Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several areas in Namaqualand are affected by elevated levels of salinity; including the shallow alluvial aquifers along the Buffels River catchment. The chemistry of rainwater that recharges these aquifers has low salt-loads, but the groundwater system is very saline. The shallow alluvial aquifers are an important source of water for several communal areas along the river both for domestic and agricultural purposes. Groundwater is also used for the copper and diamond mining activities along the river. Prior to this study, the sources of salinity to the alluvial aquifers and whether salinity can be remediated has not been determined. Possible salinity sources included seawater intrusion, evaporitic salts dissolution, concentrations by evaporation, deep aquifer brines, dissolution of minerals from the aquifer geology as well as salts from anthropogenic activities (i.e. mining). The source(s) of salinity to the groundwater has been determined using the geochemical as well as the isotopic tracers. The ratios of major ions (i.e. Na/Cl) as well the oxygen (18O), hydrogen (2H), 36Cl/Cl, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes were used in determining the possible solute sources. In addition to these, the chloride mass balance (CMB) method was used to determine the recharge rates to the alluvial aquifers. Furthermore, the groundwater age of the alluvial aquifers was determined using the tritium (3H) isotope. The groundwater samples have high 87Sr/86Sr ratios, which are in the same ranges as the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the surrounding granitic rocks indicating water-rock interactions. The 36Cl/Cl ratios are low and indicate the dissolution of old salts. The 18O and 2H stable isotopes of groundwater show an evaporative trend with respect to the LMWL, which indicate that groundwater has been evaporated before or during infiltration. Salinity to the shallow alluvial aquifers was found to be mainly derived from the dissolution of rock mass and concentration by evaporation process. The groundwater is relatively young, but there is mixing between old water recharged prior to bomb testing and recently recharged groundwater in some boreholes. The Chloride mass balance (CMB) method assumes atmospheric chloride is the only source of chloride to the aquifers. However, there is additional chloride to these alluvial aquifers from rock mass dissolution. The estimated recharge rates by CMB method (0.1-3.4mm/a) are therefore underestimated. A simulation model was used to determine the recharge rates based on the annual precipitation that will yield the current measured chloride concentrations in the groundwater. Recharge was found to range from 1-5% of the annual precipitation, which is also low. The CMB method therefore gives significant recharge rate estimates, but they are not accurate and need to be supported by another method. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar.

<p>Greywater is domestic household wastewater without inputfrom the toilet, i.e. wastewater from sinks, the shower,washing machine and dishwasher in a home. Source separation ofgreywater can be a strategy to enhance recirculation of plantnutrients and/or improve water use. The risk for transmissionof disease when reusing greywater is largely dependent on thecross-contamination by faeces. High levels of faecalindicators, mainly thermotolerant coliform bacteria, have beenreported in greywater, indicating substantial faecal pollution.However, growth of indicator bacteria within the system leadsto an overestimation of thefaecal input and thus the hygienerisk. The faecal input of the greywater in Vibyåsen,Sollentuna, North of Stockholm, was estimated to be 0.04 ±0.02 g faeces person-1 day-1 from the quantification of thefaecal sterol coprostanol, compared to 65 g, 5.2 g and 0.22 gp-1 d-1 using E. coli, enterococci and cholesterolrespectively.</p><p>Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecalload based on coprostanol concentrations were used to form thebasis of a screening-level quantitative microbial riskassessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonellatyphimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia intestinalis andCryptosporidium parvum, looking at the treatment required to bebelow an acceptable level of risk (10-3) for reuse or dischargeof the greywater. The different exposure scenarios simulated–groundwater recharge, direct contact, irrigation andrecreational water–showed that a reduction of 0.7–3.7 log was needed for rotavirus, with the measured level offaecal load in Vibyåsen. The other pathogen of concern wasCampylobacter, where a 2.2 log reduction was needed forgroundwater recharge. The infectious dose of Salmonella is highand the excretion numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiumoocysts low, resulting in no treatment requirements for theseorganisms under these circumstances. Pathogen input fromcontaminated food via the kitchen sink had a minor effect onthe microbiological quality of the greywater. Studies on virusoccurrence in greywater as well as validation of the faecalload of greywater at another site would give valuable input forfuture QMRAs.