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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Sobrevida e fatores prognósticos em pacientes com adenocarcinoma primário de reto

Mussnich, Heloisa Guedes January 2000 (has links)
O câncer colorretal é a terceira neoplasia mais freqüente no mundo ocidental. No reto encontram-se 30 a 57% dos casos, sendo 80% destes passíveis de alcançar pelo exame digital do reto. Apesar de inúmeros avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos, ainda são detectados tardiamente. A sobrevida em 5 anos mantém-se em torno de 50%, e os aspectos clínicopatológicos são os critérios prognósticos disponíveis. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a sobrevida e os fatores clínico-patológicos relacionados aos tumores de reto em nosso meio. Os prontuários de 112 pacientes com adenocarcinoma primário e único de reto submetidos a cirurgia eletiva, num período de 7 anos (1988 a 1995), foram revisados retrospectivamente quanto a: idade, sexo, CEA pré-operatório, tipo e curabilidade da cirurgia, recidiva, seguimento, sobrevida e histopatologia do tumor. Para análise da sobrevida utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer. Nas análises bivariada e estratificada, um valor de P <0,05 foi considerado significativo. O coeficiente de correlação de Kendall foi utilizado para comparação dos sistemas de estadiamento. No modelo multivariado, utilizou-se um IC de 90%. A média de idade foi de 62,03±14,37 anos, com 52% dos casos do sexo feminino.Sessenta e dois por cento dos tumores encontravam-se no reto distal. Foram submetidos a amputação do reto 56,3% dos casos, e os demais, a retossigmoidectomia, sendo 25 procedimentos não-curativos. Sessenta e quatro pacientes (57%) apresentaram recidiva tumoral (14,3% locorregional, 32,1% à distância, e 10,7% ambas). Quarenta e cinco pacientes (40%) faleceram da neoplasia. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 35,27 meses (14,5 – 57,63). A sobrevida em 5 anos foi de 51%, tendo reduzido proporcionalmente ao avanço dos estágios histopatológicos da doença (P<0,001). O sistema de estadiamento de Dukes/Astler- Coller se correlacionou significativamente com o sistema TNM (τ=0,91). O adenocarcinoma 6 moderadamente diferenciado foi o mais freqüente (73,2%). A maioria dos tumores (68,2%) estendia-se até os tecidos perirretais; apenas 3,8% eram restritos à mucosa. Sessenta e sete pacientes tinham linfonodos positivos (29,4%, N1; e 30,3%, N2). Na classificação de Dukes/Astler-Coller, 14 eram estágio D; 55, C1 e C2; 15, B2; e 28, B1 e A. A localização do tumor no reto médio ou distal não influenciou a ocorrência dos óbitos, as recidivas, nem a curabilidade da cirurgia. Os tumores menos diferenciados (P=0,009), com maior penetração na parede (P=0,013), com envolvimento linfonodal (N2>N1, P<0,001), com cirurgia nãocurativa (P=0,002) e os que apresentaram recidiva (P<0,001) influenciaram significativamente a mortalidade. A classificação de Dukes/Astler-Coller e a diferenciação tumoral (P=0,089) foram fatores prognósticos independentes, bem como a penetração do tumor na parede retal (P=0,091) e o comprometimento linfonodal (P<0,001), quando excluída a classificação histopatológica. Os achados deste estudo estão de acordo com a literatura. Além da diferenciação tumoral, os fatores prognósticos identificados correspondem aos níveis de classificação dos sistemas de estadiamento vigentes, concordando com a observação de que estes ainda são os critérios prognósticos disponíveis. Este relato corrobora a predominância dos tumores em estágios avançados ao diagnóstico e a ausência de valor prognóstico da localização do tumor no reto. / Colorectal cancer is the third most common neoplasia in the Western world. About 30 to 57% of cases occur in the rectum, and, among these, 80% can be reached by digital rectal examination. However, most of them are diagnosed in advanced stages. Five-year survival rate is maintained at about 50% and clinicopathological features are still the prognostic criteria available. To evaluate survival and clinicopathological factors, the records of 112 patients submitted to elective resection of adenocarcinoma of the rectum from 1988 to 1995 were reviewed. Data were analysed as for: age, gender, preoperative serum level of CEA, type and curability of surgery, recurrence, follow-up, survival and tumor histopathology. Kaplan- Meyer method was used to analyse survival. Statistical significance on bivariate and stratified analysis was considered for a P value less than 0,05. Kendall correlation coefficient was used to compare histopathologic classifications. In the multivariate model, a 90% confidence interval was considered significant. Mean (SD) age was 62 (14) years and 52% of patients were female. Sixty-two percent of rectal tumors were distally located. Abdominoperineal resection was performed in 56% of cases and the remaining patients underwent low anterior resection. Twenty-five (22%) of these were non-curative procedures.Overall, recurrence was observed in 64 (57%) patients: local in 14%, distant in 32% and both in 10%. Forty-five patients (40%) died from disease. Median (range) follow-up was 35 (14 - 57) months. Fiveyear survival rate was 51% and reduced significantly by tumor progression (histopathologic stages; P<0,001). Both stage systems were well correlated (τ=0,91). Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most frequent tumor grade (73%). Most tumors (68%) extended to perirectal tissues, only 4% were confined to the mucosa. Positive lymph nodes were observed in 67 patients (30% each, N1 and N2). Fourteen patients were Dukes/Astler-Coller D stage; 55 were C1 or C2; 15 were B2; and 28 were B1 or A. Tumor location had no influence on deaths, recurrences or curability. On bivariate analysis, tumor grade (P=0,009), depth (P=0,013) or recurrence (P<0,001), lymph node involvement (N2>N1, P<0,001), noncurative procedure (P=0,002) related with poorer outcome. On multivariate analyses, Dukes/Astler-Coller stages and tumor grade (P=0,089) were found to be independent prognostic factors, as well as depth of invasion and lymph node involvement, when excluding Dukes staging (P=0,091 and <0,001, respectively). These findings are similar to those reported in the literature. Besides tumor grade, prognostic factors identified meet classification levels on current staging systems. Accordingly, these criteria are still the prognostic factors available. The present report corroborates the predominance of advanced stage tumours at diagnosis and the lack of prognostic value of tumor location in the rectum.
122

