Henrico County Public Schools (HCPS) deployed laptop computers to over 23,000 middle and high school students in the division. Access to the computer network was through a wireless system that provided convenient and unlimited classroom arrangements without the restrictions required with cabled computer systems. Because each student was assigned a computer and assisted in obtaining low cost Internet service at home, this initiative also provided 24-hour access to digital information. This program was called the Teaching and Learning Initiative (TLI). Division leaders were striving to utilize this initiative not only to provide its students and teachers with 21st-century technologies that included access to the latest digital information, but also to change pedagogical practices in HCPS to a student-centered model. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of students about the influence that this initiative has had on their classroom experiences. Secondary purposes included student perceptions of pedagogical changes in instruction, information acquisition, and recommendations that students would have for improving the TLI. Literature on computer use in schools is reviewed as it related to the HCPS' laptop initiative, as well as the importance of giving students a voice in change processes. Through a qualitative analysis of interviews with student focus groups from six of the 11 middle schools in the division, middle school students' perceptions of their experiences in the TLI were obtained. Analysis of focus group interviews, classroom observations, and students' logs of classroom activities provided triangulation. Data were analyzed inductively and results emerged organized by subcategories, categories, and themes. Results were reported in narrative form and explanatory tables, with an emphasis on findings related to the research questions of this study focusing on students' experiences in the TLI. Conclusions derived from this study were: Middle school students were keenly aware of their educational experiences and clearly articulated their thoughts; students' educational experiences changed during the TLI; some elements of constructivist classrooms were supported by laptop use, but not collaborative work; students obtained information from the Internet and websites, using textbooks less; computer reliability was a concern; cost to students for repairs raised equity issues; and benefits of the TLI went beyond the classroom. / Ed. D.

One of the most important trends in public management in the United States in recent history has been the spread of goal setting and performance measurement (Rainey 2014, 149), both core elements of a reform movement to make government agencies more transparent, accountable, and results-oriented (Light 1997). In the U.S. Government, the reform was legislated by the Government Performance and Result Act (GPRA) in 1993 and the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) in 2010 and implemented through Office of Management and Budget (OMB) policy guidance. Agency responses have ranged from limited use of performance information to comply with the law and only within the headquarters, to a voluntary embrace of its spirit and legislative intent and the routine, purposeful use of performance information at all levels to improve organizational learning, management decisions, and performance. The latter represents full institutionalization of performance management reform. Empirical research on institutional and organizational conditions that lead to variance in institutionalization of performance management reforms predominates in state (e.g. Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008; Taylor 2011; Moynihan 2008), local (e.g. Moynihan and Hawes 2012; Moynihan and Pandey 2010; Yetano 2013) and international contexts (e.g. Ohemeng 2011; Pollitt 2006). For the U.S. Government context, this study seeks to integrate and build on prior research on the effects of institutional or organizational conditions on observable indicators of reform institutionalization in agencies. These indicators include setting goals and performance monitoring (e.g. Lee and Kim 2012), performance information use (e.g. Dull 2009; Moynihan and Kroll 2016; Moynihan and Lavertu 2012) or collaboration (e.g. Choi and Moynihan 2019). Using variable-oriented research designs, none of these studies have been able to characterize causal pathways or account for all conditions simultaneously, thereby limiting their generalizability. Also, conjunctural causation, causal asymmetry, and equifinality are common patterns of causation in organizational settings and in management scholarship; research designs that fail to account for these limit themselves to simple correlations (Furnari et al. 2020; Marx, Cambre, and Rihoux 2013). This study combines correlational and multi-conditional configurational qualitative approaches to assess causality, an unconventional research strategy in the public management literature. The author has additionally been unable to identify a single study that isolated the effect of bureaucratic type (James Q. Wilson 1989) on federal agency institutionalization of performance management. This study addresses this shortfall as well. To further develop this line of research, this study employs the model of institutionalization progression proposed by Tolbert and Zucker (1996) and uses data from a 2017 Government Accountability Office survey of federal managers, an original online interview of 20 federal managers in 12 agencies, and interviews with 6 senior performance system managers and 8 fellows of the National Academy of Public Administration, to conduct a meso-level mixed methods