent (11W) and∕or glowing (100W) lamp bulb as sources of radiation in the visible range. The photodegradation of the RB5 dye was monitored through electronic spectroscopy UV-VIS, and vibrational spectroscopies resonant Raman (RR) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). UV-VIS allowed observing changes related to the photodegradation process, as a drop in intensity of the absorption band of the chromophoric group. RR and SERS techniques results presented the formation of fluorescent species and changes in the vibrational spectral profile. The photolysis of the dye didn’t occur under any of the sources of irradiation used. AgNPs didn’t promote the photodegradation of the RB5, but nanoparticles of ZnO degraded about 66% of the dye molecules, under the visible radiation (incandescent lamp). Plasmonics photocatalysts Ag∕ZnO were used in the processes of degradation of the RB5 using both sources of irradiation in the visible range, but it was added to the dye solution in different ways. When used directly in suspension and under fluorescent lamp irradiation the photodegradation percentage was 97%. With the addition of the catalyst in the solid state to the dye solution and under fluorescent lamp irradiation 72% of the RB5 molecules were degraded. This last result can be compared to that achieved using ZnO as catalyst and shows a 22% gain in catalytic efficiency under visible light in the presence of the plasmonic material AgNP/ZnO.

Non-thermal plasma has a lot of ways for using in nowadays medicine. It presents many useful actions like charged particles, UV light, electric field, radicals, excited atoms and molecules. That complicated chemistry directs to uncountable synergistic interaction between cold plasma and biological systems, involve cells and tissues. This thesis is about effects of cold plasma to wound healing. Two different microwave plasma systems were used for the presented study. The first one was argon plasma torch generated by surface wave using the quartz capillary, the second one was plasma torch with reverse vortex argon flow. Diagnostics of plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy shown the presence of active particles, which are responsible for a lot of impact of plasma treatment. Concentrations of active particles generated by plasma are dependent on conditions of plasma generation like power of generator and gas flow. For visual evidence of effects on skin caused by active particles was created simulation of skin tissue. Interaction between plasma jet and artificial skin tissue shown that UV light and temperature are not responsible for all observed effects which are noticed after plasma treatment. Some part of experiments was realized in collaboration with Medical University of Sofia in Bulgaria. The theory of positive effect to wound healing was supported by experiments based on treating artificially created wounds on laboratory mice by cold plasma. It was proved, that process of wound healing is significantly shorter after using plasma treatment in comparison with normal wound healing. Plasma treating of wound for 10 seconds in two consequent days seems like more effectively than application of plasma only one day. This Thesis was carried out as a part of international project PLASMABORDER that was supported by European commission under cohesion funds; programme INTEREG SK-CZ under contract No. 304011P709.

This thesis is about reactive power compensation in industrial network. Task is design reactive power compensation devices, so that the power factor, which is main indicator of power quality, was within the limits required by the distributor. This is applied to wholesale customers of electrical energy. Reactive power consumed by appliances increased the current that flows through the network, transmission losses and voltage drop. Reactive power compensation is a measure reducing load current and ohmic losses in a supply line. Given that the compensation is one of the significant cost-saving measures in electric power distribution. Distributor requires electric power consumption with a lagging power factor in the range from 0,95 to 1. Other values of power factor are penalized.

This thesis studies the use of the functional reactive programming (FRP) framework reactive-banana in a prototype which simulates a part of a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) base station: the Radio Resource Control connection setup procedure. The investigated problem is to determine whether using this FRP framework leads to an implementation with suitable performance and improved maintainability compared to the current implementation. Enhancing the maintainability of the base station software enables quicker and more efficient maintenance activities, which lead to an improved customer satisfaction. Moreover, it means that less programmers need to work on maintenance, so they can work on developing new products instead. In order to compare the use of the FRP paradigm to the one currently used in the base station implementation, the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm, a second prototype using this paradigm was also implemented. Having two prototypes implementing the same designed reference model (which is a simplified version of the Radio Resource Control connection setup procedure) enables a relevant comparison of the two paradigms. The two prototypes were then compared in terms of performance and maintainability. The maintainability evaluation consisted in using both software metrics and experts’ assessment, as this has been proven to be the most efficient way to evaluate software maintainability. Four experts were asked to fill in a questionnaire after reviewing the code of the two implementations. The comparison of the two prototypes indicates that the FRP prototype is more maintainable than the OOP one, but the OOP prototype has better performances than the FRP one. Moreover, the performance of the FRP prototype during the conducted tests indicates that such an implementation of the FRP paradigm is not suitable for a real base station.

