[pt] A presente dissertação é um estudo teórico-experimental sobre linguagem na esquizofrenia, com foco no uso de pronomes em textos escritos por nativos do inglês, disponíveis na plataforma Reddit, com análise adicional da complexidade sintática no nível sentencial. A esquizofrenia é um distúrbio mental que se apresenta como uma heterogeneidade de disfunções neuropsicológicas, sendo uma de suas principais características disfunções linguísticas, em especial no uso e compreensão de expressões nominais e na redução da complexidade sintática. Foram coletados, analisados e comparados um total de 78 textos (39 de usuários com autodeclaração de esquizofrenia e 39 de controles pareados). Os textos coletados foram anotados sintaticamente e tratados estatisticamente considerando fatores relativos à complexidade sintática no nível sentencial e pronominal. Comparações intergrupais revelaram diferenças significativas no domínio sentencial e pronominal, com o grupo esquizofrenia apresentando menor volume de truncamento sentencial não-anômalo e maior volume de anomalias no emprego de pronomes plenos de terceira pessoa com leitura referencial. Estes resultados estão de acordo com as conclusões de estudos anteriores. Partindo do entendimento de que a Gramática é um mecanismo computacional cognitivo, as observações obtidas indicam que a esquizofrenia leva a uma redução na complexidade sintática de processos gramaticais responsáveis pela construção do significado. / [en] The present dissertation is a theoretical-experimental study on language in schizophrenia, focusing on the usage of pronouns in written texts produced by native speakers of English and published on Reddit, considering in addition syntactic complexity at the sentential level. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a set of heterogeneous dysfunctions, with language-malfunctioning being one of its main characteristics. In particular, misuse and misinterpretation of nominal expressions and syntactic-complexity reduction are linguistic hallmarks of schizophrenia. 78 texts (39 from Reddit users with self-declaration of schizophrenia and 39 from paired controls) were automatically collected, manually tagged and statistically compared. The tagging process was based on syntactic complexity at the sentential and nominal level. Between-group statistical comparisons showed significant differences, with the schizophrenic group exhibiting less non-anomalous sentential truncations (ellipsis) and more anomalous 3Person referential pronouns. This is in accordance with previous independent studies. Assuming human Grammar to be a computational apparatus of the cognitive system, we interpret the obtained results as suggesting that schizophrenia leads to reductions on meaning-building derivational grammatical processes.

No description available.

No description available.

Argument coding splits such as differential (= split) object marking and split ergative marking have long been known to be universal tendencies, but the generalizations have not been formulated in their full generality before. In particular, ditransitive constructions have rarely been taken into account, and scenario splits have often been treated separately. Here I argue that all these patterns can be understood in terms of the usual association of role rank (highly ranked A and R, low-ranked P and T) and referential prominence (locuphoric person, animacy, definiteness, etc.). At the most general level, the role-reference association universal says that deviations from usual associations of role rank and referential prominence tend to be coded by longer grammatical forms. In other words, A and R tend to be referentially prominent in language use,while P and T are less prominent, and when less usual associations need to be expressed, languages often require special coding by means of additional flags (casemarkers and adpositions) or additional verbal voice coding (e.g., inverse or passive markers). I argue that role-reference associations are an instance of the even more general pattern of form-frequency correspondences, and that the resulting coding asymmetries can all be explained by frequency-based predictability and coding efficiency.

