The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is the developer of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™) green building scoring system. On first inspection of LEED points, few address water efficiency. However, water management encompasses other points beyond the Water Efficiency (WE) category. In general, the industry is apt to take a somewhat compartmentalized approach to water management. The use of alternative water sources or the reuse of wastewater significantly complicates the water budget picture. A total water management systems approach, taking into consideration water from various sources, both inside and outside the building, should be implemented in order to devise a strategy for optimal reduction of potable water consumption and wastewater generation. Using the STELLA software to create an integrated building water management (IBWM) model provides stakeholders with a tool to evaluate potential water savings under dynamic conditions for a specific project site. Data collection for IBWM model calibration also shows that water consumption trends are unique to each project, and using LEED assumptions about water usage can overestimate or underestimate potential water savings.

As populations grow and urban centres expand, meeting water demand and wastewater management requirements will become increasingly difficult. Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals is to: 'Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all'. Part of the approach to achieving this will be reusing wastewater and will require a greater understanding of the institutional arrangements that support or obstruct reuse. This research was designed to achieve this and aimed to develop a set of factors that investors could use to assess the institutional feasibility of reuse in a given setting. The methodology combined a case study approach, focusing on wastewater systems in Bangalore, India and Hanoi, Vietnam, with triangle analysis to assess: the content of policies and laws; the structures (formal and informal) to implement laws and reuse projects; and the culture around acceptance and engagement in reuse. The reuse practices observed in Bangalore were treatment and use within apartments, centralized treatment and sale to industries, use in agriculture after natural attenuation, groundwater recharge and lake regeneration. In Hanoi the only reuse was indirect use from rivers feeding fish ponds and fields, although formal treatment and use is planned. Critically, both cities have environmental and water resources policies and laws that advocate reuse, as well as related local legislation. However, support for reuse is not reciprocated in industrial, agricultural or fisheries law, the result being that reuse does not always take place as planned. Legislation is required along the whole sanitation chain to the point of wastewater use. Structures to implement reuse are also vital. In Bangalore the water board has initiated reuse projects and established the New Initiatives Division but resources are a limiting factor. Effective institutions include expertise, manpower and financing mechanisms, which are lacking in both cities. The environment agency is also engaged in reuse though legislation on recycling in residential and commercial complexes but guidance for users is inadequate, expectations are perceived to be excessive and monitoring is almost impossible. The driver for reuse is increasingly the benefits observed by users. In the case of apartments this is a reliable water source and reduced costs of water supply. As a result, a private sector in wastewater treatment is becoming established. The active civil society and strong, independent media are instrumental in providing information to potential users and holding authorities to account in Bangalore. Their absence in Hanoi is notable. In summary, institutional elements to be considered are: supportive legislation across all sectors; details of acceptable reuse, deterrents and inducements; budget allocation; structures to enable reuse; strong civil society, NGOs, courts, media and universities providing evidence of suitability and safety; donors and finance mechanisms; and stakeholders willing to use the products. Encumbrances are inconsistent or uncoordinated legislation, lack of cooperation and insufficient benefit sharing or perceptions of benefits along the reuse chain.

N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide has shown a positive effect for the pretreatmentof lignocelluloses. Pretreatment by NMMO was developed to enhance thedigestibility of lignocellulosic biomass.Barely straw and forest residue were pretreated by N-methylmorpholine-Noxide(NMMO) prior to anaerobic digestion. The effectiveness of NMMOtreatmenton straw and forest residue was examined as well as the recycling andreuse of NMMO for the next pretreatment process. During the first experimentalseries pretreatments were performed at 90 °C for 3h and 30h, followed bydigestion of the pretreated material for 41 days. Low methane yield was found inthese experiments due to high organic loading rate. In the second series therecycling and reuse of NMMO was investigated on straw. The pretreatmentswere carried out at 90 °C for 30 hr and the recycling and reuse were performedin three times. After treatments with fresh, as well as 1, 2, 3 times recycledNMMO methane yield of 0.45, 0.42, 0.38 and 0.4 Nm3/kg VS were obtained. / Program: Masterutbildning i energi- och materialåtervinning - industriell bioteknik