Rapporten redogör för en solcellsanläggnings generering av reaktiv effekt samt för de växelriktarbaserade kontrollmetoderna P(U), Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P), Q(P) samt Q(U) för reaktiv effektkontroll. Rapporten redogör även för möjligheterna till att utnyttja solcellsanläggningen till reaktiv effektkompensation för spänningsreglering för det lokala elnätet. Rapportens syfte är att specificera en eller flera kontrollmetoder som möter både solcellsanläggningens och det lokala elnätets reglerbehov.Rapporten behandlar relevanta elektriska storheter, ger en kort introduktion till Sveriges elnät, elområden samt metoder för frekvens- och spänningsreglering. Solinstrålningens variation samt vanligt förekommande komponenter i en solcellsanläggning kartläggs och rapporten diskuterar även vilka effekter en hög andel solel kan ha på ett elnät.Utgångspunkt för rapporten är HSBs solcellsanläggning i Strängnäs samt Strängnäs lokalnät. Efter samtal med Strängnäs lokalnät konstateras att elnätet inte är i behov av ökad reglerkapacitet för spänningsreglering, dock visar insamlat data att det finns ett reglerbehov för kapacitiv reaktiv effekt. Enligt insamlat data över HSBs solcellsanläggning konstateras att så även är fallet för solcellsanläggningen.Det är därmed fördelaktigt för både HSBs solcellsanläggning och Strängnäs lokalnät med reaktiv effektkompensation med induktiv reaktiv effekt. Eftersom solcellsanläggningen inte behöver ta hänsyn till lokalnätets spänning kan anläggningen välja att styra genereringen av reaktiv effekt med kontrollmetoderna Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P) samt Q(P). Här har kontrollmetoderna Cosφ(P) samt Q(P) fördelen att genereringen av reaktiv effekt baseras på solcellsanläggningens produktion av aktiv effekt och kan därmed implementeras utan risk för att strypa produktionen av aktiv effekt.

In the intelligence community, intelligence is defined as the right information to the right party at the right time. This definition also applies to business intelligence used by government and financial institutions, patient information used by healthcare providers and meteorological and geological reports provided by research institutions and environmental agencies. Modern software development has to tackle the problems associated with building large and complex distributed systems that have to deliver business value in a reliable and timely fashion; even the best prediction has no value if it is delivered after the fact. It is imperative that the producers in a larger system are responsible for publishing their output to minimize the lead-time for consumers. Using regular web services, the consumer can only check for new data by polling the producer. In a system with many consumers, resources are wasted handling these status requests. Instead of the client interacting with service provider, the client should be reacting to it. The reactive programming model supports building systems with these properties. On the .NET platform, the Reactive Extensions library provides functionality for creating reactive applications by composing functions that operate on asynchronous event streams. The library provides powerful tools for building reactive programs, unfortunately it does not contain an abstraction for inter-process event streams that is needed for building distributed reactive systems. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a framework for creating and using observable web services as a means to bridge the inter-process gap that exist when building a system using Reactive Extensions. The solution is based on a conceptual modeled created by extending the web service architecture. The solution is implemented as a framework made up by two parts; a service component used for creating observable web services and client component that connects to an observable web service and generates code used for subscribing to events exposed by that service. The client subscription functionality integrates with Reactive Extensions, making it possible to build reactive and distributed systems. Integration tests are used to verify that the implementation fulfils the requirements specified for the conceptual model. / I underrättelsevärlden definieras en underrättelse som väsentlig information förmedlad till rätt instans vid rätt tidpunkt. Samma definition gäller för omvärldsanalys som används av regeringar och finansinstitut, patientinformation som används av vårdaktörer och metrologiska och geologiska rapporter som tillhandahålls av forskningsinstitut och miljöorganisationer. Modern mjukvaruutveckling måste lösa problem associerade med att bygga stora, komplexa och distribuerade system som på ett tillförlitligt sätt ska leverera företagsnytta i rätt tid; även den bästa förutsägelsen är utan värde om den levereras för sent. Det är absolut nödvändigt producenter i ett större system ansvarar för att publicera sitt data så att konsumenter kan agera med så lite ledtid som möjligt. Vid användande av vanliga webtjänster måste klienten aktivt fråga om ny data finns tillgänglig. I ett system med många användare slösas resurser på att hantera statusefterfrågningar. Istället för att klienten interagerar interaktivt med tjänsten, borde den istället reagera reaktivt. Med den reaktiva programmeringsmodellen stöds systemkonstruktion med dessa egenskaper. På .NET-plattformen tillhandahåller kodbiblioteket Reactive Extensions funktionalitet för att skapa reaktiva applikationer genom skapandet av funktioner som arbetar med asynkrona händelseströmmar. Biblioteket tillhandahåller kraftfulla verktyg för utformningen av reaktiva program, dock innehåller den inte en abstraktion för arbete med händelseströmmar som rör sig mellan olika processer, en nödvändighet för skapandet av distribuerade reaktiva system. Denna uppsats presenterar den bakomliggande designen och implementationen av ett ramverk för skapandet och användandet av observerbara webtjänster vars syfte är att brygga händelseströmmar mellan olika processer. Lösningen är baserad på en konceptuell modell som bygger på arkitekturen för webbtjänster. Den är implementerad som ett ramverk som består av två delar; en tjänstekomponent som används för att skapa observerbara webbtjänster och klientkomponent som ansluter till en observerbar webbtjänst och genererar kod som används för att prenumerera på händelser som exponeras av denna tjänst. Prenumerationsfunktionaliteten är skapad för att fungera med Reactive Extensions och gör det möjligt att bygga reaktiva och distribuerade system. Integrationstest används för att kontrollera att ramverket uppfyller de krav som anges för den konceptuella modellen.