Объект исследования: дискурс элитарных средств информации (от англ. elite media ― термин, зафиксированный в англоязычной специальной литературе (Jamieson 1992). В работе исследуются три «отдельных случая» (case studies), три разных по объему содержательных пространства таких языковых знаков как статья газетного издания, рубрика журнала и отдельный выпуск издания. А именно: одна из статей, опубликованных в воскресном приложении «Domenica» к газетному итальянскому изданию «Il Sole 24 Ore»); одна из рубрик англоязычного журнала «Harvard Business Review»); один из выпусков англоязычного журнала «The Lion»). "Harvard Business Review" — самое авторитетное англоязычное журнальное издание по менеджменту [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. "Il Sole 24 Ore" — влиятельное политико-финансово-правовое газетное издание Италии [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. Выбор журнала "The Lion" дополняет выборку исследования и является международным клубным журнальным изданием закрытого типа, распространяемое по подписке исключительно среди членов клуба (Lions Club International – самая крупная элитарная благотворительная организация в мире). Методологическая основа исследования: каузально-генетическая теория, репрезентирующая белорусскую школу дискурс-анализа (см. работы Ухвановой-Шмыговой, Поповой, Маркович, Савич, Курчак). Каузально-генетическая теория ориентирована на изучение функционального многопланового содержания сложных языковых знаков; включает в ядро содержания... [полный текст, см. далее] / Tyrimo objektas: elitinės žiniasklaidos diskursas (elite media – terminas, vartojamas anglų literatūroje (Jamieson 1992)). Darbe nagrinėjami trys „atskiri atvejai“ (case studies), trys skirtingo dydžio turiningos kalbos ženklų erdvės – laikraštinio leidinio straipsnis, žurnalo rubrika ir atskiras leidinio leidimas. Tai yra: vienas iš straipsnių, išspausdintų italų leidinio „Il Sole 24 Ore“ sekmadieniniame priede „Domenica“; viena iš angliško žurnalo „Harvard Business Review“ rubrikų; vienas iš angliško žurnalo „The Lion“ leidimų. „Harvard Business Review” – pats autoritetingiausias angliškas žurnalas apie vadybą [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. „Il Sole 24 Ore“ – įtakingas politinis, finansinis ir teisinis Italijos laikraštis [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. Pasirenkant žurnalą „The Lion” buvo papildyta tyrimo medžiaga – tai klubinis uždaro tipo žurnalinis leidinys, platinamas pagal prenumeratą tik klubo nariams (Lions Club International – didžiausia pasaulio elitinė labdaros organizacija). Tyrimo metodologinis pagrindas: kauzalinė-genetinė teorija, reprezentuojanti baltarusių diskurso analizės mokyklą (žr. Uchvanovos-Šmygovos, Popovos, Markovič, Savič, Kurčiak darbus). Kauzalinė-genetinė teorija skirta tyrinėti sudėtingų kalbos ženklų daugiaplanį funkcinį turinį; pagal ją turinio branduoliui priklauso referentinė (informacija apie bendravimo dalyką) ir kortežinė (informacija apie komunikacijos dalyvius – bendravimo kortežą), ženklinė-referentinė ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Discourse of elite media is my research field. Elite media define outlets or programmes having a (inter)national impact, although their audience may be relatively small and geographically limited; these media are opinion leaders; they are an elite group that affects the decisions made in other media (Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 1992). There are three case studies covered in the research paper. The case studies are based on different in size and volume printed elite media texts, and they are: one of the articles published in the Sunday Supplement Domenica to Italian newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore; one of the sections published in the Harvard Business Review magazine; one of the issues of The Lion magazine. The Harvard Business Review is pre-eminent in the financial and top-management community [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. The Il Sole 24 Ore is considered to be a professional setter of standards in Italy; it is trusted, respected, and used by other journalists [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. The Lion magazine is an international club magazine and is distributed on subscription basis exclusively among members of the Lions Club International which is the largest elite charity organization in the world. Causal-genetic theory representing Belarusian school of discourse-analysis is a core methodology used in my research (Oukhvanova, Popova, Markovich, Savich, Kurchak). Causal-genetic theory (hereinafter CGTh) is a contribution to the study of functional and... [to full text]

Discourse of elite media is my research field. Elite media define outlets or programmes having a (inter)national impact, although their audience may be relatively small and geographically limited; these media are opinion leaders; they are an elite group that affects the decisions made in other media (Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 1992). There are three case studies covered in the research paper. The case studies are based on different in size and volume printed elite media texts, and they are: one of the articles published in the Sunday Supplement Domenica to Italian newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore; one of the sections published in the Harvard Business Review magazine; one of the issues of The Lion magazine. The Harvard Business Review is pre-eminent in the financial and top-management community [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. The Il Sole 24 Ore is considered to be a