</p><p>Greywater treatment efficiency studies, especially on virusremoval, are scarce and more investigations are warranted.Active sludge may not be a suitable technique for greywater dueto the low carbon content in this flow. Chemical precipitationhas the advantage of removing phosphorus as well as virusesefficiently and it is suggested as one possible method fortreating greywater. Otherwise the most common practice forgreywater treatment in Sweden is soil infiltration. However, itis suggested that the recommendations for wastewaterinfiltration also be observed for greywater, despite the lowfaecal load, due to the simulated results on virus reductionneeded.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>greywater, greywater reuse, greywatertreatment, microbial risk assessment, groundwater recharge,irrigation, recreational water, faecal contamination, indicatorbacteria, index organisms, faecal sterols, bacteriophages,enteric pathogens, rotavirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter,Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Legionella</p>

Le contexte écologique et économique actuel incite les autorités et le public à la réduction des émissions de CO2 et les dépendances vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures. Le transport représente 23 % des émissions de polluants dans le monde, et ce chiffre passe à 39 % pour la France. L’adoption de nouvelles solutions de transport est primordiale pour la réduction de ces émissions. L’électromobilité représente une alternative viable aux véhicules thermiques conventionnels. Si les véhicules électriques permettent une mobilité avec zéro émission, certaines de leurs caractéristiques empêchent leur développement. Les principaux freins à l’adoption de ce type de véhicules sont l’autonomie limitée, le faible déploiement des stations de recharge en milieu urbain (et extra urbain) ainsi que les temps de recharge importants. Aussi, afin de promouvoir l’usage de ce type de mobilité, il incombe de développer des outils visant à optimiser la consommation électrique tenant compte des caractéristiques liées à ce type de mobilité. C’est l’objectif de ce travail de thèse qui se focalise sur le développement d’outils permettant d’optimiser l’usage de véhicules électriques. Pour ce faire, trois grands axes sont définis : la modélisation des véhicules électriques, l’affectation des stations de recharge et le choix d’éco-itinéraires. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à l’estimation de la consommation des véhicules électriques ainsi qu’à la présentation de la librairie de modèles dynamiques VEHLIB d’estimation de la consommation de ce type de véhicules. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’affectation optimale des stations de recharge. Une méthodologie de déploiement d’infrastructures de recharge est proposée pour la ville de Lyon avec prise en compte de la demande de mobilité issue des enquêtes ménages déplacements. La troisième partie de la thèse s’intéresse à la thématique du choix d’éco-itinéraire (green routing). Celle-ci aboutit à la proposition d’une méthodologie multi-objectif de recherche de stations de recharge afin de déterminer des itinéraires optimaux avec déviation vers ces stations lorsque l’état de charge de la batterie du véhicule ne permet pas de terminer le trajet. Pour finir, une expérimentation a été réalisée à l’aide d’un véhicule électrique équipé de capteurs de position et de consommation pour d’une part valider les méthodologies proposées et d’autre part analyser les facteurs exogènes qui influent sur la consommation des véhicules électriques. / The current ecological and economic context encourages the authorities and the public to reduce CO2 emissions and oil dependence. The transportation is responsible for 23% of pollutants emissions in the world, and this proportion increases up to 37% in France/ The adoption of new transport solutions is primordial to reduce these emissions. Electro mobility is a viable alternative to conventional vehicles. While electric vehicles offer mobility with zero emissions, some of their characteristicds impede their development. The main obtacle to the adoption of these vehicles is the limited autonomy, a sparse distribution of charging stations in urban areas as well as a significant charging time. Also, to promote the use of this type of mobility, it is primordial to develop tools that optimize the energy consumption and take in to account the characteristics associated with this type of mobility. To achieve this, three areas are difined: modeling of electric vehicles, optimized charging station deployment and eco routing. The first part of this theis focuses on the consumption estimation of the electric vehicles and the presentation of the dynamic model library VEHLIB. The second part is dedicated to optimal allocation of charging stations; A methodology for the deployment of electric vehicle charging infrastructures is proposed for the urban area o fthe city of Lyon, taking into account the mobility demand derived from the household travel surveys.The third part of the thesis deals with the eco-routing (green routing). A multi-objective methodology for eco routing with recharge en-route is proposed. The solutions take into account battery state does not permit to finish the trip.Finally, an experiment was carried out using an electric vehicle equipped with position and consumption sensors in order to validate the proposed methodologies and analyze exogenous factor that impact the electric vehicle consumption.

