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The idea behind this project emerged while I was making organ recordings for a school project. The relation between the musician, the sound technicians and the producer was an issue that called for my attention. The influence of this specific environment on the performer and the music itself, comparing it to a live performance, and the search for possible differences in musical interpretation and performance constitute the main focus of this work. It is composed of four major parts. The first part of the background reflects on the essential aspects of this subject and also offers some historical examples and quotations from important musicians and other personalities. The second part refers to the artistic part of this work. It describes the organ in Norrfjärden, where the recordings have been made, its historical background and special characteristics. The chosen repertoire was the major organ work “Nun freut euch lieben Christen g´mein”, composed by Dieterich Buxtehude. The section on this work goes from a biography of the composer, through considerations on the text and theological background of the hymn, to the musical analysis of the piece, also focusing on my own artistic choices. The third section of this thesis is the result of the investigation made, leading to a conclusion. Finally, the artistic part is composed of three different recordings of the same piece, at the same instrument, with the same performer, but with varying recording conditions. The first recording is a live concert version, the second an unedited version, where the performer plays the music only to the microphones without any audience or studio production, the third is a produced version, where the performance is generally guided by the producer, who also does the final editing. / <p>Validerat; 20110125 (lewe)</p>

This thesis investigates the role of recording techniques in immersive music production, aiming to balance practicality and necessity. Through four case studies involving harp, piano, sitar and an original music production inspired by a letter, the research examines how the creative process within music production and recording techniques are influenced by immersive music in mind. Utilizing qualitative observation and quantitative technical experiments, the study documents the process and outcomes, revealing the significance of immersive microphone techniques for maintaining realistic spatialization. Future directions include further exploration of recording techniques and creative applications within immersive music production. By comparing various recording methods, this work contributes a unique perspective to the field, enhancing our understanding of the interplay between technology, creativity, and musical immersion. / <p><strong>Harp: </strong>Improvised piece played by Pauline Burke-Clason. Files: Harp_ADM_Mix1.wav, Harp_Binaural _Mix1.wav,Harp_ADM_Mix2.wav, Harp_Binaural _Mix2.wav and Harp_StereoReference.wav.</p><p>Shorter versions of these files are available on DiVa, while the complete files are stored at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm.</p><p><strong>Grand Piano: </strong><em>Maurice Ravel - Miroirs, No.5, La vallée des cloches</em>, played by Herdís Ágústa Linnet. Files:MauriceRavel-VLaValleeDesCloches_ADM_Mix1.wav, MauriceRavel-VLaValleeDesCloches_Binaural _Mix1.wav, MauriceRavel-VLaValleeDesCloches_ADM_Mix2.wav, MauriceRavel-VLaValleeDesCloches_Binaural_Mix2.wav and MauriceRavel-VLaValleeDesCloches_StereoReference.wav.</p><p>Shorter versions of these files are available on DiVa, while the complete files are stored at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm.</p><p><strong>Sitar: </strong>Improvised piece played by Arjun K. Verma. Files: Sitar_ADM.wav, Sitar_Binaural.wav och Sitar_StereoReference.wav.</p><p>21 seconds of this piece is used in this project.</p><p><strong>The Dream: </strong>Song written and produced by Basma Jabbar.</p><p>Acoustic guitar arranged by and played by Tom Jondelius.</p><p>Electric guitar arranged by and played by Chris Lee.</p><p>Drums played by Felix Kling.</p><p>Strings by Stockholm Studio Orchestra:</p><p>Violin: Anna Roos Stefansson, Claudia Bonfiglioli, Danial Shariati, Jannika Gustafsson, Jonna Simonsson, Lola Torrente, Oscar Treitler, Paul Waltman, Sarah Cross, Simona Bonfiglioli, Vicky Sayles.</p><p>Viola: Christopher Öhman, Erik Holm, Shahar Rosenthal, Vidar Andersson Meilink.</p><p>Cello: Daniel Thorell, Filip Lundberg, Josef Alin.</p><p>Double Bass: Bård Ericson.</p><p>Strings arranged by Henrik Langemyr.</p><p>Strings conducted by Erik Arvinder.</p><p>Strings recorded &amp; engineered by Willem Bleeker &amp; Erik Arvinder, assisted by Basma Jabbar.</p><p>Files: TheDream_ADM.wav, TheDream_Binaural.wav and TheDream_StereoReference.wav.</p><p>Shorter versions of these files are available on DiVa, while the complete files are stored at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm.</p><p>If nothing else is stated, recording and mixing engineer is Basma Jabbar.</p>