The aim of this research was to find a suitable alternative medium of scarce freshwater for textile dyeing, and to recycle and reuse the dyebath using a combined coagulation/flocculation and novel filter media. Simulated seawater (SSW) was tested as the alternative dyeing medium with a salt concentration of 3.5% where NaCl was the major component. Fibre/dye systems of wool/acid and metal complex, wool/reactive, polyester/disperse, nylon/acid and metal complex, and acrylic/cationicdyes were tested in simulated seawater and the performances of dyed fabric were compared to conventional dyeing system of distilled water (DSW). The study found that commercial dyeing processes were robust and can be practically transferable into the seawater medium. The dye exhaustions, build-up, colour characteristics, and fastness to wash, cross-staining, rub and light were satisfactory within the dye ranges studied, which covers commercially available monochromatic Red, Yellow and Blue at light, medium and deep shades. Although SEM micrographs didn't show any presence of salt, a typical wash-off process of 1gL-1 with a non-ionic detergent at 70°C was sufficient to remove any salt that could be present on the surface or sub-surface of the dyed fabric. At room temperature, some acid and metal complex dyes were only partially soluble in SSW but this improved with gentle heating and addition of levelling agents. At dyeing temperatures near the boil, these dyes were completely soluble. A saturation limit was found to be existed for acrylic dyeing of cationic dyes over 1.0% o.m.f. depth. Although ionic interaction was the dominant mechanism for dyeing of wool, nylon and acrylic fibre with acid, metal complex and cationic dyes, the adsorption in highly saline dyebath most likely depended on the combined effects of ionic and physical/hydrophobic interaction. The resultant effect was higher dye exhaustion and consequently higher colour difference in SSW for some dyes. Reactive dyes were known to be sensitive to hardness of water but this study confirmed that reactive dye could be an alternative for deep dyeing for wool fibre in SSW. Reactive dyeing of wool followed a similar mechanism of gradual phase transfer as was observed for disperse dyeing of hydrophobic fibres over 3.0% o.m.f. depth. In contrast disperse dyeing of polyester produced consistent results for all dyes but some black dyeings produced superior colour strength in SSW. The build-up of colour in SSW compared to DSW can be different depending on the application level. To improve permeate flux by reducing membrane fouling, a number of surface modification were carried out to introduce fluorine based functional groups. Gaseous fluorination, fluorocarbon finish (FC) and plasma polymerisation were performed to introduce hydrophilic and oleophobic properties on supplied Azurtex membrane. The fluorinated Azurtex media exhibited increased wettability although it was not directly proportional to an increase in the fluorination level and treatment time. The water and oil repellency of FC and plasma treated filter media provided a reasonable level of repellency while the contact angle remained in the range of 130 to 145°. Pre-fluorination of filter media before FC treatment didn't change the water and oil repellency. Surface characterisation of Azurtex media was performed with ATR-FTIR, XPS and SEM. An increased level of fluorination at 10%F2 and prolonged exposure showed a degradation of the surface along with colour change. The fluorinated, FC treated and plasma polymerised membrane showed a typical C-F stretching vibration in the region of 1100-1350 cm-1 and weakly at 400-800cm-1. The XPS study showed a gradual increase in the -CF2 and -CF3 functionality signal intensities that resulted in imparting hydrophobicity The benchmarking of these modified Azurtex filter media against newly developed materials proved that plasma treatment improved the flow, reduced turbidity and provided an easy cake removal compared to fluorinated and FC finished filter media. Recycling of exhausted dyebath using a dual component coagulant/flocculant system of Pluspac 2000 and polyanionic Hydrosolanum protein derivative (HPSS) and microfiltration with Azurtex filter media was investigated. The process parameters such as pH and dosage of coagulants/flocculants were very critical during coagulation/flocculation for overall colour removal. The trial with model dye solution in SSW showed that the system worked in the saline environment with a relatively high concentration ratio of coagulant/flocculants but highly depends on the class and structure of dyes. Maximum colour removal was achieved for Lanaset Blue 2R and Sandolan Red MF-GRLN dye and was 89% and 61%, respectively, based on a ratio of 15:10 and 15:15 for PP2000: HPSS at pH 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The reuse of the dyebath with combined physico-chemical and micro-filtration treatment was demonstrated to be feasible with wool/acid dye system. The colour profile of Lanaset Blue 2R and Sandolan Red MF-GRLN dyed fabrics up to 12th dyeing, with dyebath filtration undertaken after the 3rd /4th/5th reuse of the dyebath, remained comparable to dyeing in fresh baths. The colour strength, K/S, decreased after every filtration and the colour differences, DeltaE increased, but reversed in subsequent dyeing in reused dyebath. The wash and dry rub fastness of the dyed fabrics remained comparable and significant improvements in the abrasion resistance were observed.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse visent à développer une machine à griffes à base d'aimants permanents pour les applications automobiles avec un concept de réutilisation et de recyclage des aimants permanents. Ces recherches sont menées dans le cadre du projet DEMETER, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre des Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions dans Horizon 2020 de l'Union européenne. Le projet se concentre sur la récupération des aimants permanents à base de terres rares utilisés dans les applications automobiles en raison des problèmes actuels de fluctuation des prix et des problèmes d’offre et de demande de ces aimants permanents.La machine à griffes est utilisée dans presque toutes les automobiles du monde pour les applications d'alternateur. Avec l'augmentation de la demande en puissance, la machine à griffes est également développée en tant que moteur-générateur utilisé dans les véhicules électriques hybrides. Actuellement, la machine à griffes à base d'aimants permanents est utilisée dans des systèmes d’hybridation légère afin de réaliser des économies d'énergie. La