Les migrations professionnelle et étudiante ont été abordées sous l’angle des réseaux, de la socialisation ou des échanges entre les pays d’origine et la France. Cette recherche anthropologique, quant à elle, s’attache à analyser la situation professionnelle des jeunes diplômés de master ou de doctorat issus de pays n’appartenant pas à l’Union européenne. Ceux-ci souhaitent s’engager dans une activité professionnelle en France, toutefois « la question du retour au pays d’origine se pose souvent à l’issue de leurs cursus universitaire ». Pour eux, l’entrée dans le monde professionnel prend une dimension administrative très marquée. Ils se trouvent confrontés à des obligations administratives (pendant leurs études, dans la vie quotidienne ou au travail), à des contraintes d’insertion professionnelle ou de poursuite de carrière (postes réservés aux ressortissants de l’Union européenne, problèmes pour changer de statut) en passant par des difficultés à établir un projet professionnel après l’obtention de leur diplôme. Dans le cadre d’une démarche anthropologique, un travail d’immersion est mené au sein d’associations représentatives des doctorants travaillant sur la valorisation du parcours doctoral et d’associations qui informent et apportent leur soutien aux jeunes diplômés étrangers, afin d’appréhender la manière dont ils envisagent la suite de leur parcours en France et de connaître la manière dont ils le vivent. / Professional and student migrations have been considered from the point of view of networks, socialization and exchanges between countries of origin and France. For its part, this anthropological study focuses on analysis of the professional status of recent foreign graduates of a PhD or a master degree coming from non european union countries. Those foreign graduates wish to start a professional activity in France, however "the return home issue often comes up at the end of their university curriculum". For them, entering the labor market takes on a strong administrative dimension. They have to face administrative obligations (during their studies, in their everyday life or at work), constraints to integrate the labor market or to carry on with their career (reserved positions for citizens of the european union, problems to get a change of legal status) or even difficulties to determine a professional project after graduating. Within an anthropological approach, an immersion work is led in representative associations of PhD students interested in the promotion of PhD experience and in associations that provide information and support to recent foreign graduates, in order to apprehend the way they consider the continuation of their experience in France and to know how they feel about it.

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This thesis deals with place-names in the southern part of the municipality of Skellefteå in the province of Västerbotten, more precisely the parishes of Bureå, Burträsk and Lövånger. It consists of three different sections, first a survey of the settlement names in each parish, then a section on the second elements in these place-names, and finally a study of names of more recent settlements. The earliest place-names here are names like Blacke, Bureå, Bäck, Kräkånger and Lövånger. The second elements in the names from the medieval expansion period are mark, böle, byn, träsk, sjön and vattnet. Placenames of Nordic, Sami and Finnish origin are found in Skellefteå. The name Lossmen has its origin in Ume Sami and was then borrowed into Finnish. Originally Sami names are Gorkuträsk, Jäppnästjärnliden, Lubboträsk, Sittuträsk and Tavträskliden. The thesis consists of interpretations of the names on parishes, villages, farms and summer pastures, and in Bureå and Lövånger also the names of seasonal fishing stations. The second major section deals with the second elements included in village names, alternative village names, names of parts of villages and farm names. Here the second elements in place-names in Bureå, Burträsk and Lövånger are accounted for, as are the names in the parishes of Byske, Jörn and Skellefteå. This is followed by a discussion of the second elements in Västerbotten and quite often in other parts of Norrland as well. The third major section consists of an analysis of the names of recent settlements in the area. These were established from the 1730s and up to 1870. Founding settlements was a way of providing livelihoods for a rapidly growing population. The study comprises 726 names, of which 269 are in the primary area of investigation, the parishes of Bureå, Burträsk and Lövånger. Extensive comparisons are made continually with conditions in the parishes of Byske, Jörn and Skellefteå in the northern area. The aim of the study is to determine in greater detail what characterises the names of more recent settlements in the municipality of Skellefteå in terms of categories of settlement names, their frequency and distribution within the area. A comparison is also made between Skellefteå and the municipality of Vännäs (Hagervall 1986). One of Hagervall’s findings is that many names are not based on existing features. This thesis shows, however, hardly any cases of stereotype naming in Västerbotten and that in nearly all cases the names refer to features.

