The nineteenth century was an era that great centralization and codification attempts were realized in the Ottoman Empire. One of these attempts was the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which put various land regulations throughout the empire into a standard code. But this standard Code gave different results when applied to different regions which had their own characteristic features. Eastern Anatolia, which had an autonomous position since its incorporation to the Ottoman Empire, was also in the scope of the Land Code. The object of this study is to examine the implementation of the Land Code of 1858 in eastern Anatolia and the impacts of this implementation process in the region. Indeed, the general situation of the region greatly disaffected the implementation of the Code in eastern Anatolia. Because of the dominant disorder within the region and problems of the state in these lands, the Land Code could not be properly implemented in eastern Anatolia. The Land Code and the title deeds, which were distributed in accordance with the Code, were so important that they became the base of later ownership claims. Therefore, the implementation of the Code had deep and long lasting effects on the land patterns and social relations in the region. In this respect, this study will evaluate the implementation process of the Land Code throughout eastern Anatolia and the socio-economic transformation of the region as a result of this process.

FernUniversiẗat, Diss.--Hagen, 2006.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Nursing, 1998. / Typescript. Bibliography: p. 108-114.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 174-181.

The thesis poses a question derived from an unlikely nexus of two prominent figures of the Renaissance and the Reformation: the artist whose creative abilities ostensibly dominate the Vatican and religious art, juxtaposed with the rebel who splintered the dominance of Roman Catholicism. Michelangelo's program of artistic and religious reform in the second quarter of the sixteenth century strikes a chord similar to Martin Luther's theological perspectives set forth in the Reformation. Through the influence of the artist's friendship with the noblewoman, Vittoria Colonna, and subsequent involvement with an elite and cultured Italian reform group called the Spirituali, his later works of art and poetry reflect a deepening spirituality with unmistakable affinities to Protestant doctrine. The thesis first discusses the revolutionary stream of religious thought by providing a brief background of the intellectual, social, political, and ecclesiastical currents conducive to religious reform in Germany and Italy. Second, it explores the pathway leading to Michelangelo's later spiritual and doctrinal formation and the manner in which it parallels Luther's in several crucial aspects. The point of divergence, however, manifests itself through the parameters of personal experience in communicating their respective visions. Whereas Luther combined piety with spiritual autonomy and freedom, directing his efforts toward proclaiming a simple, democratic gospel the masses could comprehend, Michelangelo wedded piety with beauty and mystery, communicating through a nuanced language of art and poetry shrouded in allegory, myth, and allusion. Lastly, the paper comments upon possible reasons for Michelangelo's and the Spirituali's failure of reform strategies in contrast to Luther's success. Michelangelo's ties to Luther are predicated upon an evaluation of certain of the artist's poems and The Last Judgment fresco as expounded in the thesis. However, the final determination of whether Michelangelo can be viewed as a "secret Luther" rests with the reader and his/her commitment to imagination, intellectual involvement, and a personal quest for truth. The thesis challenges the astute reader to assume the role of an authentic truth-seeker who must delve below the surface of superficiality to discern the message of the divine artist/poet who deems truth too precious to unveil to the mindless throng.

The Austrian mental health care system has been characterized by reform initiatives since the 1970s. The reform strategies can be summarized under the term 'community mental health care'. The thesis focuses on an analysis of the reform (context) and the related challenges for mental health care financing with respect to its interdependencies with service provision in the process of change. In a qualitative research process, firstly, reform documents and transcripts of qualitative interviews have been analyzed via a discourse-analytical approach. Secondly, secondary data on mental health care financing in Austria and in western European countries have been collected. An analytical framework was, finally, applied to analyze the interrelations between mental health care financing and reform discourse with respect to its impact on the micro-level and on the macro-level of the mental health care system. The results show that the reform discourse reflects broader welfare state transformation processes. Yet, financing issues have hardly been addressed in reform discussions. Nevertheless, discursive elements are either explicitly or implicitly associated with financing issues or are even linked to specific financing models. A central impact from the restructuring processes on the micro-level is an increasing (financial) responsibility for people who are affected by a mental disorder and/or their relatives. On the macro-level, the processes of change are related to decreasing (financial) responsibility for the sector 'state' while responsibility for the sectors 'family' and 'voluntary/community' is rising. The international development shows similar characteristics. The thesis finishes with some recommendations for developing an alternative financing model and provides a guideline for a comprehensive discussion of alternative mental health care financing approaches. (author´s abstract)

