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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Apprentissage à partir du mouvement / Learning from motion

Tokmakov, Pavel 04 June 2018 (has links)
L’apprentissage faiblement supervisé cherche à réduire au minimum l’effort humain requis pour entrainer les modèles de l’état de l’art. Cette technique permet de tirer parti d’une énorme quantité de données. Toutefois, dans la pratique, les méthodes faiblement supervisées sont nettement moins efficaces que celles qui sont totalement supervisées. Plus particulièrement, dans l’apprentissage profond, où les approches de vision par ordinateur sont les plus performantes, elles restent entièrement supervisées, ce qui limite leurs utilisations dans les applications du monde réel. Cette thèse tente tout d’abord de combler le fossé entre les méthodes faiblement supervisées et entièrement supervisées en utilisant l’information de mouvement. Puis étudie le problème de la segmentation des objets en mouvement, en proposant l’une des premières méthodes basées sur l’apprentissage pour cette tâche.Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous nous concentrons sur le problème de la segmentation sémantique faiblement supervisée. Le défi est de capturer de manières précises les bordures des objets et d’éviter les optimums locaux (ex : segmenter les parties les plus discriminantes). Contrairement à la plupart des approches de l’état de l’art, qui reposent sur des images statiques, nous utilisons les données vidéo avec le mouvement de l’objet comme informations importantes. Notre méthode utilise une approche de segmentation vidéo de l’état de l’art pour segmenter les objets en mouvement dans les vidéos. Les masques d’objets approximatifs produits par cette méthode sont ensuite fusionnés avec le modèle de segmentation sémantique appris dans un EM-like framework, afin d’inférer pour les trames vidéo, des labels sémantiques au niveau des pixels. Ainsi, au fur et à mesure que l’apprentissage progresse, la qualité des labels s’améliore automatiquement. Nous intégrons ensuite cette architecture à notre approche basée sur l’apprentissage pour la segmentation de la vidéo afin d’obtenir un framework d’apprentissage complet pour l’apprentissage faiblement supervisé à partir de vidéos.Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions la segmentation vidéo non supervisée, plus précisément comment segmenter tous les objets dans une vidéo qui se déplace indépendamment de la caméra. De nombreux défis tels qu’un grand mouvement de la caméra, des inexactitudes dans l’estimation du flux optique et la discontinuité du mouvement, complexifient la tâche de segmentation. Nous abordons le problème du mouvement de caméra en proposant une méthode basée sur l’apprentissage pour la segmentation du mouvement : un réseau de neurones convolutif qui prend le flux optique comme entrée et qui est entraîné pour segmenter les objets qui se déplacent indépendamment de la caméra. Il est ensuite étendu avec un flux d’apparence et un module de mémoire visuelle pour améliorer la continuité temporelle. Le flux d’apparence tire profit de l’information sémantique qui est complémentaire de l’information de mouvement. Le module de mémoire visuelle est un paramètre clé de notre approche : il combine les sorties des flux de mouvement et d’apparence et agréger une représentation spatio-temporelle des objets en mouvement. La segmentation finale est ensuite produite à partir de cette représentation agrégée. L’approche résultante obtient des performances de l’état de l’art sur plusieurs jeux de données de référence, surpassant la méthode d’apprentissage en profondeur et heuristique simultanée. / Weakly-supervised learning studies the problem of minimizing the amount of human effort required for training state-of-the-art models. This allows to leverage a large amount of data. However, in practice weakly-supervised methods perform significantly worse than their fully-supervised counterparts. This is also the case in deep learning, where the top-performing computer vision approaches remain fully-supervised, which limits their usage in real world applications. This thesis attempts to bridge the gap between weakly-supervised and fully-supervised methods by utilizing motion information. It also studies the problem of moving object segmentation itself, proposing one of the first learning-based methods for this task.We focus on the problem of weakly-supervised semantic segmentation. This is especially challenging due to the need to precisely capture object boundaries and avoid local optima, as for example segmenting the most discriminative parts. In contrast to most of the state-of-the-art approaches, which rely on static images, we leverage video data with object motion as a strong cue. In particular, our method uses a state-of-the-art video segmentation approach to segment moving objects in videos. The approximate object masks produced by this method are then fused with the semantic segmentation model learned in an EM-like framework to infer pixel-level semantic labels for video frames. Thus, as learning progresses, the quality of the labels improves automatically. We then integrate this architecture with our learning-based approach for video segmentation to obtain a fully trainable framework for weakly-supervised learning from videos.In the second part of the thesis we study unsupervised video segmentation, the task of segmenting all the objects in a video that move independently from the camera. This task presents challenges such as strong camera motion, inaccuracies in optical flow estimation and motion discontinuity. We address the camera motion problem by proposing a learning-based method for motion segmentation: a convolutional neural network that takes optical flow as input and is trained to segment objects that move independently from the camera. It is then extended with an appearance stream and a visual memory module to improve temporal continuity. The appearance stream capitalizes on the semantic information which is complementary to the motion information. The visual memory module is the key component of our approach: it combines the outputs of the motion and appearance streams and aggregates a spatio-temporal representation of the moving objects. The final segmentation is then produced based on this aggregated representation. The resulting approach obtains state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets, outperforming the concurrent deep learning and heuristic-based methods.
2