Phytoliths are mostly formed by groundwater silica carried upwards in a plant's vascular system and consequently accumulated in different parts of the plant. After the plant's death, the phytoliths shaped in specific morphotypes are released into the soil. Phytolith assemblages found in the soil can therefore provide information on the previous vegetation cover. The use of phytoliths as a paleoecological tool is based on their high stability in a broad spectrum of environments, even in arid conditions which are usually not suitable for preservation of pollen grains and plant macro-remains. Analysis of surface phytolith assemblages linked to the parallel study of modern vegetation is offering a good opportunity to refine our knowledge of paleoecosystems of NE Africa by evaluating the interpretation value of the fossil data. Modern phytolith assemblages are usually interpreted by using their phytolith ratio to estimate the density of tree cover, the aridity, and the proportion of C3 and C4 grasses (Barboni et al. 1999). Here we show a comparison of soil phytolith assemblages on a 400 km long climatic gradient reaching from semidesert to short grass savanna. And we also show local variability in phytolith assamblages at one of localities in comparision with grass reference collection. This master...

A dissertação visa caracterizar os depósitos sedimentares superficiais da planície arenosa de maré e de fundo/canal da porção superior da baía de Marajó, na área de influencia do Porto de Vila do Conde quanto sua geomorfologia, distribuição sedimentar e assembléia mineralógica de fundo, com ênfase nos minerais pesados. Os sedimentos foram classificados em nove classes texturais. A granulometria variou de argila à matacão. Os principais minerais pesados que ocorrem nos depósitos superficiais são: zircão, estaurolita, turmalina, cianita, granada e rutilo. Secundariamente ocorrem sillimanita, andaluzita, epidoto, apatita, topázio, muscovita, tremolita-actinolita, hornblenda, diopsídio, monazita, augita e biotita. Os grãos de estaurolita, zircão, turmalina e cianita apresentam ampla distribuição em todas as amostras dos sedimentos de fundo e planície. A assembléia mineralógica de pesados indica mais de uma área fonte de sedimentos. As feições geomorfológicas do curso fluvial estudado puderam ser descritas quanto suas formas, profundidades e composições sedimentares. A distribuição sedimentológica apresenta estreita relação com a morfologia e, sobretudo, evidencia as características de alta hidrodinâmica para esta área. Os sedimentos nas planícies de maré arenosas, localmente denominadas de “praias” de uma forma geral, ocorrem pela deposição de material arenoso fino, mal selecionado. Tais áreas, continuamente, recebem sedimento, de origem terciária, devido à proximidade com os afloramentos do grupo Barreiras. A suíte de minerais indica uma proveniência potencial de rochas metassedimentares, metamórficas de alto, médio e baixo grau e ígneas que afloram nas adjacências da área, tais quais de forma primaria a formação Barreiras e pós-Barreiras e secundariamente o complexo cristalino Xingu e o grupo Tocantins. / The dissertation aims to characterize the bottom sediments deposits of the tidal sandy plain and bottom/channel of the upper portion Marajó Bay, in area of the port of Vila do Conde about your geomorphology, sediment distribution and mineralogical assembly background, with emphasis on heavy minerals. The sediments were classified into nine textural classes. The particle size ranged from clay to boulder. The main heavy minerals that occur in the superficial deposits are zircon, staurolite, tourmaline, kyanite, garnet and rutile. Secondly occur sillimanite, andalusite, epidote, apatite, topaz, muscovite, tremolite-actinolite, hornblende, diopside, monazite, augite and biotite. The grains of staurolite, zircon, tourmaline and kyanite are widely distributed in all samples of bottom and tidal plain sediments. The heavy mineral assemblage indicates more than one source area of sediments. The geomorphological features of the studied river course could be described as their shapes, depths and sedimentary compositions. Features of sedimentological distribution are closely related to the morphology and, especially, highlights high hydrodynamics for this area. The sediments in sandy tidal flats, locally called "beaches" in general, occur by the deposition of fine sandy material, poorly selected. Such areas continuously receive sediment of Tertiary origin, due to the proximity of the outcrops of the Barriers group. The mineral suite indicates a potential provenance, metasedimentary rocks, metamorphic high, medium and low grade and igneous rocks that outcrop in the vicinity of the area, in a primary form the Barriers formation and post-Barriers and, then the Xingu crystalline complex and Tocantins group.