Orientador: Vania Silvia Rosolen / Resumo: No Brasil, a captação de água para irrigação é de aproximadamente 1000 m³/s, caracterizando o maior consumo de água do território nacional. Como possível ambiente de estoque natural de água que cobre quase 20% do território, as áreas úmidas vem sendo drasticamente reduzidas pela conversão do uso da terra. As áreas úmidas promovem a infiltração das águas superficiais e caracterizam áreas de recarga de aquíferos. Nesse sentido, medidas e modelos relacionados aos solos com propriedades hidromórficas e seu papel na recarga de aquíferos constituem um desafio para compreender a dinâmica entre solo e água, a fim de atender o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste estudo, análises baseadas em sensoriamento remoto, com o uso de sensores ópticos de alta resolução espaço-temporal a bordo de Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados (VANT), associadas ao uso de técnicas não invasivas que permitem o mapeamento da arquitetura subsuperficial dos sistemas pedológicos (ensaios geofísicos de Eletrorresistividade, por Tomografia Elétrica), foram aplicadas para compreender a relação água-solo superficial e subsuperficial em uma área úmida da chapada sedimentar do oeste mineiro. A integração destes dados com ensaios in situ de permeabilidade e de densidade e granulometria dos solos, permitiu uma abordagem ampla e tridimensional do comportamento dos parâmetros hidrogeológicos na área úmida. Os resultados permitiram determinar que a área úmida estudada é uma depressão que possui três compartimentos com distinções... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Groundwater aquifers are precious resources that has been serving human consumption for many centuries. This resource is pristine in comparison with surface waters such as lakes and canals, however, as population grows exponentially so does the demand for groundwater and the need to study the potential of groundwater replenishment programs. The injection of treated water or wastewater into an aquifer is a method to protect this resource for current and future generations. Health concerns would be expected since migration of water of “impaired quality” can affect the drinking water by contamination. Regulatory barriers resulting from the perceived risks of adverse health effects from pathogens such as viruses have limited the concept of this impaired water resources from being used for groundwater replenishment programs. The objective of this study is to examine the risk assessment using computational modeling with MODFLOW and MT3D groundwater transport simulation. The results from the simulation showed that after two years, the risk of contamination based on concentration contours from the injection well to the production wellfields for the City of Hollywood stabilized below 10- 6. The risk assessment provided important aspect to demonstrate the concept of using injection of treated water as an option for groundwater replenishment. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Os aquíferos da região do Canal do Jurubatuba são importantes no abastecimento industrial, comercial e residencial. Em 2001, foi detectada contaminação por solventes organoclorados nos solos e nas águas subterrâneas da região, atingindo o aquífero fraturado profundo, caracterizando risco para a população local e acarretando na paralisação de diversos poços de produção. Tratando-se de um aquífero fraturado, a contaminação apresentou-se complexa, devido a dificuldades na previsão de fluxos nesses sistemas. Este trabalho, inserido no projeto \"Bases técnicas para a gestão de áreas contaminadas por solventes clorados\" (GESOL), objetiva estimar a recarga dos aquíferos na região do Canal do Jurubatuba, por meio dos métodos de balanço hídrico, da variação do nível d\'água do aquífero e isotópico; realizar as caracterizações hidroquímica e isotópica (O, H, e Sr) das águas subterrâneas e das potenciais fontes de recarga (água da chuva rede de abastecimento de água e de esgoto); e integrar os resultados para avaliar a atuação dos processos naturais e das possíveis influências antrópica e da dinâmica das águas subterrâneas na sua composição. Os trabalhos incluíram o monitoramento de dados meteorológicos e da variação do nível d\'água subterrânea; e coleta de amostras de água para análises químicas e isotópicas. O acumulado de chuvas mensal e a respectiva variação do nível d\'água dos poços monitorados, evidenciaram que a recarga dos aquíferos está sendo efetiva sob pluviometria média acima de 100 mm, confirmada pelo monitoramento da zona não saturada. As análises isotópicas da chuva permitiram elaborar a reta meteórica local, que apresentou boa correlação com a reta meteórica global, além de evidenciarem haver relação entre a quantidade de precipitação mensal e a variação no enriquecimento de isótopos estáveis. O enriquecimento isotópico nos resultados das amostras e água e de fontes, observado durante o período prolongado de seca de 2013/2014, apresentou correlação com poços com maior contribuição de fonte antrópica na recarga naquele período, indicando influência de diferentes comportamentos do clima na composição das fontes de recarga e das águas subterrâneas. Os isótopos de Sr apresentaram razoável eficácia na identificação de fontes antrópicas da recarga, mas não permitiram a distinção entre essas fontes. As caracterizações hidroquímica e isotópica mostraram que os aquíferos avaliados apresentaram alteração na qualidade de suas águas, em maior ou menor grau, em diferentes níveis, em decorrência de contribuição de fontes de recarga antrópica. O amônio se mostrou o indicador mais eficaz na determinação de contribuição antrópica na recarga por esgoto, e a presença de nitrato reflete a potencial atuação de processos de nitrificação nas águas subterrâneas. Os resultados dos métodos físicos utilizados para o cálculo de recarga, considerando-se as limitações de cada método, indicaram valores muito próximos. A recarga potencial pelo método do balanço hídrico apresentou média anual de 18,84% e a estimativa de recarga média pelo método da variação do nível d\'água de 16,27% do total de