professional setter of standards in Italy; it is trusted, respected, and used by other journalists [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. The Lion magazine is an international club magazine and is distributed on subscription basis exclusively among members of the Lions Club International which is the largest elite charity organization in the world. Causal-genetic theory representing Belarusian school of discourse-analysis is a core methodology used in my research (Oukhvanova, Popova, Markovich, Savich, Kurchak). Causal-genetic theory (hereinafter CGTh) is a contribution to the study of functional and... [to full text] / Tyrimo objektas: elitinės žiniasklaidos diskursas (elite media – terminas, vartojamas anglų literatūroje (Jamieson 1992)). Darbe nagrinėjami trys „atskiri atvejai“ (case studies), trys skirtingo dydžio turiningos kalbos ženklų erdvės – laikraštinio leidinio straipsnis, žurnalo rubrika ir atskiras leidinio leidimas. Tai yra: vienas iš straipsnių, išspausdintų italų leidinio „Il Sole 24 Ore“ sekmadieniniame priede „Domenica“; viena iš angliško žurnalo „Harvard Business Review“ rubrikų; vienas iš angliško žurnalo „The Lion“ leidimų. „Harvard Business Review” – pats autoritetingiausias angliškas žurnalas apie vadybą [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. „Il Sole 24 Ore“ – įtakingas politinis, finansinis ir teisinis Italijos laikraštis [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. Pasirenkant žurnalą „The Lion” buvo papildyta tyrimo medžiaga – tai klubinis uždaro tipo žurnalinis leidinys, platinamas pagal prenumeratą tik klubo nariams (Lions Club International – didžiausia pasaulio elitinė labdaros organizacija). Tyrimo metodologinis pagrindas: kauzalinė-genetinė teorija, reprezentuojanti baltarusių diskurso analizės mokyklą (žr. Uchvanovos-Šmygovos, Popovos, Markovič, Savič, Kurčiak darbus). Kauzalinė-genetinė teorija skirta tyrinėti sudėtingų kalbos ženklų daugiaplanį funkcinį turinį; pagal ją turinio branduoliui priklauso referentinė (informacija apie bendravimo dalyką) ir kortežinė (informacija apie komunikacijos dalyvius – bendravimo kortežą), ženklinė-referentinė ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Объект исследования: дискурс элитарных средств информации (от англ. elite media ― термин, зафиксированный в англоязычной специальной литературе (Jamieson 1992). В работе исследуются три «отдельных случая» (case studies), три разных по объему содержательных пространства таких языковых знаков как статья газетного издания, рубрика журнала и отдельный выпуск издания. А именно: одна из статей, опубликованных в воскресном приложении «Domenica» к газетному итальянскому изданию «Il Sole 24 Ore»); одна из рубрик англоязычного журнала «Harvard Business Review»); один из выпусков англоязычного журнала «The Lion»). "Harvard Business Review" — самое авторитетное англоязычное журнальное издание по менеджменту [www.harvardbusinessreview.com]. "Il Sole 24 Ore" — влиятельное политико-финансово-правовое газетное издание Италии [www.giornalilocali.it/quotidiani/il-sole-24-ore.htm]. Выбор журнала "The Lion" дополняет выборку исследования и является международным клубным журнальным изданием закрытого типа, распространяемое по подписке исключительно среди членов клуба (Lions Club International – самая крупная элитарная благотворительная организация в мире). Методологическая основа исследования: каузально-генетическая теория, репрезентирующая белорусскую школу дискурс-анализа (см. работы Ухвановой-Шмыговой, Поповой, Маркович, Савич, Курчак). Каузально-генетическая теория ориентирована на изучение функционального многопланового содержания сложных языковых знаков; включает в ядро содержания... [полный текст, см. далее]

Despite having being discovered nearly 80 years ago, bonobos (Pan paniscus) are still one of the least well understood of the great apes, largely remaining in the shadow of their better known cousins, the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). This is especially evident in the domain of communication, with bonobo vocal behaviour still a neglected field of study, especially compared to that of chimpanzees. In this thesis, I address this issue by exploring the natural vocal communication of bonobos and its underlying cognition, focusing on the role that vocalisations play during two key contexts, food discovery and sex. In the context of food-discovery, I combine observational and experimental techniques to examine whether bonobos produce and understand vocalisations that convey meaningful information about the quality of food encountered by the caller. Results indicate that bonobos produce an array of vocalisations when finding food, and combine different food-associated calls together into sequences in a way that relates to perceived food quality. In a subsequent playback study, it was demonstrated that receivers are able to extract meaning about perceived food quality by attending to these calls and integrating information across call sequences. In the context of sexual interactions, I examine the acoustic structure of female copulation calls, as well as patterns in call usage, to explore how these signals are used by individuals. My results show that females emit copulation calls in similar ways with both male and female partners, suggesting that these signals have become partly divorced from a function in reproduction, to assume a greater social role. Overall, my results highlight the relevance of studying primate vocalisations to investigate the underlying cognition and suggest that vocalisations are important behavioural tools for bonobos to navigate their social and physical worlds.