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Kokybiškas ir visuotinai prieinamas švietimas - esminė bendros visuomenės gerovės prielaida. Tuo tikslu Lietuvoje yra reformuojama švietimo sistema. Tačiau šiuo metu švietimas – viena problematiškiausių sričių Lietuvoje, jis kelia daug socialinių problemų, neaiškūs švietimo reformos tikslai, reforma vykdoma neturint moksliškai pagrįstos švietimo strategijos. Atlikto tyrimo duomenys padėjo išsiaiškinti, koks bendrojo lavinimo vidurinių mokyklų vadovų, mokytojų, mokinių tėvų požiūris į įvykdytas ir tebevykdomas švietimo reformas, leido suvokti, kokios švietimo reformų pasekmės vidurinėse mokyklose, išryškino silpnąsias ir stipriąsias reformų vykdymo puses. Tyrimo tikslas. Ištirti Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų (Vilniaus Žvėryno gimnazijos, Ukmergės A.Smetonos gimnazijos) narių (mokyklų vadovų, pedagogų, mokinių tėvų) požiūrį į švietimo reformas, įvertinti jų pasekmes bei parengti tyrimų rezultatais pagrįstas rekomendacijas. Tyrimas atliktas tikslinėmis imtimis: gimnazijų mokytojai, vadovai ir mokinių tėvai. Generalinė aibė: 73 mokytojai, 11 vadovų ir 66 mokinių tėvai. Iš viso - 150 respondentų. Jiems buvo pateikti 108 klausimai. Tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimas parodė, kad skaudžiausios švietimo reformų pasekmės vidurinėse mokyklose - mokyklų profiliavimas, nepatvirtinta ilgalaikė bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų finansavimo reforma, abejotina mokyklų tinklo optimizavimo nauda, neišspręsta Gimnazijos koncepcija, mokinio krepšelio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Results of the Educational Reform in Secondary Schools A quality and universally available education is an essential assumption of a general welfare of the society. For this reason educational system in Lithuani a is under reform. Unfortunately, education now is one of the most problematic spheres in Lithuania as it causes a lot of social problems. Moreover, the aims of the education reform are not clear and the reform is being pursued without having a scientifically based education strategy. Findings of an accomplished research have helped me to find out what secondary school leaders, teachers and parents‘ attitude towards the education reforms is. They have also allowed me to understand what outcomes of the education reform. The aim of the research is to analyse secondary schools (Vilnius Zverynas gymnasium and Ukmerge Antano Smetonos gymnasium) members‘ (leaders, teachers and parents‘) attitude towards education reforms, to evaluate their consequences and to prepare recommendations based on the research findings for the personnel of a strategic planning and analysis division of Ministry of Science and Education. The research was done with certain groups of respondents: gymnasium teachers, leaders and pupils‘ parents. A general set is 73 teachers, 11 leaders and 66 pupils‘ parents, in total 150 respondents. They were asked 108 questions. Results of the research. The research has showed that the most painful consequences of the education reform at general secondary... [to full text]

This study seeks to examine the contribution of land reform programmes to beneficiaries and focuses on post settlement development for beneficiaries once they have resettled on the farm. The contribution of land reform programmes is examined in this study through the investigation of the Rocky Drift Farm, a rural area in Muden, KwaZulu-Natal Province, This case study has been chosen because it became one of the first Land Reform Pilot Projects transferred in 1997 to a Trust, representing a large number of owners (232 in total), under the government assisted land redistribution programme. It is now 12 years since the residents have returned to Rocky Drift Farm and this period is regarded as sufficiently long enough to enable the critical examination of development progress relating to land reform since 1997. This research has hypothesized that "whilst the Land Reform Programme does generate some benefits for beneficiaries, it has proved to be an inadequate mechanism for improving the quality of life for beneficiaries, and thus needs to be supplemented by a number of other key support programmes in order to fully contribute to the lives of the poor". While this investigation has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the lives of of the beneficiaries have not fully improved as a result of Land Reform Programmes at Rocky Drift, improvement in infrastructure and service provision such as upgrading of 3 roads. construction and upgrading of 5 schools, building of 1 creche and the supply of portable water, has been noticed. Furthermore, benefits such as a sense of belonging, identity, trust, hope and reconciliation, resulting from the implementation of the Rocky Drift Project have also not gone unnoticed. However, despite the benefits mentioned above, it is strongly argued by this dissertation that these benefits are inadequate to boldly conclude that land reform programmes have improved the standard of life for Rock Drift residents after 12 years of resettlement. Therefore, this study recommends, inter-alia, the following supplementary measures as boost for land reform programmes to enable the beneficiaries to fully benefit from these programmes, during post settlement; • improving communication, co-operation and co-ordination among the government departments, • maintaining the continuity of the key stakeholders, • establishment of agri-villages; • link land reform projects with lDPs: • re-establishing the Rocky Drift community structures and the • letting of unused portions of Rocky Drift Farm, to mention a few. Lastly, since the Rocky Drift Project piloted other farms, this study also recommends that a further investigation needs to be conducted. This will draw a comparative analysis and critically examine whether or not the lessons from this project were used to improve other similar projects. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2009.