precipitação. O método isotópico indicou média geral de 51,7% de contribuição antrópica na mistura das águas subterrâneas. A influência de fluxos ascendentes, identificada pelas cargas hidráulicas dos poços monitorados e pelas semelhanças hidroquímica e isotópica entre as águas dos poços profundos e rasos, está contribuindo para a mistura das águas subterrâneas dos aquíferos de porosidade intergranular. / The aquifers in the Jurubatuba Canal region are important for the industrial, commercial and residential supply. In 2001, a contamination by organochlorine solvents was detected in the soils and groundwater in the region, reaching the deep fractured aquifer, posing risk for the local population and causing the interruption in several production wells. As the aquifer is fractured, the contamination was found to be complex, due to the difficulty to predict the flows in these systems. This study, part of the project called \"Technical base for the management of areas contaminated by chlorine solventes (1)\", aims at estimating the recharge of the aquifers in the Jurubatuba Canal region using water balance, water table flutuation and isotopic methods; developing the hydrochemical and (O, H and Sr) isotopic studies about the groundwater and the potential recharge sources (rainwater, water and sewage supply networks); and integrating the results in order to assess the action of natural processes and possible anthropic and dynamic influences in the groundwater composition. The studies have included monitoring meteorological data and groundwater level variation; and also collecting water samples for chemical and isotopic analyses. The total monthly rainfall and the correspondent variation of the water levels in the monitored wells have shown that the aquifers recharge has been effective, with an average rainfall above 100 mm, confirmed by the monitoring of the unsaturated zone. The isotopic analyses of the rainfall have enabled the elaboration of the local meteoric water line, which has presented a good correlation with the global meteoric water line, and they have also pointed out a relation between the monthly precipitation quantity and the variation in the enrichment of stable isotopes. The isotopic enrichment in the results of water and recharge sources samples, observed during the long dry period in 2013/2014, has presented a correlation with the wells that have a bigger contribution of anthropic source in the recharge of that period, indicating an influence of climate changes in the composition of the recharge sources and the groundwater. The Sr isotopes have presented a reasonable efficacy in the identification of anthropic recharge sources, but they have not allowed the distinction between these sources. The hydrochemical and isotopic characterizations have shown that the evaluated aquifers have presented a bigger or smaler alteration in their water quality in different levels, due to the contribution of anthropic recharge sources. Ammonium was found to be the most efficient index to determine the anthropic contribution for the sewage recharge and the presence of nitrate reflects the potential action of nitrification processes in the groundwaters. The results of the physical methods used for the recharge calculation, considering the limitations of each method, indicated very close values. The potential recharge by the water balance method has presented an annual average of 18.84% and the average recharge estimate of the water table flutuation was 16.27% of the total precipitation. The isotopic method has shown a general average of 51.7% of anthropic contribution in the groundwater mixing. The influence of upward flows, identified by the hydraulic charges in the monitored wells and by the hydrochemical and isotopic similarities between the waters in the deep and shallow wells, is contributing for the mixing of the groundwaters of the intergranular porosity aquifers.

O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos testar a existência de drenança através do aquífero fraturado Serra Geral (ASG) para o Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG), estabelecer o modelo conceitual de fluxo destes aquíferos, e determinar seus parâmetros hidráulicos, em local onde o ASG possui ao redor de 100 m de espessura. O local escolhido fica aproximadamente 9 km a sul da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP. O estudo fez parte de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo denominado FRATASG, do Instituto Geológico (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo). Os métodos geofísicos de superfície caminhamento elétrico (CE), sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) e levantamento áudio-magnetotelúrico de fonte controlada (CSAMT) foram usados com o intuito de localizar zonas hidraulicamente ativas no basalto, e determinar a espessura e profundidade das camadas geológicas, para a locação de três poços perfurados no ASG. Ao lado de um poço de produção já existente no SAG (Poço Esmeralda - PE), foram construídos dois piezômetros com aberturas no ASG e SAG. Descontinuidades planares verticais no basalto, associados a lineamentos, foram detectadas em metade dos CEs e das seções realizadas com o método CSAMT, sendo que uma destas seções indicou continuidade de duas fraturas entre SAG e ASG. Para realizar testes hidráulicos e coletar amostras em profundidades discretas no ASG, foram construídos obturadores pneumáticos, baseados em modelos produzidos pelo Serviço Geológico Americano (USGS), que foram adaptados a equipamentos existentes no Brasil. Neste trabalho é feita descrição dos equipamentos, de suas aplicações, dos levantamentos prévios necessários para seu uso, os procedimentos de campo e as interpretações de alguns tipos de ensaio e coletas de amostras. Com o intuito de calcular os parâmetros hidráulicos do SAG e do ASG, foram realizados um teste de bombeamento de 171 horas no poço de produção do SAG, com monitoramento nos piezômetros, e testes hidráulicos em intervalos discretos em um poço do ASG (Poço Limeira - PL), isolados com os obturadores pneumáticos. Durante todos os ensaios de bombeamento, e em mais dois poços já existentes, abertos no ASG, foram coletadas amostras para análise hidroquímicas e, em amostras selecionadas, dos isótopos ³H, ²H, \'ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' e \'ANTPOT.14 C\'. No SAG, o rebaixamento registrado nos dois piezômetros permitiu identificar a existência de anisotropia neste aquífero, com relação entre transmissividade máxima (\'T IND.máx\' = \'T IND.x\' =160 m²/d) e mínima (\'T IND.mín.