Reconhecimento de implicação textual em português / Recognizing textual entailment in Portuguese

Fonseca, Erick Rocha 03 May 2018 (has links)
O reconhecimento de implicação textual (RIT) consiste em identificar automaticamente se um trecho de texto em língua natural é verdadeiro baseado no conteúdo de outro. Este problema vem sendo estudado por pesquisadores da área de Processamento de Línguas Naturais (PLN) há alguns anos, e ganhou certo destaque mais recentemente, com a maior disponibilidade de dados anotados e desenvolvimento de métodos baseados em deep learning. Esta pesquisa de doutorado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de recursos e métodos computacionais para o RIT, com especial foco em língua portuguesa. Durante sua realização, foi compilado o corpus ASSIN, o primeiro a fornecer dados para treinamento e avaliação de sistemas de RIT em português, e foi organizado o workshop de mesmo nome, que reuniu pesquisadores interessados no tema. Além disso, foram feitos experimentos computacionais com diferentes tipos de estratégias para o RIT, com dados em inglês e em português. Foi desenvolvido um novo modelo para o RIT, o TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network). O modelo é baseado no conceito de distância de edição entre árvores sintáticas, já explorado em outros trabalhos de RIT. Seu diferencial é combinar a representação de conhecimento linguístico explícito com a flexibilidade e capacidade representativa de redes neurais. Foi também desenvolvido o Infernal, um modelo para RIT que usa técnicas clássicas de aprendizado de máquina com engenharia de atributos. Os resultados experimentais do TEDIN ficaram abaixo de outros modelos da literatura, e uma análise cuidadosa de seu comportamento indica a dificuldade de se modelar as diferenças entre árvores sintáticas. Por outro lado, o Infernal teve resultados positivos no ASSIN, definindo o novo estado-da-arte para o RIT em português. / Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) consists in automatically identifying whether a text passage in natural language is true based on the content of another one. This problem has been studied in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for some years, and gained some prominence recently, with the availability of annotated data in larger quantities and the development of deep learning methods. This doctoral research had the goal of developing resources and methods for RTE, especially for Portuguese. During its execution, the ASSIN corpus was compiled, which is the first to provide data for training and evaluating RTE systems in Portuguese, and the workshop with the same name was organized, gathering researchers interested in this theme. Moreover, computational experiments were carried out with different techniques for RTE, with English and Portuguese data. A new RTE model, TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network), was developed. This model is based on the concept of syntactic tree edit distance, already explored in other RTE works. Its differential is to combine explicit linguistic knowledge representation with the flexibility and representative capacity of neural networks. An RTE model based on classical machine learning and feature engineering, Infernal, was also developed. TEDIN had experimental results below other models from the literature, and a careful analysis of its behavior shows the difficulty of modelling differences between syntactic trees. On the other hand, Infernal had positive results on ASSIN, setting the new stateof- the-art for RTE in Portuguese.
3

