La thèse examine certaines conceptions historiques, politiques et sociales d'un personnage-clé de la Révolution française, Maximilien Robespierre, par rapport à la tradition du républicanisme-classique. Elle identifie des traits caractéristiques de la culture politique tirée des républiques antiques : leur rhétorique et leurs stratégies de légitimation du pouvoir, appuyées sur des valeurs morales des aïeux, grands hommes et pères des républiques de l'Antiquité. Portant attention aux modèles de morale politique, par l'approche méthodologique de l'école de Cambridge qui exige l'interaction indissoluble entre la rhétorique collective et l'application individuelle par des acteurs politiques, il s'agit de suivre le "double rôle" de Robespierre, à la fois penseur et homme d'action, dont les conceptions correspondent à une nouvelle culture politique, partagée et contestée par les membres de l'élite intellectuelle française du XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit ainsi d'interroger l'évolution des références à l'Antiquité républicaine comme moyen d'identification et d'interprétation, en un moyen d'action politique activement employé par les députés pour réclamer une sorte d'authenticité révolutionnaire, et la transformation de l'idéal républicain à l'ombre des événements révolutionnaires pour construire une première expérience républicaine en France. / The present PhD project examines certain concepts of historical, political and social nature, that are ascribed to a key figure of the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre, and correspond to the classical-republican tradition. Hereby are traits to be identified that are characteristic of the political culture of ancient republics, including rhetorical strategies of legitimating power which are referencing moral qualities of famous and illustrious ancestors, statesman and founding fathers of the republics of Classical Antiquity. The methodological approach of the socalled Cambridge School, that claims an indissoluble interaction between a collectively used rhetorical style and its application by individual political actors, is being employed in order to draw attention to models of political moral and to follow Robespierre's "double-role" as political thinker and actor, whose concepts are corresponding to a new political culture that was shared as well as contested by his contemporaries, belonging to the cultural elite of eighteenth-century France. It is therefore interrogated the issus of the evolution of references to the Republican Antiquity from an approved rhetorical and artistic device to an instrument of political action at the end of the eighteenth-century, that had been actively employed by the deputies of the French National Assemblies in order to claim revolutionary authenticity ; as well as the transformation of the Republican ideal during the revolutionary process that made possible the advancement of a first republican experience in France.

This thesis is an aetiological investigation of the Hellenistic and Roman figural bronze statuettes in the round that form part of the Ashmolean Museum's antiquities collection. The collection serves as a lens through which to study aspects of ancient and modern receptions of Classical sculptural forms. This approach is based on the premise that the collection's composition has been historically determined not only by how the modern parties responsible for its creation and growth responded to the sculptural forms and images recovered from antiquity, but also by how sculptural forms developed in Greece during the Classical and early Hellenistic periods were received by makers and users of bronze statuettes in antiquity. The thesis has three primary objectives: firstly, to produce a useful and informative catalogue of the Ashmolean Museum's collection of Hellenistic and Roman figural anthropomorphic bronze statuettes in the round; secondly, to determine not only how that collection came to have the characteristics that it does, but also how the reception of ancient sculpture has historically affected the formation of collections of bronze statuettes and their compositions; thirdly, to use archaeological evidence of bronze statuettes to reconstruct possible contexts and to determine in greater detail the reception of canonical sculptural figure types in the form of small bronzes during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Part I of the thesis deals with the modern contexts for the statuettes, investigating the collection history, pulling out its salient characteristics and then comparing these to other major collections to make informed observations about how and why specific types of statuettes have survived from antiquity and the roles that modern reception of antiquity has played in shaping collections. This leads to Part II, which attempts to reconstruct possible ancient contexts for the Ashmolean bronzes by looking at the archaeological evidence for their production, movement use and display. Part III uses some of the figures of dwarfs, Herakles and Hermes in the collection to develop case studies that examine aspects of the visual relationships that existed between small bronzes and classical sculpture from the Classical and early Hellenistic periods.