\' = \'T IND.y\' = 103 m²/d) é de 1,55, sua condutividade hidráulica (K = 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d e 7,0x\'10 POR.-1\' m/d), e armazenamento (S = 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' e 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', sempre para os piezômetros PPE-1G e PPE-2G respectivamente, localizados em direções distintas em relação ao PE). A anisotropia provavelmente é causada pelos planos de sedimentação das dunas eólicas da Formação Botucatu. Também foram realizados dois testes com traçadores no PE, com injeção no SAG e no ASG e coleta no SAG, que permitiu a obtenção da porosidade efetiva do SAG no local, entre 18,8 e 20,3%. No ASG, os testes hidráulicos permitiram a identificação das zonas mais transmissivas, sempre formadas por fraturas sub-horizontais. A transmissividade (T) de intervalos reduzidos variou entre 5x\'10 POT.-2\' a 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m2/d, e a existência de comportamento análogo ao de dupla porosidade no basalto, causado pela presença de vesículas e fraturas sub-verticais associadas às fraturas subhorizontais. As análises químicas mostram uma evolução com a profundidade, com o aumento de Na+K. Isto permitiu uma clara diferenciação entre as amostras coletadas em profundidades rasa, de 16 m, intermediária, de 25 m, e profunda, coletada a 55 m. O mesmo agrupamento é encontrado nos isótopos estáveis, e os radioativos indicam idade maior nas águas mais profundas do ASG. As amostras do SAG se assemelham mais às águas rasas do ASG, hidroquimica- e isotopicamente. Os resultados mostram pouca ou nenhuma conectividade entre SAG e ASG, e uma circulação preferencial rasa e horizontal dentro do ASG. / The main objectives of the present thesis were to test the existence of leakage through the fractured Serra Geral Aquifer (SGA) to the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), create a conceptual flow model for both aquifers, and obtain their hydraulic parameters, at a location where the SGA-forming basalt has 100 m thickness. The chosen area is 9 km to the south of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The study is part of a research project called FRATASG, from the Geological Institute (São Paulo Environmental Secretariat). Surface geophysical methods (vertical electrical sounding, electric resistivity survey and controlled source audiomagnetotelluric survey - CSAMT) were used to locate fractures in the basalt that are possibly hydraulically active, and also to determine the contact depths between overburden, basalt, and the eolian sandstones that form the GAS. Vertical low electric-resistivity planar features were identified in the basalt, at locations were lineaments were described, in half of the electric resistivity and CSAMT surveys, and one of the latter showed continuity of the feature down to the GAS. This was interpreted as possible water bearing fractures, and was used to define the location of three wells in the SGA. Two piezometers were also drilled, open to both SGA and GAS, close to an existing production well in the GAS (Esmeralda Well - PE). To collect discrete depth samples in the SGA, a pneumatic packer system was built, based on models used by the USGS, adapting equipment that is available in Brazil. The system, as well as other equipment used, the procedures and interpretation of the hydraulic tests and sample collection at discrete depths, are described. A 171 hour long pumping test was executed in the GAS, where anisotropy was identified, probably caused by the sedimentary layering present in the eolic dunes in the sandstone. The highest transmissivity, \'T IND.max\' = \'T IND.x\', is 160 m²/d, and the lowest transmissivity, \'T IND.min\' = \'T IND.y\', is 103 m²/d. The correlation between Tmax / Tmin is 1,55. Hydraulic conductivity (K) is 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d and 7,0x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d, and storativity (S) is 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' and 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', determined respectively at piezometers PPE-1G and PPE-2G, located at different directions from PE. Dye-tracer tests were also conducted, with injection in GAS and SGA, and collection in the GAS. The effective porosity was determined, ranging from 18,8 to 20,3%. Several hydraulic tests were done in discrete depths in the SGA, in one well. The transmissivity (T) of small intervals ranges between 5x\'10 POT.-2\' and 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m²/d. The highest T of individual features is always associated to sub-horizontal fractures. The drawdown curve showed double porosity behavior in the basalt, caused by vesicules and sub-vertical fractures connected to the sub-horizontal ones. Water samples were collected during all pumping tests, in the GAS, in two open wells in the SGA and in discrete zones in this aquifer, for hydrochemical analysis. Stable and radioactive isotope analysis (³H, ²H, \' ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' and \' ANTPOT.14 C\') were done with selected samples, both from GAS and ASG. The fractured aquifer shows and hydrochemical evolution with depth, with Na+K increase. Samples can thus be grouped as shallow (around 16 m depth), intermediate (around 25 m) and deep (around 55 m). The same groups are found in the stable isotope results, whereas the radioactive show an age increase with depth. Samples from GAS are isotopically and hydrochemically closer to the shallow waters from the SGA. It can thus be concluded that the connection between both aquifers is very limited, or not present, and water flow in the SGA is mostly horizontal and shallow.