Recognizing Engagement Behaviors in Human-Robot Interaction

Ponsler, Brett 17 January 2011 (has links)
Based on analysis of human-human interactions, we have developed an initial model of engagement for human-robot interaction which includes the concept of connection events, consisting of: directed gaze, mutual facial gaze, conversational adjacency pairs, and backchannels. We implemented the model in the open source Robot Operating System and conducted a human-robot interaction experiment to evaluate it.
4

A Collective Case Study of the Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders in Children

Reycraft, Jacqueline J. 01 January 2013 (has links)
There is a paucity of research on the diagnosis of dissociative disorders in children. Most children are misdiagnosed with more common mental disorders with similar symptoms. Earlier recognition of dissociative disorders can save years of pain, suffering, and cost. This qualitative collective case study examined the process of diagnosing dissociation in two children under the ages of 12 at the beginning of treatment. A concurrent focus on the training and development of the therapist/researcher is included. Archival data including progress notes, psychotherapy notes, assessments, correspondence, legal documents, school records, and medical records were analyzed using within-case and cross-case analyses to identify individual and common themes that may expedite the diagnosis of dissociative disorders in children. The narrative presentation of a qualitative study with its thick, rich description may increase the understanding of clinicians with little or no experience and help them to differentiate these disorders from other disorders with overlapping symptoms. Factors that impeded and advanced the recognition of dissociative disorders were identified. Clinical findings underscore the role of knowledge and training, experience, and consultation in the diagnosis of dissociative disorders.
5

Ações afirmativas na UFRGS : racismo, excelência acadêmica e cultura do reconhecimento

Grisa, Gregório Durlo January 2015 (has links)
A presente tese trata das ações afirmativas no ensino superior, tendo como foco empírico pesquisado a UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Configura-se em um estudo de caso institucional de caráter teórico-analítico. O objetivo geral do trabalho é compreender as dinâmicas políticas e acadêmicas que envolvem as ações afirmativas na UFRGS. O problema de pesquisa da tese é: as ações afirmativas, para além de democratizar o acesso, podem desencadear uma cultura de reconhecimento no interior de uma universidade de excelência? Para respondê-lo, elaboraram-se reflexões sobre o significado e os desdobramentos das ações afirmativas nas universidades e se desenvolveram três categorias centrais de análise: racismo (sistema estrutural de desigualdades), excelência acadêmica (as bases do discurso) e cultura do reconhecimento. Além disso, calcado na metodologia da pesquisa participante, utilizaram-se três recursos de coleta de dados: a observação participante em diversas instâncias institucionais; oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de várias áreas da universidade e levantamento de dados gerais atualizados da situação acadêmica da UFRGS (retenção, evasão e diplomação). A análise dos resultados indica que as ações afirmativas instauram um desvio no habitus acadêmico, o que representa oportunidade real de mudanças institucionais na direção da construção de uma cultura do reconhecimento. As representações sociais dos entrevistados mostram que a configuração dos lugares de gestão é mais plural do que no passado recente, o que evidencia que o flanco democrático aberto pelas ações afirmativas tem vias materiais para avançar. Avaliações mais sofisticadas e maior sensibilidade social entre os gestores pavimentam uma perspectiva otimista no âmbito político. Por outro lado, os dados acadêmicos mostram que a UFRGS terá de encontrar alternativas qualificadas para garantir a permanência e a diplomação dos estudantes das ações afirmativas, principalmente, os de baixa renda e negros. O mosaico das políticas de assistência existentes e o montante de investimentos atuais são limitados para dar conta dos desafios futuros diante da ampliação da reserva de vagas. O debate dos resultados permeado pelas três categorias teóricas desenvolvidas representa a contribuição essencial da tese. / This thesis approaches affirmative action in higher education, setting its empiric focus on the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). It is characterized as an institutional case study of theoric-analitical nature. The work general purpose is to understand the political and academic dynamics which involve the affirmative actions on UFRGS. The research question on the thesis is: beyond democratizing access, can affirmative action set forth a culture of recognition inside a university of excellence? To answer it, were elaborated reflections on the meaning and consequences of affirmative action in universities and developed three main categories of analysis: racism (structural system of inequalities), academic excellence (the speech basis), and the recognizing culture. Besides, based on the participating research methodology, three data collection resources were utilized: the participating observation in distinct institutional instances, eight half-strutured interviews with managers of several areas of the university and gathering of up-to-date general data about UFRGS’ academic situation (retention, evasion, graduation). The result analysis indicate that affirmative actions establish a deviation in the academic “habitus”, representing a real opportunity of institutional change towards the construction of a culture of recognition. The interviewers’ social representations show that manage configuration places are more plural than those in the recent past. This fact makes clear that the open democratic side for affirmative actions have material viabilities to advance. More sophisticated evaluations and more social sensibility among the managers can give an optimistic perspective in the politic field. On the other hand, academic data show that UFRGS must find qualified alternatives to guarantee permanence and graduation of affirmative action students, especially those of low income and black ethnicity. The existing mosaic of assistance policies and the current amount of investment are limited to tackle future challenges concerning the expansion on the quotas of reserved vacancies. The debate of the results permeated by the three theoretical categories developed represents this thesis’ essential contribution.
6