Influência do sombreamento artificial no desempenho de vacas da raça Pitangueiras sob pastejo

SILVA, Érica Carla Lopes da 26 February 2008 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-10T14:53:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Carla Lopes da Silva.pdf: 203269 bytes, checksum: ab5a02b245da76e627d8cedac1a4bc09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T14:53:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Carla Lopes da Silva.pdf: 203269 bytes, checksum: ab5a02b245da76e627d8cedac1a4bc09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26 / The research was carried out at “Pedra Preta” farm, Itambé-PE, and aimed to analyze milk production, milk composition, fatty acid profile,physiological parameters, and behavior of Pitangueiras cows under grazing conditions and submitted to the presence or absence of shade in the paddock. The environment was monitored daily using a meteorological station at the research site. A complete randomized experimental design was used and 20 lactating cows were allocated inpaddocks with shade or without shade. Milk daily productivity did not differ for cow s submitted to the presence (9.02 kg/cow) or absence of shade (9.03 kg/cow). There was no difference also in the fatty acid profile and milk composition. Cows with shade available stayed under the shade during periods where thermal comfort index was greater. Physiological responses did not show significant differences, however, differences were observed between morning and afternoon periods, with greater values observed for the afternoon period. The use of artificial shade favoured animals’ weight gain. / O trabalho foi realizado na fazenda Pedra Preta, Itambé-PE, e foram avaliados: produção e composição do leite, perfil dos ácidos graxos, parâmetros fisiológicos e atividades comportamentais de vacas da raça Pitangueiras, submetidas à condição de pastejo com e sem acesso à sombra. O ambiente foi monitorado diariamente por intermédio de uma estação meteorológica no local do estudo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, onde 20 vacas em lactação foram divididas em piquetes nos tratamentos com e sem acesso a sombra. Os valores da produção de leite não apresentaram diferenças significativas, para os tratamentos com e sem acesso a sombra (9,02 e 9,03 kg, respectivamente). Não houve diferença significativa no perfil dos ácidos graxos e composição do leite. Os animais com acesso a sombra buscaram o sombrite nos horários onde os índices de conforto térmico foram mais elevados. As variáveis fisiológicas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, houve variação com relação aos turnos, à tarde os valores obtidos foram mais elevados em comparação ao turno da manhã. O uso do sombrite foi favorável em relação ao ganho de peso dos animais.
123

Comportamento e termorregulação de vacas Holandesas lactantes frente a recursos de ventilação e nebulização em estabulação livre / Holstein milking cows behaviour and thermoregulation under fun and mist housing resources in free-stall