Em regiões úmidas a relação entre os mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos se dá principalmente por meio da descarga dos aquíferos para os rios, essa dinâmica é “alimentada” principalmente pela recarga subterrânea. A área de estudo foi a Bacia do Paraná 3, localizada no Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral, no estado do Paraná. O presente trabalho estudou a recarga subterrânea em duas bacias monitoradas por estações fluviométricas a partir de três diferentes métodos, o balanço hídrico, a separação do escoamento de base usando três diferentes formas de obtenção do parâmetro BFImax (tabelado, curva de permanência e filtro inverso), e a modelagem hidrológica a partir da análise dos reservatórios subterrâneo e subsuperficial do modelo MGB-IPH. Para melhor entender as águas subterrâneas, também se utilizou o TWS do GRACE para avaliar as variações do armazenamento de água na área. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos métodos e suas variações convergiram em grandeza (resultados médio de 491,4±31,9mm para a bacia SFV e 270,1±39,4mm para a bacia SFF), com exceção dos resultados da aplicação da separação do escoamento de base usando o BFImax tabelado (212,0mm para a bacia SFV e 160,6mm para a bacia SFF), além disso, verificou-se que o uso do esvaziamento do reservatório subsuperficial e subterrâneo juntos (612,9±18,1mm para a bacia SFV e 372,8±25,2mm para a bacia SFF) apresenta resultados similares ao uso de filtros e ao balanço hídrico, entretanto, quando se utiliza somente o esvaziamento do reservatório subterrâneo (509,1±17,3mm para a bacia SFV e 53,5±9,7mm para a bacia SFF), somente uma estação converge em resultados, a outra apresenta valores bastante inferiores, esses resultados foram explicados pelas diferentes geomorfologias das bacias. Foi verificado que a aplicação dos filtros de separação do escoamento de base em dados simulados no modelo MGB-IPH não apresenta prejuízos em relação a aplicação dos mesmos em dados observados (<4%). A variação mensal da recarga subterrânea apresentou um comportamento concordante ao TWS do GRACE. Com os resultados obtidos um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual da área foi proposto com base nas características físicas (geomorfologia, solos, características hidráulicas e hidrológicas e dados dos poços) e com base nos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos métodos de recarga subterrânea. O modelo mostrou que a existência de topos alongados e aplainados em regiões de baixa de declividade favorecem a recarga subterrânea frente a regiões sem topos aplainados e de maior declividade, além disso, a profundidade dos solos também explicou os resultados. / In humid regions, the relationship between groundwater sources and the rivers is mainly governed by the discharge of aquifers into rivers, this dynamics is fed mainly by groundwater recharge. The study area was the Paraná Basin 3, located in the Serra Geral Aquifer System, in the state of Paraná. The present work studied the groundwater recharge in two basins monitored by gauge stations using three different methods: the water-budget method, the hydrograph separation method using three different ways of obtaining the BFImax parameter (Eckhardt pre-defined values, Q90/Q50 ratio and backwards filter) and the hydrological modeling from the analysis of the groundwater and subsurface reservoirs of the MGB-IPH model. To better understand groundwater, TWS obtained from GRACE was also used to assess variations in water storage in the area. The results showed that most of the methods and their variations converged in magnitude (average of 491,4±31,9mm for SFV basin and 270,1±39,4mm for SFF basin), except for the results of the hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt pre-defined values of BFImax (212,0mm for SFV basin and 160,6mm for SFF basin), in addition, it was verified that the use of the emptying of the subsurface and groundwater reservoir together (612,9±18,1mm for SFV basin and 372,8±25,2mm for SFF basin) presents results similar to the use of hydrograph separation and to the water-budget method, however, when only the emptying of the groundwater reservoir is used (509,1±17,3mm for SFV basin and 53,5±9,7mm for SFF basin), only one station converged in results, the other presented lower values, these results were explained by the different geomorphologies of the basins. It was verified that the application of the hydrograph separation in simulated data does not present damages in relation to the application of the same in observed data (<4%). The monthly variation of the groundwater recharge presented a concordant behavior to the TWS. With the results obtained a conceptual hydrogeological model of the area was proposed based on the physical characteristics (geomorphology, soils, hydraulic and hydrological characteristics and hydrodynamic characteristics of the wells) and based on the results obtained by the application of groundwater recharge methods. The model showed that the existence of elongated and flattened tops in low declivity regions favors groundwater recharge compared to regions with no flattened tops and with greater declivity, in addition, soil depth also influenced the results.