Ações afirmativas na UFRGS : racismo, excelência acadêmica e cultura do reconhecimento

Grisa, Gregório Durlo January 2015 (has links)
A presente tese trata das ações afirmativas no ensino superior, tendo como foco empírico pesquisado a UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Configura-se em um estudo de caso institucional de caráter teórico-analítico. O objetivo geral do trabalho é compreender as dinâmicas políticas e acadêmicas que envolvem as ações afirmativas na UFRGS. O problema de pesquisa da tese é: as ações afirmativas, para além de democratizar o acesso, podem desencadear uma cultura de reconhecimento no interior de uma universidade de excelência? Para respondê-lo, elaboraram-se reflexões sobre o significado e os desdobramentos das ações afirmativas nas universidades e se desenvolveram três categorias centrais de análise: racismo (sistema estrutural de desigualdades), excelência acadêmica (as bases do discurso) e cultura do reconhecimento. Além disso, calcado na metodologia da pesquisa participante, utilizaram-se três recursos de coleta de dados: a observação participante em diversas instâncias institucionais; oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de várias áreas da universidade e levantamento de dados gerais atualizados da situação acadêmica da UFRGS (retenção, evasão e diplomação). A análise dos resultados indica que as ações afirmativas instauram um desvio no habitus acadêmico, o que representa oportunidade real de mudanças institucionais na direção da construção de uma cultura do reconhecimento. As representações sociais dos entrevistados mostram que a configuração dos lugares de gestão é mais plural do que no passado recente, o que evidencia que o flanco democrático aberto pelas ações afirmativas tem vias materiais para avançar. Avaliações mais sofisticadas e maior sensibilidade social entre os gestores pavimentam uma perspectiva otimista no âmbito político. Por outro lado, os dados acadêmicos mostram que a UFRGS terá de encontrar alternativas qualificadas para garantir a permanência e a diplomação dos estudantes das ações afirmativas, principalmente, os de baixa renda e negros. O mosaico das políticas de assistência existentes e o montante de investimentos atuais são limitados para dar conta dos desafios futuros diante da ampliação da reserva de vagas. O debate dos resultados permeado pelas três categorias teóricas desenvolvidas representa a contribuição essencial da tese. / This thesis approaches affirmative action in higher education, setting its empiric focus on the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). It is characterized as an institutional case study of theoric-analitical nature. The work general purpose is to understand the political and academic dynamics which involve the affirmative actions on UFRGS. The research question on the thesis is: beyond democratizing access, can affirmative action set forth a culture of recognition inside a university of excellence? To answer it, were elaborated reflections on the meaning and consequences of affirmative action in universities and developed three main categories of analysis: racism (structural system of inequalities), academic excellence (the speech basis), and the recognizing culture. Besides, based on the participating research methodology, three data collection resources were utilized: the participating observation in distinct institutional instances, eight half-strutured interviews with managers of several areas of the university and gathering of up-to-date general data about UFRGS’ academic situation (retention, evasion, graduation). The result analysis indicate that affirmative actions establish a deviation in the academic “habitus”, representing a real opportunity of institutional change towards the construction of a culture of recognition. The interviewers’ social representations show that manage configuration places are more plural than those in the recent past. This fact makes clear that the open democratic side for affirmative actions have material viabilities to advance. More sophisticated evaluations and more social sensibility among the managers can give an optimistic perspective in the politic field. On the other hand, academic data show that UFRGS must find qualified alternatives to guarantee permanence and graduation of affirmative action students, especially those of low income and black ethnicity. The existing mosaic of assistance policies and the current amount of investment are limited to tackle future challenges concerning the expansion on the quotas of reserved vacancies. The debate of the results permeated by the three theoretical categories developed represents this thesis’ essential contribution.
7