Reíssa Alves Vilela 11 December 2008 (has links)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de recursos de climatização, ventilação e nebulização sobre a fisiologia e o comportamento de vacas Holandesas alojadas em free-stall, durante o verão do sudeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas Holandesas lactantes em duas fases experimentais. No experimento I, foram avaliados os efeitos do tratamento ventilação e nebulização e, no experimento II, analisou-se a influência da ventilação isolada. Os parâmetros ambientais registrados foram temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, temperatura de globo negro e pluviosidade, e posteriormente, foi calculado o índice do globo negro e umidade. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram temperatura retal, temperatura caudal e freqüência respiratória. Os parâmetros comportamentais observados foram atividade, postura, posição e localização dos animais dentro da instalação. Para obtenção das estatísticas descritivas para as variáveis fisiológicas e comportamentais foi utilizada metodologia de quadrados mínimos. As variáveis fisiológicas para ambas fases experimentais não apresentaram diferenças e indicaram conforto térmico. As respostas comportamentais indicaram que o estudo do comportamento é uma ferramenta importante na avaliação do bem-estar dos animais. O sistema de climatização, com ventilação e nebulização, associadas ou não, podem proporcionar um ambiente de maior conforto, determinando alterações comportamentais. / This studys main goal was to evaluate the influence of resources of climatization, fun and mist, on the physiology and the behaviour of Holstein cows housed in free-stall, during Brazilian southeast summer. Was used twenty Holstein milking cows in two experiments. In Trial one the effects of fun and mist were evaluated and in Trial II the influence of fun was analyzed. The environmental parameters registered were air temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and rain precipitation, and subsequently was computed the black globe temperature and humidity index. The physiological parameters evaluated were rectal temperature, tail basis temperature and respiratory rate. The behavioral parameters observed were activity, posture and animal position inside of stall. The obtainment of descriptive statistical for the physiological and behavioral variables was used the minimum square method. There were no differences in the physiological variables for both phases indicating thermal comfort. The behavioral responses indicated that the behaviour study is an important tool to evaluate the animal welfare. The climatization system with fun, with or without mist, can to promote an environment with more comfort, determining behavioral changes.
124

Avaliação da implantação do Fluxo Gerenciado FGC20, modelo de gerenciamento do protocolo clínico institucional para o tratamento neoadjuvante de adenocarcinoma de reto / Integrated care pathway for rectal cancer: implementation evaluation