analysis employing hierarchical linear modeling, case research, and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FSQCA) to identify which configurations of conditions best explain GPRAMA institutionalization in federal agencies. Among other findings, quantitative models indicated an organizational culture with norms of accountability and empowerment, and organizational capacity for performance evaluation, were by far the strongest individual predictors of reform institutionalization. When a range of theoretical antecedents of institutionalization are combined in qualitative configurational models, the study finds that agencies with immature performance management systems must first build senior leader commitment and supportive attitudes of managers for implementing the reform, and then seek to clarify organizational goals, in order to foster the adoption of performance measures. Agencies that are further along in the process of institutionalization can further the adoption of performance measures by investing in capacity for measuring performance and cultivating a culture of accountability and empowerment. To foster greater use of performance information, the study's findings suggest federal leaders should invest in capacity for performance evaluation and strengthen the credibility of their commitment to performance management reform, but that transforming agency cultures to become more results-oriented, often promoted in the literature, may not be necessary to achieve near-term improvements. Using James Q. Wilson's (1989) typology of bureaucratic designs, the study finds propositions based on it offer analytical leverage to explain variance in patterns of institutionalization of performance management practices between the studied US federal agencies. However, an unexpected finding was that Craft-type agencies are especially likely to use performance information for management decisions. The study contributes 1) U.S. federal context to empirical research on "bottom up" factors mediating "top-down" reform policy implementation, 2) methodological innovation to public management research by employing hierarchical linear modeling to isolate agency-level effects; 3) original use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to identify configurational pathways to reform policy institutionalization in the U.S. Government; and 4) a transparent technique for classifying federal agencies by Wilson bureaucratic type. The study also offers useful knowledge to legislators, stakeholders, political appointees, and career federal managers to shape the Federal Performance Management Framework and craft tailored management strategies suitable for the characteristics of federal agencies. / Doctor of Philosophy / One of the most important trends in public management in the United States in recent history has been the spread of goal setting and performance measurement (Rainey 2014, 149), both core elements of a reform movement to make government agencies more transparent, accountable, and results-oriented (Light 1997). In the U.S. Government, the reform was legislated by the Government Performance and Result Act (GPRA) in 1993 and the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) in 2010, and implemented through OMB policy guidance. Some agencies have complied with the letter of the law and used performance information to satisfy minimum requirements of legal compliance and only within the headquarters. Others have voluntarily embraced the spirit and legislative intent of the reform and started to use performance information at all levels to improve organizational learning, management decisions, and performance. The latter represents what this study defines as full institutionalization. Scholars have long investigated the reasons why agencies implement performance management reforms differently and why some establish new routines more fully and permanently than others do. Much of this research has been at the state (e.g. Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008; Taylor 2011; Moynihan 2008) and local levels (e.g. Moynihan and Hawes 2012; Moynihan and Pandey 2010; Yetano 2013), or conducted in other countries (e.g. Ohemeng 2011; Pollitt 2006). For the U.S. Government context, this study seeks to integrate and build on past research on which institutional and organizational conditions influence forms and degree of institutionalization of performance management practices in agencies. Examples include setting goals and monitoring performance (Lee and Kim 2012), using performance information for management decisions (Dull 2009; Moynihan and Kroll 2016; Moynihan and Lavertu 2012) or collaboration (Choi and Moynihan 2019) . This past research has laid a solid foundation for a new phase of research that goes beyond simple case descriptions and correlational studies of individual variables to identify complex causal pathways across agencies and how these may differ depending on the presence or absence of political forces, resource dependency, oversight, and a host of organizational conditions like goal clarity, senior leadership commitment, an empowered and accountable culture, employee training, and the capacity for evaluation of performance data. The study also takes on a longstanding challenge in the study of public organizations by including agency identity as an additional organizational condition to test theoretical predictions about the adoption of performance management by bureaucracies having differing abilities to observe their outcomes and outputs (Wilson 1989). To further develop this line of research, the field needs a better understanding of what combinations of conditions lead to deep