littérature regorge de différentes configurations de machines à griffes pouvant être développées pour obtenir de meilleures performances. Cependant, le montage et le démontage facile des différentes parties de la machine sont également importants pour la réutilisation et le recyclage des aimants. Dans ce travail de recherche, deux concepts ont été développés; premièrement, le concept de réutilisation directe, c’est-à-dire le montage / démontage facile du rotor et des aimants, de manière à pouvoir retirer facilement les aimants pour les réutiliser ou les recycler directement; deuxièmement, le concept de recyclage direct, c'est-à-dire l'utilisation d'aimants recyclés dans la machine pour obtenir les performances souhaitées.Au cours de cette recherche, la conception de base de la machine à griffes a été développée, analysée et optimisée de manière à obtenir le meilleur rapport couple / poids aimant. Cela a permis de réduire le coût des aimants pour presque le même couple. L'optimisation a été effectuée en utilisant une analyse numérique en éléments finis 3D. Le modèle optimisé a été développé de manière à ce que le processus d’assemblage des aimants et des griffes reste le même. Cependant, lors du démontage, les aimants peuvent facilement être retirés sans démonter le rotor complet; et ainsi se servir de ces aimants pour les réutiliser directement dans d'autres applications ou les envoyer au recyclage. Dans le concept de recyclage direct, les aimants utilisés dans la machine sont des aimants recyclés aux performances dégradées. Le type de processus de recyclage est un facteur déterminant de la détérioration des performances de ces aimants recyclés. L'objectif du concept de recyclage direct était d'analyser la machine avec des aimants vierges et recyclés et d'évaluer la consommation d'énergie de la machine selon différents cycles de conduite. On a observé qu'avec l'utilisation d'aimants recyclés dans la machine à griffes, la consommation d'énergie était presque identique à celle de la machine à aimants vierges. On peut donc en conclure que pour les machines à griffes à aimants permanents, l’utilisation d’aimants recyclés est plus durable pour l’environnement car elle peut entraîner une diminution à l’extraction des matériaux de terres rares. Les fluctuations des prix et les problèmes d’offre peuvent également être réduits grâce à l’utilisation accrue des aimants recyclés, même si des politiques et des normes sont appliquées.Le prototype de la machine à aimants vierges a été fabriqué et testé pour ses performances. Il a été observé que les résultats expérimentaux correspondent très bien aux résultats des analyses de conception, validant ainsi le processus de conception et la méthodologie. / The research work presented in this thesis aims at developing a permanent magnet based claw-pole machine for automotive application with permanent magnet reuse and recycle concept. The aforesaid research is under the aegis of Project DEMETER which is in the framework of European Union’s Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie actions. The project focuses on the recovery of rare earth permanent magnets utilized in automotive applications due to the prevailing problems of price fluctuations and supply-demand issues of these permanent magnets.The claw-pole machine is employed in almost all of the automobiles in the world for alternator application. With the increase in power demands, the claw-pole machine is also being developed as a motor-generator utilized in the hybrid electric vehicles. At present the permanent magnet based claw-pole machine is being used in mild hybrid electric vehicles for energy savings. The literature is replete with various configurations of claw-pole machines that can be developed to achieve better performances. However, easy assembly and disassembly of various parts of the machine is also important for the reuse and recycle of magnets. In this research work two concepts have been developed; first, the direct reuse concept i.e. easy assembly/disassembly of the rotor and magnets, so as to easily take out the magnets for direct reuse or recycle and; second, the direct recycle concept i.e. utilization of recycled magnets in the machine to achieve the desired performance.In the course of this research the base design of the claw-pole machine was developed, analyzed and optimized so as to attain best torque versus magnet-weight ratio. This helped in the reduction of magnet cost for almost the same torque. The optimization was carried out using 3-D numerical analysis. The optimized model was developed in a way that the assembly process of the magnets and claw-poles remained the same. However, during disassembly the magnets can easily be withdrawn without disassembling the complete rotor; therefore utilizing these magnets for direct reuse in other applications or sent for recycling. In the direct recycle concept, the magnets used in the machine are recycled magnets with deteriorated performance. The type of recycling process is a strong determinant of the deterioration in performance of these recycled magnets. The aim of the direct recycle concept was to analyze the machine with virgin and recycled magnets, and evaluate the energy consumption of the machine under different drive cycles. It was observed that with utilization of recycled magnets in the claw-pole machine, the energy consumption was almost same as that of the machine with virgin magnets. Thus it can be concluded that for the permanent magnet based claw-pole machine, the utilization of recycled magnets is more sustainable for the environment as it can lead to consequential limits on the mining of rare earth materials. The price fluctuations and supply-demand problems can also be reduced with the increase in utilization of recycled magnets, albeit policy and norms are effectuated.The prototype of the machine with virgin magnets have been developed and tested for performance. It has been observed that the experimental results match fairly well with the design analysis results, hence validating the design process and methodology.