Silvia Takanohashi Kobayashi 21 October 2016 (has links)
Introdução. O Fluxo Gerenciado FGC20 é um protocolo institucional que define as etapas do tratamento neoadjuvante para adenocarcinoma de reto, com quimioterapia e radioterapia concomitantes e posterior cirurgia. Sua implantação no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), a partir de março de 2011, envolveu as áreas assistenciais médicas, multiprofissionais e administrativas, com o estabelecimento da sequência das etapas e intervalos desejáveis. Objetivos. Avaliar a implantação do modelo de gerenciamento do protocolo clínico institucional para o tratamento neoadjuvante do adenocarcinoma de reto, nomeado Fluxo Gerenciado FGC20, adotado no ICESP. Pacientes e métodos. Foi construído um modelo lógico operacional para descrever o processo de implantação do fluxo gerenciado FGC20. Indicadores de monitoramento foram definidos a partir do modelo lógico e comparados com o período prévio à implantação. Dois grupos foram comparados: grupo controle, de pacientes cuja entrada ocorreu entre 06/05/2008 a 11/05/2011(prévio à implantação, nomeado grupo PreFluxo); e grupo experimental, de pacientes com início de atendimento entre 12/05/2011 a 31/12/2013 (posterior à implantação, nomeado grupo FGC20). Foram incluídos pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de câncer de reto, tratados com quimioterapia e radioterapia concomitantes e posterior realização de cirurgia, e excluídos pacientes metastáticos ao diagnóstico inicial, pacientes com tratamento prévio ao início do tratamento no serviço e pacientes que não realizaram o tratamento neoadjuvante. Foram observados os intervalos de tempo entre as etapas do tratamento e recursos utilizados, dentre consultas, exames, internações, quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia. O estudo de descrição de custos foi apresentado em Reais de 2015 na perspectiva do serviço. Resultados. De um total de 624 pacientes, foram analisados 330 pacientes: 112 do grupo PréFluxo e 218 do grupo FGC20. Em relação aos indicadores de monitoramento da implantação, 66% dos pacientes do grupo FGC20 realizaram a 1ª consulta no intervalo < 15 dias, 75% dos pacientes ficaram dentro da meta esperada de 14 semanas para o intervalo entre o final da neoadjuvância e a cirurgia (mediana de 13,2 semanas grupo FGC20 e 20 semanas grupo PréFluxo) e 73% dos pacientes completaram todas as etapas do fluxo gerenciado no intervalo <189 dias (mediana de 176,4 dias grupo FGC20 e 261,5 dias grupo PréFluxo). No grupo PréFluxo, houve maior número de consultas com oncologistas clínicos, tomografias computadorizadas, ressonâncias magnéticas e sessões de radioterapia (p < 0,001), bem como maior média de eventos de passagens no Setor de Emergência e na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, em relação ao grupo FGC20 (p<0,001) e a média de custo por paciente tratado no grupo PréFluxo foi de R$ 40.935,68 e mediana de R$ 37.948,05. No grupo Fluxo Gerenciado, a média de custo por paciente tratado foi de R$ 40.368,18 e a mediana de R$ 35.341,32 respectivamente. A média de sobrevida global foi de 5,99 (5,59-6,40) e de 7,01 (6,47-7,54) anos, para os grupos PreFluxo e FGC20, respectivamente (p=0,83). Conclusões. A implantação do fluxo gerenciado promoveu reduções em todos os intervalos de tempo entre as etapas do tratamento. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes na sobrevida global e no custo por paciente tratado entre os grupos. Custos de diárias e consultas foram os segmentos mais representativos no custo total do tratamento do paciente com câncer de reto / Background. The FGC20 is an integrated care pathway started in May 2011 at Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP) for neoadjuvant treatment of adenocarcinoma of rectum. The implementation involved a multidisciplinary team to standardize patient care and to define steps, interventions and goals. Objectives. To evaluate the implementation of a clinical care pathway of rectal cancer in a Brazilian tertiary academic oncology hospital. Patients and Methods: An operational logical model of the integrated care pathway was developed to describe the pathway implementation. Two cohorts of diagnosed rectal cancer patients were compared: a control cohort from May 06th, 2008 through May 11th, 2011 (before the implementation, named group Pre FGC20), and a cohort from May 12th, 2011 through December 31th, 2013 (after implementation, named group FGC20). We included consecutive patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by surgery. Patients with prior treatment or who have not performed the nCRT treatment or with metastatic disease at diagnosis were excluded. Time intervals between treatment steps and resources used, including consultations, exams, hospitalizations, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery were assessed. Cost description study from the hospital perspective is presented in 2015 Reais. Results. From a total of 624 patients, 330 were included: 112 PreFGC20 and 218 FGC20. Implementation indicators of the group FGC20 were identified based on the logic model: 66% had the first consultation < 15 days, 75% < 14 weeks interval between the neoadjuvant treatment and surgery (Group PreFGC20: 20 weeks, median; group FGC20: 13.2 weeks, median) and 73% < 189 days to complete all treatment steps (Group PreFGC20: 261.5 days, median; group FGC20: 176.4 days, median). We found higher utilization of consultations with clinical oncologists, CT, MRIs and radiotherapy sessions in the Group PreFGC20 compared with the FGC20 Group (p < 0.001), and also more utilization of emergency room and intensive care unit in Group PreFGC20 (p < 0.001). Median cost per treated patient in Group PreFGC20 was R$ 37.948,05 and mean cost was R$ 40.935,68. Median cost per treated patient in Group FGC20 was R$ 35.341,32 and mean cost was R$ 40.368,18. The mean overall survival in the Pre-MFC20 group and MFC20 group were 5.99 (5.59-6.40) and 7.01 (6.47-7.54) years, respectively (p=0.83) Conclusions. The implementation of the ICP promoted reductions in all time intervals between treatment steps. There were no statistically significant difference in overall survival and cost per patient treated between the groups. Daily costs and consultations were the most representative segments in total cost of the rectal cancer patient treatment
125

Avaliação da influência do sombreamento artificial no desenvolvimento de novilhas leiteiras em pastagens / Evaluation of the influence of artificial shade on dairy heifer development in pasture