This research contributes to gaps in the international relations literature explaining the emergence of transnational advocacy networks. Specifically, this research contributes to understanding TAN emergence due to a gap in institutional approaches to casualty recording in conflict and why actors join TANs. This TAN is particularly worthy of investigation because casualty records measure the scope of violence in a conflict and are often highly politicized and contested. Existing explanations of TAN emergence can be organized into three broad categories of analysis: sociological, political, and economic. The earliest explanations align with a sociological explanation for TANs as a mechanism for changing international norms. Social movement theorists account for TANs as a mechanism for civil society to challenge power structures. While other researchers suggest TANs should be treated like interest groups, and their emergence stems from an economic need for material incentives. This research extends the economic category of analysis and argues that actors join TANs for non-material, intangible incentives. Intangible benefits include knowledge, methodologies, data, or access to data sources. This research utilized a qualitative case study method to test all three categories of existing explanations using surveys, interviews, and archival records. Testing not only investigated hypotheses relating to the three categories of existing theories but also produced findings describing facilitators of TAN emergence, temporally-bound intangible benefits, and the types of intangible benefits available to actors. TANs are important to international politics because they influence norms, shape policies, and function as a bridge for local actors with the international community. This research produced findings with central themes about why resource-poor actors may spend their limited resources to join TANs. Further investigation into the intangible benefits available to actors joining TANs in settings other than conflict may provide greater insight into the value of intangible benefits to collective behavior. / Doctor of Philosophy / While body counts are generally presented as a measure of accountability or to raise awareness about civilian deaths in the public sphere, body counts are fiercely contested and highly politicized. This occurs during the conflict and decades after a conflict is resolved. Civilian body counts serve as political apparatuses for states and political actors to negotiate, challenge, and produce security narratives. Because of this politicization, the number of civilian casualties in violent conflict is not fully known, and their deaths' impact on the overall state's security is not well understood. While International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and human rights laws provide protection for civilians in conflict, documenting casualties is not addressed. International law does not prescribe methods for recording casualties; therefore, there is a gap in how international institutions approach accounting for casualties. In the early 2000s, facilitated by ICTs, civil society began to fill this gap by documenting casualties and collaborating across boundaries. This research traces the emergence of a Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN) that appeared in 2009 to collaborate on recording conflict casualties. This study produced five findings and contributes to understanding how ICTs facilitate TANs and identifying intangible benefits available to actors at network events that motivate their participation. Intangible benefits include knowledge, methodologies, data, or access to data sources. This research is worthy of investigation because TAN development is poorly understood yet they influence international politics by shaping norms, policies and linking local communities with international organizations.

Due to the complex nature of jaw movements, three-dimensional (3D) movement recording provide information about the jaw movement capacity. The aim of the present report was to test the reliability of measuring lower jaw movements using a 3D movement recording system and to calculate the lower jaw movement volume. Lower jaw movements, recorded by 3D optoelectronic movement analysis system (MacReflex®) was compared with reference values from a digital caliper. Pre-tests were performed to develop a software to calculate the lower jaw movements in separate dimensions and its volume. Pilot tests with two test persons followed to register the lower jaw movements and calculate lower jaw movement volume. The results indicate low reliability of lower jaw movements measured by movement recording system compared with reference values from digital caliper, reflected by delta values (D = max-min). The values from the movement recording system indicate high variability reflected by higher levels of standard deviation for movement recorded values compared with digital caliper and by percentage values calculated from the differences between mean values of movement recording and digital caliper. The calculated lower jaw movement volume was 10.3 cm3 and 17.2 cm3 for the test persons, respectively. Conclusively, the results imply that further testing of the method is needed with larger series and test-retest reliability analysis to evaluate the possibility to improve accuracy of tracing jaw movements with recording device. The 3D-movement recording system together with the software could be used for calculation of lower jaw movement volume but its accuracy could not be validated.