As tartarugas marinhas são répteis de vida longa que realizam extensas migrações entre áreas de alimentação e desova, resultando em estágios sucessivos de mistura e isolamento de estoques genéticos, espacial e temporalmente. A tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) está ameaçada de extinção, e é fundamental entender sua dinâmica populacional e distribuição para o manejo e conservação da espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade genética, estrutura populacional, origens dos indivíduos e história demográfica de C. mydas em três locais do Oceano Atlântico (estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - área de alimentação; Guadalupe e Guiana Francesa - áreas de desova), com base em sequências da região controle do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) e 10 loci de microssatélites. As análises de mtDNA demonstraram que a área amostrada no Brasil tem perfil genético semelhante às outras áreas de alimentação da costa brasileira. De maneira semelhante, o perfil genético das duas áreas de desova é bastante similar ao de outros sítios reprodutivos na região do Caribe. As análises de estoque misto revelaram que os indivíduos juvenis no Brasil são provenientes principalmente da Ilha Ascensão, Guiana Francesa e Guiné Bissau. Os microssatélites detectaram estrutura genética entre as três populações, apesar de haver um fluxo de migrantes entre elas, especialmente de indivíduos da Guiana Francesa em direção ao Brasil e Guadalupe. Guiana Francesa, Guadalupe e Brasil apresentaram declínio populacional severo, detectado pelos microssatélites. Apesar da distribuição global, as populações de tartarugas-verdes estão sujeitas a diferentes pressões nos habitats que ocupam, e é importante entender quais populações estão ameaçadas. Este estudo enfatiza a importância da conectividade entre áreas de alimentação e desova que podem estar amplamente distribuídas de acordo com oportunidades ou restrições ecológicas, adicionando informações a respeito da dispersão e a dinâmica de tartarugas-verdes que frequentam o Oceano Atlântico / Sea turtles are reptiles with a long lifespan that undertake wide-ranging migrations through feeding and nesting sites, resulting in successive stages of mixing and isolating genetic stocks, both spatially and temporally. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) is threatened with extinction, and it is essential to understand its population dynamics and distribution in order to manage and preserve the species. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity, population structure, natal origins and demographic history of C. mydas in three sites in the Atlantic Ocean (Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil - feeding ground; Guadeloupe and French Guiana - nesting sites), based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 10 microsatellites loci. The mtDNA analyses demonstrated that Brazilian samples have the same genetic profile of others collected in feeding grounds in the Brazilian coast. Similarly, the genetic profile of the nesting sites has resemblances to others in the Caribbean region. The mixed stock analyses revealed that most of the juveniles in Rio de Janeiro state come from Ascension Island, French Guiana and Guinea Bissau. Microsatellites detected genetic structure among the three populations, even with migration flows, especially in individuals from French Guiana to Brazil and Guadeloupe. French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Brazil presented a severe population decline, detected by the microsatellites analyses. Despite the worldwide distribution, green sea turtle populations undergo different pressures at the habitats they occupy, and it is important to understand which populations are threatened. This study emphasizes the importance of connecting nesting and feeding areas that can be widely distributed according to ecological opportunities or constraints, adding information on dispersion and population dynamics of green sea turtles on Atlantic Ocean

L’induction de tolérance est le principal objectif de la recherche en transplantation car elle permettrait de prévenir le rejet et d’éliminer la morbidité secondaire à l’immunosuppression prolongée. Dans ce cadre, le thymus pourrait être un organe crucial car il permet d’établir la taille et la diversité de la population lymphocytaire T et est responsable de la génération d’une tolérance immunitaire en façonnant le répertoire T par le processus de sélection négative. En plus des lymphocytes T, les cellules dendritiques (CDs), épithéliales et les lymphocytes B jouent un rôle important dans le thymus, en tant que cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs). Ainsi, le thymus est un organe hautement dynamique, à l’interface entre système immunitaire central et périphérique. Alors qu’il débute son involution avant l’âge adulte, une fonction thymique persiste toute la vie, avec un grand degré de variabilité interindividuelle.Dans le cadre de la transplantation cardiaque, les patients sont souvent soumis à un traitement lymphodéplétant par sérum anti-lymphocytaire (SAL), afin de réduire le risque de rejet, mais avec un potentiel risque iatrogénique pour le thymus. De plus, ces patients subissent une chirurgie au cours de laquelle les reliquats thymiques pourraient être partiellement réséqués.Sachant que la fonction thymique varie entre les individus et qu’une régénération thymique est possible dans les suites d’une lymphodéplétion, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la transplantation cardiaque serait un contexte associé à une réactivation de la fonction thymique et qu’une relation pourrait exister entre cette fonction et la survenue d’un