Maristela Neves da Conceição 03 November 2008 (has links)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e quantificar o efeito do sombreamento artificial proporcionado por diferentes tipos de materiais de cobertura sobre a fisiologia, o comportamento e o desenvolvimento de novilhas leiteiras, em ambiente de pastagens. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de 08/01/2007 à 30/04/2007. A área experimental foi dividida em 16 parcelas adjacentes e iguais com 84 m² cada. Foram comparados a testemunha (sem sombra) com três tipos de cobertura: telhas de fibrocimento sem cimento amianto, telhas galvanizadas e tela de polipropileno 80% As dimensões dos abrigos foram 2m x 4m e 4m de altura (4m² de sombra.animal-1), sem paredes laterais. Foram utilizadas 16 novilhas Holandesas e 16 Hol x Jersey com idade e peso iniciais de 17,2 ± 5,6 meses e 265,3 ± 66,9kg, respectivamente, pareadas em função da uniformidade de peso e idade. As novilhas permaneciam em piquetes de capim elefante (Penissetum purpureum) durante a noite e após as 9:00h eram conduzidas para as parcelas. A tgn foi registrada por minidatalogger conectado a globo negro para cálculo de CTR e ITGU em cada parcela. As variáveis meteorológicas foram obtidas no posto agrometeorológico da ESALQ/USP. Semanalmente foram registradas FR, TR e TP. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas em dias não consecutivos por 24 horas pelo método focal. As pesagens dos animais foram realizadas mensalmente. As condições ambientais durante o período da pesquisa foram caracterizadas como estressantes para novilhas. A análise física dos materiais (tgn, CTR e ITGU) indicou diferença entre os materiais de cobertura (P<0,05) sendo a telhas de fibrocimento sem amianto a mais confortável termicamente, seguida da telha galvanizada e da tela. Os valores de FR foram menores sob as telhas de fibrocimento (P<0,05) e semelhantes entre telha galvanizada e tela (P>0,05), os valores de TR não apresentaram diferença entre tratamentos somente entre horários e para a TP houve diferença (P<0,05) entre o tratamento fibrocimento e a testemunha, porém não houve entre os demais (P>0,05). A FR apresentou as respostas mais imediatas às alterações ambientais. Houve correlação da TR com a FR e a TP. Não foram observadas alterações comportamentais entre os tratamentos, os animais ficaram sob as sombras nas horas mais quentes do dia, preferencialmente em pé, o comportamento diário seguiu os padrões conhecidos para bovinos. O ganho de peso não foi alterado pelos tratamentos. A análise de custo indicou a cobertura de fibrocimento como a mais indicada para a construção de abrigos considerando-se os resultados encontrados. A pesquisa indicou haver melhora no bem estar térmico das novilhas, porém, não conseguiu determinar ganhos efetivos na utilização da sombra. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate and quantify the effect of artificial shade given by different types of roofing materials on the physiology, behavior and development of dairy heifers in a pasture environment. The present study took place from January 8, 2007 to April 30, 2007. The experimental area was divided into 16 equal, adjacent plots with 84 m2. Three roofing treatments (fiber-cement roofing tiles without amianthus, galvanized roofing tiles and 80% polypropylene screen) were compared to a control (no shade). Shelter structures had no lateral walls and measured 2m x 4m x 4m height (4m² shaded per animal). Animals consisted of 16 Holstein heifers and 16 Holstein x Jersey heifers with initial age and weight being 17.2 ± 5.6 months and 265.3 ± 66.9 kg, respectively. Animals were equally distributed among the treatments according to weight and age. At night, heifers were kept in fields with Pennisetum purpureum, also known as elephant grass. After 9:00 am, animals were taken to the experimental plots. Black globe thermometer temperature (tbg) was measured using a mini-datalogger connected to a black globe. Values were then used to calculate Radiant Thermic Load (RTL) and Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) of each plot. Meteorological variables were obtained from the agricultural-meteorological post at the ESALQ/USP. Respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered weekly. Behavioral observations were recorded every other day using the focal method. Animals were weighed monthly. Environmental conditions during the research period were characterized as stressful for the heifers. Physical analysis of the material (tbg, RTL and BGHI) indicated the roofing treatments to be significantly different (P<0.05), with the fiber-cement roofing tiles without amianthus to be the most comfortable regarding temperature, followed by the galvanized roofing tiles and the 80% polypropylene screens. Respiration rate was lower under the fiber-cement roofing tiles (P<0.05) and similar under the galvanized tiles and polypropylene screen (P>0.05). RR values were lower under the fiber-cement tiles (P<0.05) and similar under the galvanized roofing tiles and polypropylene screen (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in RT values among treatments; however, a difference was found among data collection times. Concerning ST, fiber-cement tiles were significantly different from the control (P<0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences regarding ST among the other treatments (P>0.05). RR presented the most immediate response to environmental alterations. RT presented correlation with RR and ST. No behavioral alterations were observed among the treatments. Daily behavior followed known bovine patterns. Weight gain was not altered by the treatments. A cost analysis indicated fibercement roofing tiles to be better for shelter construction. The present study also indicated improved heifer thermal well-being; however, no effective gains could be determined from shade use.
126

Linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral guiada por radiotraçador e azul patente no estadiamento do adenocarcinoma do reto / Retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy mapped by lymphoscintigraphy and blue dye for rectal adenocarcinoma staging