White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the introduced fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has caused precipitous declines in bat populations including the now endangered northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis; NLEB). Remnant populations of NLEB have been found outside their traditional range in areas of the urbanized Piedmont and also the Coastal Plain of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, where little is known about their summertime day-roost habitat needs. More broadly for the species, little research has examined the day-roost habitat use of both male and females. This information is vital to inform management and policy for the conservation of this endangered species. In this dissertation, I captured NLEB at three properties in eastern Virginia and Washington D.C. Captures at Marine Corps Base Quantico (MCBQ) and Prince William Forest Park (PRWI) in Virginia were male-biased and Rock Creek Park (ROCR) captures in D.C. were female-biased. I found that overall NLEB are associated with mature, deciduous forest. Males used red maples (Acer rubrum) in later decay stages and lower crown classes at MCBQ/PRWI. Females used taller oaks (Quercus) at ROCR. Differences between the two study areas may be an artifact of MCBQ/PRWI being an early mature forest whereas much of ROCR is approaching late mature to old-growth gap-phase conditions. Building off the fact that many WNS affected bat species are now substantially more difficult to detect on the landscape, I explored novel methods to help increase detection of bats during acoustic surveys. This included developing and testing an experimental ultraviolet (UV) light lure that attracted insects and thereby attracted bats. The lure increased overall bat feeding buzz calls and had a species-specific response, primarily attracting eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis). The lure elicited an interesting negative response from NLEB within the illuminated area, but an increase above control conditions beyond the illuminated area. Overall, the UV lure shows promise for increasing detection of bats and warrants further research, however caution should be exercised as some bats showed a negative response. I also investigated the effects of environmental clutter on the reception of ultrasonic bat echolocation signals to help researchers better understand how different clutter types and configurations affect and potentially bias acoustic survey results. This is especially important when surveying for clutter-adapted bats, such as NLEB which are traditionally biased against in acoustic surveys due to their habitat associations and low detection probability. I found that the recording angle of the bat in relation to the microphone overshadowed most other effects. On-axis recording created the best quality recording and the signal rapidly degraded as the angle increased. Therefore, placement of microphones to where bats are expected to be flying is critical. Many small clutter objects, analogous to a young forest with a high stocking rate substantially degraded echolocation signals. Fewer, large objects, analogous to a mature forest with large trees and little understory actually generated echoes that were identifiable to species that would be beneficial to improving detection probability and occupancy estimates, but might generate bias by overcalculating activity estimates. / Doctor of Philosophy / A disease called white-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was introduced into the U.S. around 2006 and has decimated bat populations across much of the U.S. and Canada. Bats are responsible for providing important pest insect control services to the agriculture and forestry industries as well as helping to control disease carrying insects. Once particular species, the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis; NLEB) has seen some of the heaviest declines. Once a common bat in forests across the eastern and mid-western portions of North America, the NLEB is now considered an endangered species. Recently, populations of this bat have been found in areas where they were previously not known to exist and they represent potentially important remnant populations with high conservation value. In order to protect these NLEB, scientists must understand their forest habitat needs for roosting during the day and rearing young. Most past studies have focused on female NLEB, so information on male roost use is also needed. I captured NLEB at Marine Corps Base Quantico (MCBQ) and Prince William Forest Park (PRWI) in Virginia as well as at Rock Creek Park (ROCR) in Washington, D.C. and tracked NLEB to their day-roosts to characterize their habitat needs at multiple scales ranging from the day-roost itself, the surrounding forest area, and the greater landscape around the bat roosting areas. I found that NLEB prefer to roost in older deciduous hardwood forests. Male NLEB used red maples (Acer rubrum) that were shorter and more decayed than surrounding trees at MCBQ/PRWI. Females used taller oak trees (Quercus) at ROCR. Differences observed in the analysis between the two study areas may be an artifact of MCBQ/PRWI being a younger forest whereas much of ROCR is approaching conditions of a very old forest. Building off the fact that many WNS affected bat species are now substantially more difficult to find out on the landscape, I explored new research methods to help increase detection of bats during acoustic surveys. Scientists often use acoustic recording devices to record ultrasonic (above human hearing) echolocation calls that bats use for navigation and hunting at night. Those calls can be identified as specific types of bats for use in environmental studies using automated computer programs. The problem however, is that bats must fly close to the microphone in order to record a clear sound file that can be identified by the software. I built and tested a device that uses ultraviolet (UV) "blacklights" to attract insects that bats eat and thereby attract bats to an array of recording devices. The lure device worked, but for individual species of bats rather than all bats. Of particular interest is that NLEB were repelled within the area illuminated by the UV light lure, but increased outside the illuminated area. Overall, a UV light lure shows promise for increasing detection of bats, but caution is recommended because some bats seemed to avoid the light. I also investigated how clutter around these recording devices, such as trees and branches, affects the quality of recorded sound files under controlled conditions. I found that the angle of the recording device microphone to the sound source (a bat) mattered the most. Many smaller objects between a bat and the microphone, such as many small trees in a young forest, resulted in the worse recordings. Fewer large objects, such as large, old trees, resulted in echoes of the bat calls being recorded and actually helped the software identify the calls to a specific type of bat. However, this also warrants caution, as those echoes could introduce bias into counts of nightly bat activity.

This research investigates the implementation and performance of packet video transfer over local area networks. A network architecture is defined for packet video such that most of the processing is performed by the higher layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, while the lower layers provide real-time services. Implementation methods are discussed for coding schemes, including data compression, the network interface unit, and the underlying local area network (LAN), Ethernet or the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Performance evaluation is presented using simulation results and analyses for different video sources, implementation models, and LAN s. The simulation experiments are performed for systems where video images are retrieved from databases at one or more servers and delivered over the local area network. / Master of Science