Zwei Beobachtungen bilden den Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit: Zum einen sind in der zweiten Hälfte des Quattrocento in der italienischen Malerei auffallend viele Bilder zu finden, in denen Triumphbögen die Hintergründe beherrschen. Zum anderen haben sich einige der berühmtesten Maler der Zeit wiederholt mit dem Motiv Triumphbogen auseinandergesetzt: Botticelli, Mantegna, Ghirlandaio und Perugino. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht der individuelle Umgang der Künstler mit dem antiken Monument. Es stellen sich die Fragen, auf welchem Wissenstand die Auseinandersetzung mit antiker Architektur durch die Maler basiert und in welchem Verhältnis in ihren Werken Studium, Rekonstruktion und künstlerische Imagination stehen. Um die Grundlage zu diesen Überlegungen zu schaffen, werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit zahlreiche Quellentexte daraufhin befragt, welche zeitgenössischen Auffassungen über die Genese, die Funktion und die Bedeutung römischer Triumphbögen es gab. Außerdem ergibt die Analyse der Texte eine Bestandsaufnahme des Ausgangsmaterials: Aus ihnen geht hervor, zu welcher Zeit welche Triumphbögen wahrgenommen wurden, welche Monumente den Malern überhaupt als Vorbilder zur Verfügung standen. Einer Fülle von Architekturzeichnungen ist zu entnehmen, auf welche Weise Probleme der Rekonstruktion gelöst wurden. Auf Bildern ist die Vermischung von archäologischer Treue und freier Umarbeitung besonders groß. Im Hauptteil geht es deshalb um die Frage, welche Sicht Künstler auf die antiken Bauten hatten und nach welchen Methoden sie verfuhren, um sie in ihre Bilder einzufügen. Dazu gehören Untersuchungen sowohl der Art und Weise der formalen Aneignung römischer Vorbilder, des Verständnisses ihrer baulichen Funktion, der Rolle, die in diesem Zusammenhang die alltäglichen visuellen Erfahrungen für die Wiedergabe und Interpretation dieser Bauten spielten, als auch der Ikonographie, der inhaltlichen Bedeutung, die Triumphbögen in Bildern haben. / Two observations form the starting-point of this thesis: On the one hand there is a remarkable number of pictures whose backgrounds are dominated by triumphal arches in the second half of the Quattrocento in Italian painting. On the other hand some of the most famous painters of the time explored this motif repeatedly: Botticelli, Mantegna, Ghirlandaio and Perugino. The centre of this thesis is dedicated to the individual treatment of the antique monument by the artists. It implies questions in regard to the level of knowledge on which the painter’s exploration with antique architecture was based and to the relation between study, reconstruction and artistical imagination in their works. To create the basis for these considerations, in the first part of the thesis numerous sources are consulted with regard to the contemporary conceptions on genesis, function and meaning of Roman triumphal arches. In addition the analysis of the sources results in an account of the material: The sources reveal at which time what kind of arches have been perceived, which monuments have been actually available as models to the painters. How problems of reconstruction have been solved can be inferred from a vast number of architectural drawings. In the paintings the mixture of archeological faithfulness and free interpretation is especially obvious. Therefore the main part of the thesis is about the question which point of view on the antique architectures the artists had and which methods they applied to introduce them into their paintings. To this aspect also belong examinations of the kind of the formal acquisition of Roman models, of the understanding of their structural function, of the role, which the everyday visual experiences played for the reproduction and interpretation of these buildings, as well as of the iconography, the meaning the triumphal arches had in the paintings.