rejet.Tout d’abord, j’ai analysé l’influence des thérapies d’induction sur la cinétique de repopulation lymphocytaire. J’ai étudié les sous-populations lymphocytaires avant et peu après la transplantation chez des patients recevant une induction par basiliximab (antagoniste du récepteur de l’IL-2) ou SAL et ai montré que le SAL induisait une sénescence immunologique précoce. Cette première partie a permis la caractérisation des modifications immunologiques induites par le SAL avant d’analyser les populations lymphocytaires chez les patients transplantés traités par le SAL en fonction de la survenue d’un rejet. Dans ce cadre,j’ai ensuite démontré qu’une thymopoïèse plus intense était observée chez les patients développant un rejet humoral (RH), par l’étude des cercles d’excision du récepteur des cellules T (TREC), la quantification des émigrants thymiques récents (ETR) et une évaluation par imagerie dans un sous-groupe de patients. Ce résultat était plutôt inattendu sachant que le thymus est largement décrit comme un organe tolérogène pour les réponses alloimmunes T.Afin de clarifier le rôle du thymus dans la réponse humorale alloimmune, nous avons mis en place un modèle murin d’allotransplantation aortique (AA) associé ou non à une thymectomie prophylactique. Nous avons démontré que la thymectomie réduisait la réponse médiée par les anticorps, avec une expansion concomitante des lymphocytes T régulateurs. En conclusion, ces données suggèrent que la suractivation du thymus pourrait promouvoir une réponse alloimmune humorale, un résultat inattendu car d’autres travaux indiquent que le thymus est plutôt un inducteur de tolérance. Le thymus pourrait avoir un double rôle, en promouvant la tolérance lymphocytaire T mais aussi, dans un contexte de suractivation, la survenue du RH par un mécanisme restant à élucider. D’autres études doivent être menées pour mieux comprendre l’interaction entre les différents contingents cellulaires thymiques et la modulation des fonctions du thymus au cours de la vie et dans les situations de réactivation du thymus. / The induction of tolerance remains the main goal of transplantation research because it would prevent the development of rejection and eliminate the morbidity associated with prolonged immunosuppression. In this setting, the thymus could be a crucial organ because it establishes the size and diversity of the naïve T-cell pool and is responsible for the generation of immunetolerance by shaping the T-cell repertoire through the process of negative selection. Inaddition to T lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), epithelial cells and B lymphocytes play animportant role in the thymus as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Therefore, it is a highlydynamic organ, functioning at the interface between the central and peripheral immunesystem. While it undergoes involution before adulthood, thymic function persists throughout life, though with a high degree of interindividual variability. In the field of heart transplantation, patients are often subjected to lymphodepleting therapy by antithymocyteglobulin (ATG), which is expected to reduce the risk of acute rejection but potentiallyr epresents a main contributor to iatrogenic thymic injury. Additionally, heart transplant (HTx)patients under go surgery during which the thymic remnants may be at least partially removedor surgically injured. Considering the variation in thymic function between individuals and possibility of thymic regeneration following lymphodepletion, we hypothesized that heart transplantation could be a clinical situation associated with a reactivation of thymic functionand that there could be a relationship between this function and the onset of rejection. First, I analyzed the influence of induction therapies on the repopulation kinetics of lymphocytes. I studied lymphocyte subpopulations in pre- and early post-transplant period ina cohort of patients receiving either basiliximab (IL-2 receptor antagonist) or ATG inductionand showed that ATG induced accelerated immunological senescence. This first part enabled the characterization of immune modifications induced by ATG before analysis of there partition of lymphocyte subpopulations in ATG-treated HTx patients classified according rejection on set. In this setting, I next demonstrated the occurrence of more efficient thymopoiesis in HTx patients who developed antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), by assessments of blood T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) levels, quantification of circulating recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and imaging evaluation in a subset of patients. This finding was rather unexpected, as the thymus is widely described as a tolerogenic organfor alloimmune T cell responses. To clarify the role of the thymus in the humoral alloimmune response, we used a murine model of aortic allotransplantation (AA) associated or not withprophylactic thymectomy. We demonstrated that thymectomy decreased antibody-mediated responses, with a concomitant expansion of the regulatory T cell compartment. In conclusion, my data suggest that over-activation of the thymus could prompt humoral alloimmune responses, which was unexpected since previously published data indicate that the thymus rather induces T cell tolerance. Hence, the thymus might serve a dual role bypromoting T cell tolerance but, when over-activated, promoting AMR on set through a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Further investigations are needed to better understand the complex interplay between the different thymic cell constituents and the modulation of thymic functions throughout life and in situations of thymic reactivation.