Ações afirmativas na UFRGS : racismo, excelência acadêmica e cultura do reconhecimento

Grisa, Gregório Durlo January 2015 (has links)
A presente tese trata das ações afirmativas no ensino superior, tendo como foco empírico pesquisado a UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Configura-se em um estudo de caso institucional de caráter teórico-analítico. O objetivo geral do trabalho é compreender as dinâmicas políticas e acadêmicas que envolvem as ações afirmativas na UFRGS. O problema de pesquisa da tese é: as ações afirmativas, para além de democratizar o acesso, podem desencadear uma cultura de reconhecimento no interior de uma universidade de excelência? Para respondê-lo, elaboraram-se reflexões sobre o significado e os desdobramentos das ações afirmativas nas universidades e se desenvolveram três categorias centrais de análise: racismo (sistema estrutural de desigualdades), excelência acadêmica (as bases do discurso) e cultura do reconhecimento. Além disso, calcado na metodologia da pesquisa participante, utilizaram-se três recursos de coleta de dados: a observação participante em diversas instâncias institucionais; oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de várias áreas da universidade e levantamento de dados gerais atualizados da situação acadêmica da UFRGS (retenção, evasão e diplomação). A análise dos resultados indica que as ações afirmativas instauram um desvio no habitus acadêmico, o que representa oportunidade real de mudanças institucionais na direção da construção de uma cultura do reconhecimento. As representações sociais dos entrevistados mostram que a configuração dos lugares de gestão é mais plural do que no passado recente, o que evidencia que o flanco democrático aberto pelas ações afirmativas tem vias materiais para avançar. Avaliações mais sofisticadas e maior sensibilidade social entre os gestores pavimentam uma perspectiva otimista no âmbito político. Por outro lado, os dados acadêmicos mostram que a UFRGS terá de encontrar alternativas qualificadas para garantir a permanência e a diplomação dos estudantes das ações afirmativas, principalmente, os de baixa renda e negros. O mosaico das políticas de assistência existentes e o montante de investimentos atuais são limitados para dar conta dos desafios futuros diante da ampliação da reserva de vagas. O debate dos resultados permeado pelas três categorias teóricas desenvolvidas representa a contribuição essencial da tese. / This thesis approaches affirmative action in higher education, setting its empiric focus on the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). It is characterized as an institutional case study of theoric-analitical nature. The work general purpose is to understand the political and academic dynamics which involve the affirmative actions on UFRGS. The research question on the thesis is: beyond democratizing access, can affirmative action set forth a culture of recognition inside a university of excellence? To answer it, were elaborated reflections on the meaning and consequences of affirmative action in universities and developed three main categories of analysis: racism (structural system of inequalities), academic excellence (the speech basis), and the recognizing culture. Besides, based on the participating research methodology, three data collection resources were utilized: the participating observation in distinct institutional instances, eight half-strutured interviews with managers of several areas of the university and gathering of up-to-date general data about UFRGS’ academic situation (retention, evasion, graduation). The result analysis indicate that affirmative actions establish a deviation in the academic “habitus”, representing a real opportunity of institutional change towards the construction of a culture of recognition. The interviewers’ social representations show that manage configuration places are more plural than those in the recent past. This fact makes clear that the open democratic side for affirmative actions have material viabilities to advance. More sophisticated evaluations and more social sensibility among the managers can give an optimistic perspective in the politic field. On the other hand, academic data show that UFRGS must find qualified alternatives to guarantee permanence and graduation of affirmative action students, especially those of low income and black ethnicity. The existing mosaic of assistance policies and the current amount of investment are limited to tackle future challenges concerning the expansion on the quotas of reserved vacancies. The debate of the results permeated by the three theoretical categories developed represents this thesis’ essential contribution.
8