There exists between lyric poetry and music a bond that is at once tangible and grounded in practice, and yet that is indeterminate, a matter of perception as much as theory. From Graeco-Roman antiquity to the modern day, lyrical forms have brought together music and text in equal partnership: in archaic Greece, music and lyric poetry were inextricably (now irrecoverably) coupled; when lyric poetry flowered in the eighteenth century, composers harnessed text to music in order to create the new and fully integrated genre of Lieder; and in our contemporary age, the connection between word and music is perhaps most keenly felt in pop music and song 'lyrics'. In 2016, the conferral of the Nobel Prize for Literature on Bob Dylan brought to wider public attention the nature of lyric's poetical-musical bond: can Dylan be considered a poet if the meaning, syntax and expression of his words are dependent upon music? Is music supplementary to the words or are the two so harnessed that the music is in fact a facet of the poetic expression? The connection between music and poetry is perfectly clear in such integrated lyric forms as these, but a more indeterminate connection can also be felt in 'purely' musical or poetic works - or at least in the way that we perceive them - as our postRomantic, adjectival use of the word 'lyrical' shows. Describing music as lyrical often suggests that it carries an extra-musical significance, a deeply felt emotion, something akin to verbal expression, while a lyrical poem brings with it an emotive aurality and a certain musicality. Text and music of lyrical quality may, therefore, invoke the other for the purpose of expression and emotion so long as our understanding of lyric forms remains conditioned by the appreciation of an implied music-poetry relationship This thesis works within the overlap of music and poetry in order to explore the particular lyric voice of Catullus in the context of his twentieth-century musical reception. Whilst some of Catullus's poems may have been performed musically, what we know of poetry circulation, publication and recitation in first-century BCE Rome suggests that the corpus was essentially textual. Nevertheless, Catullus's poetry was set to music centuries later, not in reconstruction of an ancient model, but in new expression, suggesting not only that composers of the twentieth century found themes in Catullus's poetry that resonated in their own contemporary world but that they found a particular musicality, something in the poetry that lent itself to musical form. I argue that it is in these works of reception that we can most clearly identify the essence of Catullan lyricism. Moreover, by considering the process of reception, this thesis is able to take a broader view of lyric, identifying traits and characteristics that are common to both music and poetry, thus transcending the boundaries of individual art forms in order to consider the genre in larger, interdisciplinary terms.

Antiquaire nîmois de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, Anne de Rulman a laissé un ensemble manuscrits imposants, parmi lesquels figure le Récit des anciens monuments qui paroissent encore dans le département de la première et seconde Gaule Narbonnoise (…). Cet ensemble, daté de 1626, s'articule en quatre volumes qui comprennent les observations de Rulman sur les sites antiques d'une vaste région allant de Toulouse à Nice ou encore un volume de dessins de monuments et fragments essentiellement nîmois et biterrois. À cela s'ajoutent des dessins d'objets antiques conservés dans les grands cabinets de collectionneurs du Sud de la France et un Inventaire particulier (…) des antiquités de Nîmes. Peu connus et reconnus, ces manuscrits représentent une source considérable pour la compréhension de la démarche antiquaire à travers laquelle l'objet du passé a peu à peu acquis le statut de témoignage historique et archéologique, mais aussi d'œuvre d'art. Ils contribuent également à une meilleure connaissance du milieu savant du Sud de la France qui gravitait alors autour de l'emblématique Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580-1637). Cette étude participe ainsi à des questionnements d'envergure qui touchent aussi bien à l'histoire de l'art et du goût, qu'à l'histoire et à l'archéologie. / Nimois antiquariam of the...

Le présent travail est consacré aux récits de la vie d'Alexandre incorporés aux trois histoires universelles que sont la Chronique dite de Baudoin d'Avesnes, composée par un écrivain anonyme entre 1278 et 1281, et deux versions de la Fleur des histoires, écrites par le même auteur, Jean Mansel, fonctionnaire à la cour de Bourgogne, respectivement dans les années 1140 et 1460. Le choix de ces trois textes s'explique par leur origine géographique commune, par les relations qu'ils entretiennent entre eux, par leurs modalités de diffusion et de réception similaires. Provenant du Nord de la France, très lus par les lecteurs nobles de la fin du moyen Age, ils constituent un corpus unifié inédit et restent un champ presque vierge pour la recherche. Les trois oeuvres accordent une place majeure à la vie d'Alexandre le Grand et à l'historie de son empire, en exploitant des sources différentes, des chroniques universelles de l'Antiquité tardive, comme celle d'Orose, aux textes d'inspiration courtoise comme les Voeux du paon de Jacques de Longuyon. La thèse comprend une étude de la tradition manuscrite des trois textes, une recherche sur leurs auteurs, leurs mécènes et leurs lecteurs, une analyse des stratégies de réécriture élaborées pour recomposer le portrait d'Alexandre et intégrer sa vie dans le continuum d'une histoire universelle ainsi qu'une étude des fonctions que les auteurs lui accordent dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Elle édite en annexe les prologues des chroniques et les trois récits de la vie d'Alexandre. / The present study examines the life of Alexander the Great as it is told in three universal chronicles, the Chronique dite de Baudoin d'Avesnes, written by an anonymous historian between 1278 and 1281, and two versions of the Fleur des histoires, composed in 1440s and in 1460s, respectively, by Jean mansel, a functionary at the Burgundian court. The three texts have a common geographical provenance and were read by the same readers ; furthermore, Mansel borrowed extensively from his predecessor to create the two versions of his chronicle. Despite evidence, of their wide readership in the Middle Ages, these texts remain largely unknown to modern researchers. The shared genre model, geographical and intellectual connections between these chronicles, on the one hand, and their paradoxical status of once well-known and now nearly forgotten texts, on the other, have prompted the decision to study them together. On crucial link between these works is the prominence their authors give to Alexander the Great and the variety of sources they use to tell his story, ranging from universal chronicles of the late Antiquity, such as Orosius' Historiae, to courtly romances such as Jacques de Longuyon' Voeux du paon. Our thesis comprises firstly, a study of the manuscript tradition of the three texts, with an emphasis on the role authors of the chronicles, their patrons and readers played in the creation and dissemination of various textual versions, followed by an analysis of the strategies employed by the authors to rewrite the story of Alexander's life in order to integrate it in the continuum of universal history and, finally, an examination of the roles assigned to the Macedonian king in the history of the humanity. The appendices contain an edition of the prologues and of the three accounts of Alexander's life.