Claudio de Almeida Quadros 18 September 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A excisão total do mesorreto é o procedimento cirúrgico padrão para o tratamento do adenocarcinoma do reto. Resultados satisfatórios, em termos de prognóstico, alcançados com a associação da linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral questionam se somente a excisão total do mesorreto seria suficiente para um estadiamento adequado, podendo afetar decisões relacionadas ao tratamento adjuvante. Este estudo avaliou o impacto das metástases em linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais na mudança do estadiamento de pacientes com adenocarcinoma do reto e a acurácia da identificação de metástases em linfonodos das cadeias retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicas laterais com o uso de tecnécio-99m-fitato e/ou azul patente. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo de janeiro de 2004 a agosto de 2008, composto por 97 pacientes com adenocarcinoma do reto extraperitoneal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico curativo com excisão total do mesorreto e linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral, com pesquisa de linfonodos das cadeias retroperitoneais e pélvicas laterais identificados com tecnécio-99m-fitato e/ou corados em azul patente. Os linfonodos radioativos e/ou azuis, quando negativos ao exame histopatológico com hematoxilina-eosina, foram submetidos à multisecções histológicas com uso de técnicas imunohistoquímicas com anticorpos anticitoqueratinas (AE1/AE3). RESULTADOS: A média de linfonodos nas peças de excisão total do mesorreto foi de 11,5 (1119/97) e nas cadeias retroperitoneais e pélvicas laterais foi de 11,7 (1136/97). A linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral identificou metástases em 17,5% dos pacientes do estudo e promoveu aumento do estádio TNM II para III em 8,2% dos pacientes. As variáveis relacionadas à presença de linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais metastáticos foram o estádio III estabelecido na peça cirúrgica da excisão total do mesorreto (P < 0,04); a classificação pT3/pT4 do tumor primário (P = 0,047); níveis elevados de antígeno carcinoembrionário, com média de 30,6 ng/ml e mediana de 9,9 ng/ml (P = 0,014); e grandes tumores, com tamanho médio de 5,5 ± 3,2 cm (P = 0,03). A migração do tecnécio e/ou azul patente para linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais ocorreu em 37,1% (36/97), modificando o estadiamento em 11,1% dos pacientes estudados. A acurácia do uso do tecnécio e/ou azul patente na detecção de metástases nos linfonodos retroperitoneais e pélvicos laterais foi de 100%, com sensibilidade de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 100% e zero de falso-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se aprimorar o uso de marcadores na identificação de metástases para indicação seletiva da linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral em adenocarcinoma retal. / BACKGROUND: Total mesorectal excision is the standard surgical procedure for rectal adenocarcinoma treatment. Good prognostic results achieved with retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy have questioned that total mesorectal excision might not be satisfactory for adequate patient staging, affecting adjuvant therapeutic definitions. The aims of this study were to define the upstaging impact of metastasis to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and the accuracy of dye and/or probe search in the detection of metastatic retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes. METHODS: A prospective study was carried on from January of 2004 to August of 2008, composed of 97 extraperitoneal rectal adenocarcinoma patients submitted to curative intent surgeries with total mesorectal excision and retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, with retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic nodes mapping using technetium-99m-phytate and/or patent blue. The radioactive and/or blue nodes, when negative to histopathological hematoxylin-eosin staining, were submitted to step-sectioning and immunohistochemical examination with antibody against cytokeratin (AE1/AE3). RESULTS: Mean node count of the mesorectal excision specimen was 11.5 (1119/97) and of the retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was 11.7 (1136/97). Retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy identified metastasis in 17.5% of the studied patients and modified TNM stage II to III in 8.2% of the patients. Factors related to metastatic retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic nodes were stage III defined by examination of the surgical specimen of the total mesorectal excision (P < 0,004); tumor pT3/pT4 classification (P = 0,047); high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, with average of 30.6 ng/ml and median of 9.9 ng/ml (P = 0,014); and large tumors, with mean size of 5.5 cm ± 3,2 cm (P = 0,03). Technetium and/or patent blue migration to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes occurred in 37.1% (36/97), upstaging 11.1% of the studied patients. Technetium and/or patent blue accuracy in the detection of metastasis to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes was of 100%, with sensibility of 100%, negative predictive value of 100% and zero false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: The use of markers should be improved in the identification of metastasis for selective indication of retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.
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Defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer : Aspects of stoma reversal, anastomotic leakage, anorectal function, and cost-effectiveness