A group of hospitalized psychiatric patients and a randomly selected non-therapy group responded to the Schedule of Recent Experiences questionniare. In order to determine the magnitude of life change events for the two groups, Life Change Unit totals were derived for the years 1966 and 1967. To test the hypothesis that patients in psychiatric treatment have experienced a quantitatively significant greater amount of life change than a group of non-therapy subjects, an analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the scores for the two groups. For the year 1966, no significant difference was found between the therapy and non-therapy samples. For the year 1967, there was a significant difference between the mean Life Change Unit scores for the two groups. As a result of these findings, it is concluded that an accumulation of life change events may serve to precipitate mental health change, and that that probability of such health change occurring is significantly greater when there is a clustering of life change events during any given year than when such a clustering does not occur.

Neonatal immune responses are typically deficient against a wide variety of antigens, including alloantigens, vaccine antigens, and infectious agents. These responses are characterized by Th2-skewed cytokine production, and deficient Th1 and cytotoxic responses. However, these deficient responses can be boosted to adult levels by the use of strong, Th1 promoting agents. This demonstrates that neonates are capable of developing mature immune responses under specific conditions. Using two different murine models, we have found that neonates develop robust Th and cytotoxic responses, which under some antigenic conditions significantly exceed those of adults. First, using a model of early life exposure to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA), we found that murine neonates develop robust in vivo cytotoxic responses to low doses of alloantigens. Importantly, primary in vivo cytotoxic responses to alloantigen developed during the neonatal period, and persisted into adulthood. Neonates developed similar memory cytotoxic responses to donor spleen cells, bone marrow, and stem cell-enriched (Lin-) bone marrow cells, suggesting that the exposure dose is more important than the type of transplanted donor cell for the development of cytotoxicity. NIMA-exposed neonates also developed vigorous primary and memory allospecific Th1/Th2 responses which exceeded the responses of adults. These findings suggest that early exposure to low levels of NIMA may lead to long term immunological priming of all arms of T cell adaptive immunity. Second, we characterized the phenotype and function of neonatal recent thymic emigrants (RTE). RTE are the predominant cell type in murine neonates, and are present at higher frequencies within the neonatal CD4+ compartment than in adults. Our data demonstrate that RTE from murine neonates and adults are phenotypically and functionally distinct. In particular, although the magnitude of RTE cytokine responses from both age groups is dependent on the conditions of activation, neonatal RTE consistently exhibited higher levels of effector cytokine production than adult RTE. In particular, activation of neonatal RTE in the presence of IL-7 lead to greatly increased IFNgamma production, while adult responses were not altered. Overall, neonatal RTE responses were more plastic than those of adult RTE, as both Th1 and Th2 responses were altered in neonates using various activation conditions, while only Th2 responses were consistently changed in adults. Finally, in contrast to adult RTE, neonatal RTE proliferated in response to IL-7 stimulation at very early timepoints. This was associated with faster kinetics of IL-7Ralpha downregulation and higher levels of pSTAT5 in neonatal RTE. These quantitative and qualitative differences in neonatal RTE populations may largely explain the diverse responses that are elicited in neonates in response to different antigens, especially under those conditions in which Th1 responses are enhanced (i.e., exposure to NIMA alloantigens). Taken together, these data demonstrate that neonatal T cell responses are actually highly plastic, instead of intrinsically deficient. Furthermore, if given optimal stimulation conditions, neonatal responses can actually exceed those produced by adults.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and especially during the last decade, a multitude of changes and reforms affecting the business environment of the Russian Federation were observable. This thesis discusses already existing findings and theories dealing with business-impacting changes in the Russian market and investigates their impact on companies operating in the medical technical sector. Moreover, it is examined to what extent networks serve as a mediator between recent and upcoming business-impacting changes and medical device companies. For this purpose, an explanatory multiple case study is conducted which comprises two cases of medical technical companies as well as two institutions which are very familiar with the Russian market. The empirical analysis is based on a framework which summarizes in literature identified business-impacting changes. These are the membership of the WTO, the increasing overall wealth of the Russian population, different political programs to fight corruption and to decrease the extent of bureaucracy as well as various kinds of health care reforms which are launched to deal with the poor health care outcomes of the Russian Federation. Contrary to findings in literature, it is found that the WTO membership as well as the launch of different political programs has no notable impact on companies operating in the medical technical sector. Different health care reforms and an increasing overall wealth of the Russian population, on the other hand, have positive impacts on the demand for medical device products. Moreover, access to well-established networks in the Russian market is a possibility for medical device producers to evaluate the actual effect of business-impacting changes and to initiate corresponding activities. It was found that a clear distinction between different kinds of networks, such as business and social networks, cannot be clearly made for the case of the Russian market.