Reconhecimento de implicação textual em português / Recognizing textual entailment in Portuguese

Erick Rocha Fonseca 03 May 2018 (has links)
O reconhecimento de implicação textual (RIT) consiste em identificar automaticamente se um trecho de texto em língua natural é verdadeiro baseado no conteúdo de outro. Este problema vem sendo estudado por pesquisadores da área de Processamento de Línguas Naturais (PLN) há alguns anos, e ganhou certo destaque mais recentemente, com a maior disponibilidade de dados anotados e desenvolvimento de métodos baseados em deep learning. Esta pesquisa de doutorado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de recursos e métodos computacionais para o RIT, com especial foco em língua portuguesa. Durante sua realização, foi compilado o corpus ASSIN, o primeiro a fornecer dados para treinamento e avaliação de sistemas de RIT em português, e foi organizado o workshop de mesmo nome, que reuniu pesquisadores interessados no tema. Além disso, foram feitos experimentos computacionais com diferentes tipos de estratégias para o RIT, com dados em inglês e em português. Foi desenvolvido um novo modelo para o RIT, o TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network). O modelo é baseado no conceito de distância de edição entre árvores sintáticas, já explorado em outros trabalhos de RIT. Seu diferencial é combinar a representação de conhecimento linguístico explícito com a flexibilidade e capacidade representativa de redes neurais. Foi também desenvolvido o Infernal, um modelo para RIT que usa técnicas clássicas de aprendizado de máquina com engenharia de atributos. Os resultados experimentais do TEDIN ficaram abaixo de outros modelos da literatura, e uma análise cuidadosa de seu comportamento indica a dificuldade de se modelar as diferenças entre árvores sintáticas. Por outro lado, o Infernal teve resultados positivos no ASSIN, definindo o novo estado-da-arte para o RIT em português. / Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) consists in automatically identifying whether a text passage in natural language is true based on the content of another one. This problem has been studied in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for some years, and gained some prominence recently, with the availability of annotated data in larger quantities and the development of deep learning methods. This doctoral research had the goal of developing resources and methods for RTE, especially for Portuguese. During its execution, the ASSIN corpus was compiled, which is the first to provide data for training and evaluating RTE systems in Portuguese, and the workshop with the same name was organized, gathering researchers interested in this theme. Moreover, computational experiments were carried out with different techniques for RTE, with English and Portuguese data. A new RTE model, TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network), was developed. This model is based on the concept of syntactic tree edit distance, already explored in other RTE works. Its differential is to combine explicit linguistic knowledge representation with the flexibility and representative capacity of neural networks. An RTE model based on classical machine learning and feature engineering, Infernal, was also developed. TEDIN had experimental results below other models from the literature, and a careful analysis of its behavior shows the difficulty of modelling differences between syntactic trees. On the other hand, Infernal had positive results on ASSIN, setting the new stateof- the-art for RTE in Portuguese.
9

Formalisation of edit operations for structure editors

Holmquist, Johan January 2005 (has links)
<p>Although several systems with structure editors have been built, no model exist to formally describe the edit operations used in such editors. This thesis introduces such a model --- a formalism to describe general structure edit operations for text oriented documents. The model allows free bottom-up editing for any tree-based structural document with a textual content. It can also handle attribute and erroneous structures. Some classes of common structures have been identified and structure editor specifications constructed for them, which can be used and combined in the creation of other structure editors.</p>
10

Formalisation of edit operations for structure editors

Holmquist, Johan January 2005 (has links)
Although several systems with structure editors have been built, no model exist to formally describe the edit operations used in such editors. This thesis introduces such a model --- a formalism to describe general structure edit operations for text oriented documents. The model allows free bottom-up editing for any tree-based structural document with a textual content. It can also handle attribute and erroneous structures. Some classes of common structures have been identified and structure editor specifications constructed for them, which can be used and combined in the creation of other structure editors.

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