This Thesis refers to ancient iconography themes and symbols, which were received by early Christian Art. Primaly, it concerns the reception of form. By means of analysing ancient content and context the paper tries to find a parallel between ancient and christian motives. In this way it intend to answer the question why a concrete theme was taken over. In case the reinterpretation is possible, the thesis offers the interpretation based on biblical theology. This volume presents motives from the Christian catacombs of Rome and also motives derivated from Roman triumph Art, dated to the first centuries.

De spectacle vivant, le théâtre d'Euripide devient très vite une pièce de collection dont la conservation, comme celle des deux autres grands poètes dramatiques, Eschyle et Sophocle, est décrétée par le législateur athénien Lycurgue. Très vite aussi, il est commenté, critiqué, enseigné. À travers les témoignages de sa réception, on veut comprendre quellesinterprétations antiques étaient proposées d’une tragédie d’Euripide, l’Oreste. On cherche dans le premier chapitre à établir la réception du personnage lui-même et de l’acte qui lui apporte une gloire équivoque – la vengeance du père par le meurtre de la mère – dans la tradition mythographique et judiciaire, et voir quelle part y prennent les questions posées parl’Oreste d’Euripide. Le deuxième chapitre examine la place que la tragédie occupe dans l’enseignement antique par l’étude des textes scolaires, exercices élémentaires découverts sur les papyri, manuels de rhétoriques, exercices types (progymnasmata) et déclamations. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres étudient les extraits les plus commentés : d’abord, les deux scènes les plus célèbres, le récit du messager et le diptyque de la maladie d’Oreste, qui se distinguent par la façon dont est traité leur sujet, le récit d’une assemblée politique et la représentation de la folie ; puis, des morceaux choisis pour leur genre, lyrique ou gnomique. Enfin, on examine dans le dernier chapitre les témoignages des spécialistes du « livre », de ceux qui ont transmis, édité, commenté, conservé l’Oreste d’Euripide. / From performing art, Euripides’ theatre very soon becomes a piece of collection, whose preservation, as for the two other Great tragedians, Aeschylus and Sophocles, is decreed by the Athenian statesman Lycurgus. It also is soon commented, criticized, taught. Through the reception’s testimonies, we want to understand which interpretations were given of anEuripidean tragedy, the Orestes, in the Antiquity. In the first chapter, we try to determine how Orestes’ figure itself and the equivocal glory of his act – i.e. avenging his father by killing his mother – were perceived in the mythographical and judiciary tradition, and which importance both of them give to the issues which are at stake in Euripides’ Orestes. The second chapter investigates which place the drama takes in teaching in Antiquity through school-texts, elementary exercises discovered on papyri, rhetoric handbooks, model exercises (progymnasmata) and declamations. The third and fourth chapters study the most commented extracts : first, the two most famous scenes, the messenger’s speech and thediptych of Orestes’ illness, which stand out through the treatment of their subject, i. e. the narration of a political assembly and the representation of madness ; then, some selected pieces on generic criteria, lyrical or gnomical. Finally, we investigate in the last chapter the testimonies of « book »’s specialists, of those who have transmitted, published, commented, preserved the Euripides’ Orestes.