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOANE AURA CECHET COVATTI.pdf: 4920808 bytes, checksum: ac54a92aaee26731f8767275ebe2814d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-24 / This work had as objective characterizes the water of the basin hydrographic of the Cascavel River, in their quali-quantitative aspects. The river that is born in the urban area, includes an area of drainage of 50,11 Km2 and he/she has a length of 17,5 km. With maximum altitude of 767 m, minimum altitude of 18 m and a flow of 973,00 m3/h and flow of reception 345,00 m3/h. Her geographical location is among the parallel ones 24o32' and 25o17' of South latitude and the meridians 53o05' and 53o50' of longitude West. The focus of this study is the spring basin that has their East, in the area of the municipal lake, until the point of reception of water of the Company of Sanitation of Paraná - SANEPAR, before the point of affluence of the Quati River and of the Peroba River and deságüe in Andrade River. For the quantitative analysis, a vertical ruler was used in the water (linímetro) and regular observation of the level, in the section of exit of the study area. For the space qualitative analysis, a method of collections periodic samples of the turbidez parameters, color, pH, MO, Nitrate, DBO, DQO, total solids and match, in 4 points, along Cascavel River, in the period: of March of 2004 to May of 2006. For the temporary qualitative analysis a method of collections of daily samples was used, in the period of January of 2004 to May of 2006, of the turbidez parameters, color, pH, MO, alkalinity and iron, in the point of collection 4 - Reception of SANEPAR, with base in the suitable methodologies for the Standard Methods. The parameters used for analyses were them based in the use of the body hidric, aided by the legislation that establishes classification and monitoramento, of the bodies hidrics, Resolution Conama 357/2005. The analysis of the results showed that there is variability in the flow of the river, for factors that you/they also commit the environmental quality, such as: retreat of the vegetable covering, waterproofing of the soil for the occupation of the environs and garbage release, added to the sanded. Those results, in her width, they can come to be used as instrument for the definition of priorities as for the guidelines to subsidize a program of administration hydrologic and for the establishment of united actions to preserve, to revitalize or to revert the environmental damages of the spring in the Cascavel River, because they favor the economical-social impact for the price of the tariff of water of SANEPAR, that tends to increase as adult is the application of chemical products in the clarification of the water, to be used in the public provisioning. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a água da bacia hidrográfica do rio Cascavel, em seus aspectos quali-quantitativos. O rio que nasce na área urbana, abrange uma área de drenagem de 50,11 Km2 e tem um comprimento de 17,5 km. Com altitude máxima de 767 m, altitude mínima de 18 m e uma vazão de 973,00 m3/h e vazão de captação 345,00 m3/h. Sua localização geográfica está entre os paralelos 24o32 e 25o17 de Latitude Sul e os meridianos 53o05 e 53o50 de Longitude Oeste. O foco deste estudo é a bacia de manancial que tem suas nascentes, na região do lago municipal, até o ponto de captação de água da Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná - SANEPAR, antes do ponto de afluência do rio Quati e do rio Peroba e deságüe no Rio Andrade. Para a análise quantitativa, foi utilizada uma régua vertical na água (linímetro) e observação regular do nível, na seção de saída da área de estudo. Para a análise qualitativa espacial, foi utilizado um método de coletas amostrais periódicas dos parâmetros de turbidez, cor, pH, MO, Nitrato, DBO, DQO, sólidos totais e fósforo, em 4 pontos, ao longo do Rio de Cascavel, no período: de março de 2004 a maio de 2006. Para a análise qualitativa temporal foi utilizado um método de coletas de amostras diárias, no período de janeiro de 2004 a maio de 2006, dos parâmetros de turbidez, cor, pH, MO, alcalinidade e ferro, no ponto de coleta 4 Captação da SANEPAR, com base nas metodologias indicadas pelo Standard Methods. Os parâmetros utilizados para análises foram os fundamentados no uso do corpo hídrico, amparado pela legislação que estabelece classificação e monitoramento, dos corpos hídricos, Resolução Conama 357/2005. A análise dos resultados mostrou que há variabilidade na vazão do rio, por fatores que também comprometem a qualidade ambiental, tais como: retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamento de lixo, somados ao assoreamento. Esses resultados, em sua amplitude, podem vir a ser utilizados como instrumento para a definição de prioridades quanto às diretrizes para subsidiar um programa de gerenciamento hidrológico e para o estabelecimento de ações conjuntas para preservar, revitalizar ou reverter os danos ambientais do manancial, rio Cascavel, pois favorecem o impacto econômico-social pelo preço da tarifa de água da SANEPAR, que tende a aumentar quanto maior for a aplicação de produtos químicos na clarificação da água, a ser utilizada no abastecimento público.