We consider a partial equilibrium Cournot-oligopolistic model in which the domestic market of two differentiated goods is served by a number of identical domestic firms and exports by foreign firms. In chapter 1, we characterize the optimality conditions with an emission standard and lump-sum tax to target the distortions, and we find the optimal instrument that targets the emission or pollution most efficiently. Through our study we find out that the use of right mix of environmental and non-environmental policy instruments could decrease emissions and increase welfare of the economy at the same time, even when there is foreign competition. Next, we introduce cross-border pollution and model pollution content tariff imposed on the imports from foreign country as one of the instruments for the domestic country in chapter 2. We first characterize the optimal values of the policy instruments and then design multilateral piecemeal policy reforms that unambiguously improve the welfare of the countries involved and reduce emissions. In chapter 3, we compare the effectiveness of two policy instruments in reducing pollution: subsidies tied to R&D and tariffs as trade barriers. Our paper shows that multilateral piecemeal policy reforms could be designed where 'carrots' in the form of tied subsidies to R&D would prove to be more beneficial than 'sticks' in the form of tariffs, in reducing the pollution and increasing the welfare for the two countries.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

This dissertation is about the project of southern rural church reform in the Deep South that developed during the Progressive Era. It follows the development of that movement through the end of World War II when northern interdenominational agencies began to make concerted efforts in the Deep South. The focus is particularly on rural church leaders within the major southern denominations, including the Southern Baptist Convention and the Southern Presbyterian Church (PCUS). Because of the nature of the southern rural church movement, the dissertation focuses on individuals working within denominational agencies. It argues that the rural church movement floundered in the Deep South for several reasons. Southern denominational leaders failed to reckon with the economic and racial systems that created the dire rural conditions they perceived. In addition, the failed to adequately engage with rural people in order to understand what the people they hoped to helped wanted out of rural communities and churches. Southern rural church reformers failed to create structures that could sustain and enhance rural church work. However, those reformers worked closely with agricultural reformers and colleges in the Deep South. Despite the rural church movement’s failure, that collaboration provided for an enduring significance to their efforts.

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