Peu importe la discipline qui l’appréhende, de la médecine humorale à la psychanalyse aujourd’hui, de l’histoire de l’art à la philosophie, la mélancolie se définit par un manque. S’il ne succombe pas à l’apathie, le mélancolique s’efforcera de pallier cette insuffisance par ses activités intellectuelles et artistiques : la mélancolie est carence et génie. La mélancolie travaille : elle compose avec l’absence. De quel ordre est ce manque ? Dans les écrits savants et les œuvres visuelles, la mélancolie a l’image en défaut : un souvenir ou une représentation juste, idéale. La mélancolie ne donne rien à voir sinon ce rapport à l’image, ce travail de mise en ordre et de mise en œuvre que l’on résume sous les noms « intellection » et « création ». La mélancolie est formaliste : elle cherche un modèle, une représentation, un nom, la forme d’une narration. Peu d’œuvres se prêtent à l’étude du génie de la mélancolie comme celle de Roland Barthes (1915-1980). Critique, ce corpus questionne la mélancolie de la forme et du sens. Écrite, cette œuvre donne à lire une figure de la mélancolie qui diffère selon ce qui lui manque. Toujours, la mélancolie compose avec l’absence de l’image. Cache de l’écriture, la photographie a été utilisée comme image du réel et du souvenir. L’image photographique participe d’une quête théorique en même temps qu’elle donne forme à la mélancolie de l’écriture. Avec la photographie, la mélancolie apparaît à la ville (L’empire des signes), au miroir (Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes), en amour (Fragments d’un discours amoureux) et au tombeau (La chambre claire). En figurant ce qui échappe à la littérature, la photographie ordonne autour d’elle une narration mélancolique. Ainsi la fragmentation, la collection, la spécularisation, l’investigation et la formalisation, sont autant d’opérations qui caractérisent la poétique narrative mise en place dans l’œuvre de Roland Barthes. Dans ces opérations, nous voyons également un modèle de la mélancolie du processus de création. / In any body of knowledge, from humoral medicine to psychoanalysis, from art history to philosophy, melancholy has been defined by a gap. Unless he becomes apathetic, the melancholic will try to cope with this deficiency by engaging in intellectual or artistic activities: melancholy is both genius and inadequacy. Melancholy is a labour that deals with absence – but what kind of absence? Arts and scholarly literature has portrayed melancholy as a result from a flaw in the image: a memory or an accurate representation is missing in the melancholic mind. We do not see much of melancholy but an ongoing process of imagination, craft and organization that we call “intellectualization” or “creation”. Melancholy supposes a tendency to formalize: it is the search of the ideal mode of representation, be it a graphic, a name or a literary genre. Few productions allow the study of melancholy at work as well as Roland Barthes’ (1915-1980). Intellectual, his written works question the meaning and the forms of literature and the world in a melancholic way. Creative, his production shows a figure of melancholy that varies from one book to another, depending on what is missing – though it always has something to do with a defect in the image. In this sense, photography has been used as the image of both reality and memory for the writer-to-be. The photographic image is a key to understand his theoretical quest and desire to write a novel. With photography, melancholy appears in the city (L’Empire des Signes), on the mirror (Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes), in love (Fragments d’un Discours Amoureux), and on a grave (La Chambre Claire). Figuring what literature cannot grasp, a photograph sets the conditions of a melancholic narrative. Thus, fragmentation, collection, speculation, investigation, and formalization are the many operations that describe Roland Barthes’ poetics. In these operations, we see as well a model for the melancholy of the creative process.