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOANE AURA CECHET COVATTI.pdf: 4920808 bytes, checksum: ac54a92aaee26731f8767275ebe2814d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-24 / This work had as objective characterizes the water of the basin hydrographic of the Cascavel River, in their quali-quantitative aspects. The river that is born in the urban area, includes an area of drainage of 50,11 Km2 and he/she has a length of 17,5 km. With maximum altitude of 767 m, minimum altitude of 18 m and a flow of 973,00 m3/h and flow of reception 345,00 m3/h. Her geographical location is among the parallel ones 24o32' and 25o17' of South latitude and the meridians 53o05' and 53o50' of longitude West. The focus of this study is the spring basin that has their East, in the area of the municipal lake, until the point of reception of water of the Company of Sanitation of Paraná - SANEPAR, before the point of affluence of the Quati River and of the Peroba River and deságüe in Andrade River. For the quantitative analysis, a vertical ruler was used in the water (linímetro) and regular observation of the level, in the section of exit of the study area. For the space qualitative analysis, a method of collections periodic samples of the turbidez parameters, color, pH, MO, Nitrate, DBO, DQO, total solids and match, in 4 points, along Cascavel River, in the period: of March of 2004 to May of 2006. For the temporary qualitative analysis a method of collections of daily samples was used, in the period of January of 2004 to May of 2006, of the turbidez parameters, color, pH, MO, alkalinity and iron, in the point of collection 4 - Reception of SANEPAR, with base in the suitable methodologies for the Standard Methods. The parameters used for analyses were them based in the use of the body hidric, aided by the legislation that establishes classification and monitoramento, of the bodies hidrics, Resolution Conama 357/2005. The analysis of the results showed that there is variability in the flow of the river, for factors that you/they also commit the environmental quality, such as: retreat of the vegetable covering, waterproofing of the soil for the occupation of the environs and garbage release, added to the sanded. Those results, in her width, they can come to be used as instrument for the definition of priorities as for the guidelines to subsidize a program of administration hydrologic and for the establishment of united actions to preserve, to revitalize or to revert the environmental damages of the spring in the Cascavel River, because they favor the economical-social impact for the price of the tariff of water of SANEPAR, that tends to increase as adult is the application of chemical products in the clarification of the water, to be used in the public provisioning. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a água da bacia hidrográfica do rio Cascavel, em seus aspectos quali-quantitativos. O rio que nasce na área urbana, abrange uma área de drenagem de 50,11 Km2 e tem um comprimento de 17,5 km. Com altitude máxima de 767 m, altitude mínima de 18 m e uma vazão de 973,00 m3/h e vazão de captação 345,00 m3/h. Sua localização geográfica está entre os paralelos 24o32 e 25o17 de Latitude Sul e os meridianos 53o05 e 53o50 de Longitude Oeste. O foco deste estudo é a bacia de manancial que tem suas nascentes, na região do lago municipal, até o ponto de captação de água da Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná - SANEPAR, antes do ponto de afluência do rio Quati e do rio Peroba e deságüe no Rio Andrade. Para a análise quantitativa, foi utilizada uma régua vertical na água (linímetro) e observação regular do nível, na seção de saída da área de estudo. Para a análise qualitativa espacial, foi utilizado um método de coletas amostrais periódicas dos parâmetros de turbidez, cor, pH, MO, Nitrato, DBO, DQO, sólidos totais e fósforo, em 4 pontos, ao longo do Rio de Cascavel, no período: de março de 2004 a maio de 2006. Para a análise qualitativa temporal foi utilizado um método de coletas de amostras diárias, no período de janeiro de 2004 a maio de 2006, dos parâmetros de turbidez, cor, pH, MO, alcalinidade e ferro, no ponto de coleta 4 Captação da SANEPAR, com base nas metodologias indicadas pelo Standard Methods. Os parâmetros utilizados para análises foram os fundamentados no uso do corpo hídrico, amparado pela legislação que estabelece classificação e monitoramento, dos corpos hídricos, Resolução Conama 357/2005. A análise dos resultados mostrou que há variabilidade na vazão do rio, por fatores que também comprometem a qualidade ambiental, tais como: retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamento de lixo, somados ao assoreamento. Esses resultados, em sua amplitude, podem vir a ser utilizados como instrumento para a definição de prioridades quanto às diretrizes para subsidiar um programa de gerenciamento hidrológico e para o estabelecimento de ações conjuntas para preservar, revitalizar ou reverter os danos ambientais do manancial, rio Cascavel, pois favorecem o impacto econômico-social pelo preço da tarifa de água da SANEPAR, que tende a aumentar quanto maior for a aplicação de produtos químicos na clarificação da água, a ser utilizada no abastecimento público.