Floodeen, Hannah January 2016 (has links)
Rectal cancer is a common malignancy treated with surgical resection and curative intent in the majority of cases. One treatment option is low anterior resection (LAR) with preserved bowel continuity, often involving the formation of a temporary defunctioning stoma (DS). The general aim of this thesis was to improve understanding of the role of DS in rectal cancer surgery with regard to timing of stoma reversal and development of anastomotic leakage (AL), impact on long-term anorectal function (AF), as well as aspects of cost-effectiveness. Study I addressed the timing of stoma reversal following LAR. We found that 19% of reversed patients were reversed within 4 months of LAR, while 81% of reversals were delayed. In 58% of delayed reversals the delay was due to low priority on surgical waiting lists. Studies II-IV were based on 234 patients randomized to receive a DS or no DS following LAR. Study II compared patients with AL following LAR diagnosed during the initial hospital stay (early leakage, EL) with patients diagnosed after hospital discharge (late leakage, LL). LL was more common in females, and originated more frequently from the transverse stapler line. EL was more common in males, and originated more frequently from the circular stapler line. Study III assessed AF 5 years after LAR with regard to whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. We found no difference in AF between the two randomized groups. When comparing with a 1-year follow-up in the same patient cohort, there were no further changes in AF over time. Study III assessed necessary healthcare resources and cost within 5 years of LAR, depending on whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. The overall cost analysis revealed a higher cost for patients randomized to DS, regardless of the cost-savings associated with a reduced frequency of anastomotic leakage.
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Análise crítica de aspectos técnicos do exame de ressonância magnética no estadiamento local do câncer de reto / Critical analysis of technical aspects of magnetic resonance imaging for local staging of rectal cancer

Pereira, Nayra Soares Firmino 24 May 2019 (has links)
Introdução: Estima-se que em 2018, nos Estados Unidos, o câncer colorretal tenha sido a terceira neoplasia mais incidente, sendo considerada a terceira causa de morte por câncer em homens e mulheres. Diante dos avanços terapêuticos, tanto cirúrgicos quanto neoadjuvantes, a avaliação pré-operatória local do câncer de reto por métodos de imagem também se desenvolveu com o intuito de aumentar a acurácia diagnóstica e assim contribuir com a indicação da terapia mais apropriada para cada paciente. A ressonância magnética (RM) de alta resolução tem sido recomendada como modalidade padrão de imagem nestes casos pelo excelente contraste de tecidos moles, capacidade multiplanar e ausência de radiação ionizante. Mas, atualmente não há consenso de boa parte dos aspectos técnicos que devem ser levados em consideração na realização do exame de RM para o estadiamento local pré-operatório do câncer retal. Objetivo: Fazer uma análise crítica dos aspectos técnicos do exame de RM no estadiamento local do câncer de reto. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo, baseado em revisão da literatura para avaliação do protocolo de RM e de seus parâmetros para o estadiamento local pré-operatório do câncer retal e no levantamento retrospectivo de casos do HCFMRPUSP para avaliação do impacto do uso do enema pré-exame de RM, comparando grupo que utilizou com grupo que não utilizou. Resultados: Atualmente há consenso sobre alguns aspectos técnicos do exame de RM que devem ser considerados no estadiamento local do câncer de reto, como as sequências que devem fazer parte do protocolo mínimo (como as ponderadas em T2 ou as de difusão) e a orientação dos cortes nos diversos planos. Mas outros aspectos, como a realização de sequências adicionais, a necessidade de injeção endovenosa de contraste e, especialmente, o preparo do paciente, permanecem controversos. Nosso estudo concluiu que a realização do preparo com enema retal pré-exame elimina a taxa de exames com sequências de difusão não diagnósticas. Conclusão: Atualmente há consenso sobre muitos aspectos técnicos do exame de RM que devem ser considerados no estadiamento local do câncer de reto. Mas outros permanecem controversos, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao preparo do paciente. O preparo com o enema retal pré-exame é útil e deve ser utilizado na rotina clínica, com impacto positivo na melhora da qualidade das sequências de difusão por RM / Introduction: It is estimated that in 2018, in the United States, colorectal cancer may be confirmed as the third most frequent neoplasm and considered the third leading cause of cancer death in both sexes. In view of therapeutic advances, both surgical and neoadjuvant, local preoperative evaluation of rectal cancer by imaging methods has also been developed with the aim of increasing diagnostic accuracy and thus contributing to the indication of the most appropriate therapy for each patient. High resolution MR has been recommended as standard imaging modality in these cases due to its excellent soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capacity and absence of ionizing radiation. However, there is currently no consensus on various technical aspects that should be taken into account when performing MR imaging for local preoperative stage of rectal cancer. Objective: To perform a critical analysis of the technical aspects of MR imaging in local staging of rectal cancer. Methods: Retrospective study based on a review of the literature for evaluation of the MRI protocol and its parameters for preoperative local staging of rectal cancer and retrospective case-finding of the HCFMRPUSP to evaluate the impact of the use of rectal enema prior to the MR scan, comparing a group that used with another group that did not use. Results: There is currently consensus on some technical aspects of MR imaging that should be considered for local staging of rectal cancer, such as sequences that should be part of the minimal protocol (such as T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted) and section plans. But other aspects, such as the accomplishment of additional sequences, the need for intravenous injection of contrast and especially the preparation of the patient, remain controversial. Our results show that performing rectal enema preparation prior to the MR scan eliminates the rate of exams with non-diagnostic diffusion sequences. Conclusion: There is currently consensus on many technical aspects of MR imaging that should be considered for local staging of rectal cancer. But others remain controversial, especially those related to patient preparation. Pre-exam rectal enema preparation is useful and should be used in the clinical routine, with a positive impact on the improved quality of MR diffusion sequences
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Re-analýza pacientů se suspektním FAP onemocněním (familiární adenomatózní polypóza) / Re-analysis of suspected patients with FAP disease (Familial adenomatous polyposis)