Cette thèse a pour objet la problématique de la description et la spécification des niveaux C du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues, dits niveaux de l’utilisateur expérimenté [C1 autonome, C2 maîtrise] pour le français. Elle s’inscrit dans la dynamique de référentialisation souhaitée par le Conseil de l’Europe et engagée dans plusieurs pays européens, y compris en France, où les niveaux A et B ont déjà été décrits : B2, J.C. Beacco, S. Bouquet, R. Porquier, [2004], A1, J.C. Beacco, R. Porquier, [2007], A2, J.C. Beacco, S. Lepage, R. Porquier, P. Riba, [2008], B1, J.C. Beacco, B. Blin, E. Houles, S. Lepage, P. Riba, à paraître]. La description des éléments notionnels et fonctionnels des niveaux C1 et C2, genres discursifs, fonctions, notions, catégories morphosyntaxiques, matière graphique, compétences culturelles et stratégies d’apprentissage, a été établie en suivant trois voies méthodologiques, intuitive, expérimentale et d’étalonnage. Elle se focalise sur la recherche des points de césure entre B2, C1 et C2 utiles pour les auteurs de méthodes ou de curriculums, les concepteurs d’examens et les enseignants et elle propose une spécification d’un niveau C2+, didactiquement compatible avec les notions paradoxales de « dernier niveau de langue » et d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. / This investigation describes and specifies for French the contents of C1 and C2 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It joins in the dynamics wished by the Council of Europe, and engaged in several European countries, including in France, where the levels A and B were already described: B2, J.C. Beacco, S Bouquet, R. Porquier, 2004, A1, J.C. Beacco, R. Porquier, 2007, A2, J.C. Beacco, S Lepage, R. Porquier, p. Riba, 2008, B1, J.C. Beacco, B. Blin, E. Swells, S Lepage, p. Riba, to be published]. The description of the notional and functional elements of C1 and C2 levels: discursive genders, functions, notions, morphosyntactic categories, graphic material, cultural skills and strategies of learning, were established by following methodological, intuitive and experimental ways and by calibration. This investigation focuses on the research of cutscores between B2, C1 and C2, in order to help authors of methods, designers of examinations and teachers, and it proposes a specification of a level C2 +, didactically compatible with the paradoxical notions of " last level " and “learning throughout the life”.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Pereira Miranda dos Santos.pdf: 783416 bytes, checksum: 1029522ecfff68ce192c43d3721ead5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / This dissertation is going to discuss the use of referential expressions as cognitive markers of paragraphs and organisers of textual macrostructure of newspaper editorials. In the perspective of discourse reference (MONDADA; DUBOIS, 1995, 2003), this paper aims to analyse like referential expressions can contribute to the writing of paragraphs, specially, to the writing of newspaper editorials. This analysis is based on studies of Textual Linguistics whose position considers the text as an activity of social interation. Specifically, it is base on studies of discourse reference as process of generate discourse referents. The corpus consists of ten editorials published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo in 2007. The results suggest that referential expressions contribute to the writing of paragraphs of newspaper editorials / Esta dissertação trata do uso de expressões nominais referenciais como marcadores cognitivos de parágrafos e organizadores da macroestrutura textual de editoriais de jornal. Na perspectiva da referenciação (cf. MONDADA; DUBOIS, 1995, 2003), pretende-se analisar como as expressões referenciais podem contribuir para a paragrafação, em especial, de editoriais de jornal. Essa análise situa-se no campo da Lingüística Textual cujo posicionamento considera o texto como uma atividade de interação social. Baseia-se, especificamente, em estudos da referenciação entendida como construção de objetos-de-discurso. O corpus da pesquisa constituise de dez editoriais publicados, em 2007, no jornal Folha de S. Paulo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que expressões referenciais contribuem para a paragrafação de textos do gênero editorial de jornal