A destinação final, pós-consumo, das embalagens plásticas de óleo lubrificante é um problema ambiental grave, devido às características de resistência à degradação e ao potencial de contaminação do óleo residual. A destinação final das embalagens plásticas ambientalmente adequadas é uma demanda ética e legal para as organizações. Este trabalho avalia criticamente a situação atual do programa de coleta de embalagens plásticas implantado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresenta as melhores práticas em organizações que lidam com a reciclagem de embalagens plásticas, discute o uso da gestão ambiental como base para integrar os vários participantes da cadeia de produ cão e comercialização e propõe um modelo que possibilitará a destinação ambientalmente correta das embalagens plásticas pós-uso via reciclagem e reuso. A metodologia utilizada constou de pesquisa descritiva de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo para consolidação dos dados. As entrevistas realizadas mostraram que 8,2 % das embalagens plásticas pós-uso tem destino ambientalmente adequado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A abordagem prática com apresentação do problema atual e a proposta do modelo são as principais contribuições que esse estudo agrega á área de conhecimento e pesquisa de reciclagem e reuso de embalagens plásticas pós-uso de óleos lubrificantes / The final destination, after use, of plastic packaging with motor oil residues is one problem worldwide. The polymer resistance to biodegradability and the residual oil contamination represents a great environmental risk. The final destination of plastic packaging is an ethical and legal claim in the comp anies. This work presents a review of a waste management program implemented in the State o f Rio de Janeiro, evaluating its results and proposing improvements. This study was especially concerned about the importance of an environmental management system to integrate all stakeholders. In order to support the proposed model, best practices implemented by organizations that deal with plastic packing recycling were focused. This study presents a model that will contribute to solve practical problems regarding final destination of plastic packaging after use through recycling and or reuse, preserving soil and groundwater for future g enerations. The interviews have shown that 8,2% of plastic packaging have adequated environmental destination. The practical approach and the detailed description of the real problem structure are the main contributions of this study to the knowledge area and research of final destination, after use, of plastic packaging of lubricating oil.

A destinação final, pós-consumo, das embalagens plásticas de óleo lubrificante é um problema ambiental grave, devido às características de resistência à degradação e ao potencial de contaminação do óleo residual. A destinação final das embalagens plásticas ambientalmente adequadas é uma demanda ética e legal para as organizações. Este trabalho avalia criticamente a situação atual do programa de coleta de embalagens plásticas implantado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresenta as melhores práticas em organizações que lidam com a reciclagem de embalagens plásticas, discute o uso da gestão ambiental como base para integrar os vários participantes da cadeia de produ cão e comercialização e propõe um modelo que possibilitará a destinação ambientalmente correta das embalagens plásticas pós-uso via reciclagem e reuso. A metodologia utilizada constou de pesquisa descritiva de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo para consolidação dos dados. As entrevistas realizadas mostraram que 8,2 % das embalagens plásticas pós-uso tem destino ambientalmente adequado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A abordagem prática com apresentação do problema atual e a proposta do modelo são as principais contribuições que esse estudo agrega á área de conhecimento e pesquisa de reciclagem e reuso de embalagens plásticas pós-uso de óleos lubrificantes / The final destination, after use, of plastic packaging with motor oil residues is one problem worldwide. The polymer resistance to biodegradability and the residual oil contamination represents a great environmental risk. The final destination of plastic packaging is an ethical and legal claim in the comp anies. This work presents a review of a waste management program implemented in the State o f Rio de Janeiro, evaluating its results and proposing improvements. This study was especially concerned about the importance of an environmental management system to integrate all stakeholders. In order to support the proposed model, best practices implemented by organizations that deal with plastic packing recycling were focused. This study presents a model that will contribute to solve practical problems regarding final destination of plastic packaging after use through recycling and or reuse, preserving soil and groundwater for future g enerations. The interviews have shown that 8,2% of plastic packaging have adequated environmental destination. The practical approach and the detailed description of the real problem structure are the main contributions of this study to the knowledge area and research of final destination, after use, of plastic packaging of lubricating oil.