Slavíková, Petra January 2021 (has links)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a condition caused by germline mutations in tumor suppressor gene APC, inherited in autosomal dominant manner. Patients with FAP develop hundreds to thousands of adenomatous colorectal polyps with extremely high risk of malignant reversal into adenocarcinoma of colon and/or rectum. The aim of this thesis is to re-analyze a cohort of highly suspected FAP probands from years 1993-2004 whose diagnosis previously failed to be confirmed by at that time commonly used methods of molecular diagnostics. Next generation sequencing on MiSeq and NextSeq platforms (Illumina®) was performed on 78 samples of probands' DNA, isolated from peripheral blood, using gene panel CZECANCA version 1.2 (Czech Cancer Panel for Clinical Application). The panel enables sequencing of exons and exon-intron junctions of 226 genes linked to hereditary cancer predispositions, newly also including the diagnostically important promoter 1B region of APC. Pathogenic variant in the APC gene was detected in 18 % of re-analyzed probands, 11 % of probands carry pathogenic variants in other genes associated with colorectal polyps. Additional 13 % of probands are carriers of a variants of unknown clinical significance. NGS gene panel CZECANCA enabled diagnosis confirmation or re-evaluation of 22 FAP...
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CHARACTERIZATION OF CYCLIC MOTOR PATTERNS AND HAUSTRAL ACTIVITIES IN THE HUMAN COLON BY HIGH-RESOLUTION MANOMETRY / CYCLIC MOTOR PATTERNS AND HAUSTRAL ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN COLON

Pervez, Maham January 2020 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the characterization of rhythmic activity in the colon of healthy subjects and patients diagnosed with refractory constipation; this activity is mediated by pacemaker cells in the gastrointestinal system, the Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The myogenic activity described are the cyclic motor patterns (CMP) and haustral activity; characterization of these motor patterns in healthy subjects provided control values for the subsequent comparison in patients. Frequency analysis of CMP revealed a novel high-frequency activity (7-15cpm) unrelated to the breathing artefact. Three categories of cyclic motor patterns were observed: (1) CMP following mass peristaltic events (HAPW); (2) those that occur in isolation of other colonic motor patterns (HAPW) in the colon; and (3) low-frequency (2-6cpm), prominently retrograde rhythmic activity in the rectum. CMP were scarcely present in majority of the patients; however, elevated retrograde CMP in the distal colon and rectum in some patients plays a role in retarding flow of colonic content. A detailed characterization of haustral activity (comprised of 2 boundaries and the activity within a haustrum) is reported for the first time using high-resolution colonic manometry. Furthermore, we find that over expression of haustral boundary activity in patients serves as a disproportionate hindrance in colonic transit. An in-depth methodology is developed for the identification and subsequent analysis of haustral activity and CMP; this provides transparency in the data acquisition and analysis. Lastly, a sphincter at the rectosigmoid junction, sphincter of O’Beirne is presented in a patient case report. The persistent presence and paradoxical contractions of this sphincter served to impede flow colonic content, an important factor contributing to the pathophysiology of severe refractory constipation. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Colonic manometry tests and measures strength and coordination of colonic muscles contractions. This tool was used to understand the rhythmic colonic motor patterns and their contribution to motility in healthy subjects and patients with constipation. Rhythmic activity in the gut is mediated by pacemaker cells, Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We present a detailed characterization of ICC-mediated rhythmic activity that (1) occurs in the small pouches making up the colon (haustra) and (2) is greater than 5cm along the length of the colon (cyclic motor patterns-CMP).CMP possess high-frequency activity (7-15cpm), in addition to activity observed in the low-frequency range (2-6cpm). Activity in the haustra, or haustral activity, is comprised of 2 boundaries with activity within these bounds (intra-haustral activity); the overexpression in patients serves to retard flow of colonic content. Sphincter of O’Beirne is the last haustral boundary at the rectosigmoid junction; its persistent presence was characterized in a patient with refractory constipation.

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