institutionalization of the performance management practices of adopting performance measures and using performance information for management decisions. To contribute this, this study employs both statistical modeling and systematic cross-case comparative analysis of data from a large federal manager survey dataset from 2017 provided by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, an original online survey interview of 20 federal managers in 12 agencies, and interviews with 6 senior performance system managers and 8 fellows of the National Academy of Public Administration. Among other findings, quantitative models indicated an organizational culture with norms of accountability and empowerment, and organizational capacity for performance evaluation, were by far the strongest individual predictors of reform institutionalization. When a range of theoretical antecedents of institutionalization are considered together in qualitative configurational models, the study finds that agencies with immature performance management systems must first build senior leader commitment and supportive attitudes of managers for implementing the reform, and then seek to clarify organizational goals, in order to foster the adoption of performance measures. Agencies that are further along in the process of institutionalization can further the adoption of performance measures by investing in capacity for measuring performance and cultivating a culture of accountability and empowerment. To foster greater use of performance information, the study finds federal leaders should invest in capacity for performance evaluation and strengthen the credibility of their commitment to performance management reform, but that transforming agency cultures to become more results-oriented is not necessary to achieve near-term improvements. Using James Q. Wilson's (1989) typology of bureaucratic designs, the study finds propositions based on it offer analytical leverage to explain variance in patterns of institutionalization of performance management practices between the studied US federal agencies. However, an unexpected finding was that Craft-type agencies are especially likely to use performance information for management decisions. The study contributes 1) U.S. federal context to empirical research on factors affecting policy implementation in complex bureaucracies, 2) methodological innovation to public management research by employing an unconventional statistical technique to study how agency identity impacts on institutionalization; 3) original use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), a rarely-employed technique in the public management literature, to systematically compare conditions between federal agencies as separate cases to spot causal patterns; and 4) a transparent technique for classifying federal agencies by Wilson bureaucratic type. The study also offers useful knowledge to legislators, stakeholders, political appointees, and career federal managers to shape the Federal Performance Management Framework and craft tailored management strategies suitable for the characteristics of federal agencies.

Sugar has a long history of being a contentious commodity important in international trade. Initially, the global framework for sugar trade was based on sugarcane, a grass grown in the tropics with trade being dictated largely by the British. In the Napoleonic wars, commercialization of the beet sugar industry arose on the continent in response to and a direct challenge to British control over the industry. The advent of the temperate sugar beet as an alternative to tropical cane in sugar production opened up a north-south trading dynamic that exists to this day. The United States, although a late entry into sugar production, is now at the forefront of the debate on trade liberalization for sugar, which can be produced more economically and out of greater necessity in a battery of nations, many with developing economies. Between 2003 and 2007, the United States ranked 5th in production, averaging 5% of the world total, and 2nd in total imports averaging 4%. Sugar as a percentage of the total value of the crop in the US is relatively minor at roughly 2.5% of the total putting it well below crops like corn and cotton, on par with tobacco and rice and greater than peanuts. Currently, the US sugar program operates on a price support system which regulates imports from other countries and provides a price floor for sugar. However, the US Sugar sector is under pressure for reform both by other nations with a comparative advantage in sugar production and from within due to an impending NAFTA commitment that allows for free trade with Mexico in sugar beginning in 2008. With large amounts of Mexican sugar entering the United States, the market price will likely fall below the price floor established by the USDA and there will be large amounts of forfeitures to the Commodity Credit Corporation. This would be in direct violation of the government mandate to keep the US sugar program operating at no government cost. In this thesis, we lay out a matrix of possible alternative policy scenarios and potential exogenous shocks which could impact the US sugar sector. Using the USDA ERS Sugar and Sweeteners model, we illustrate the outcome of this matrix of policies and exogenous shocks to the biggest players in the North American sugar sector. Policies used in the model draw inspiration from the recent reforms to the sugar sector in the European Union and recent commodity program reforms in the US for peanuts and tobacco. Finally, the implications of various policy reform options are discussed in light of their ambition and likelihood. / Master of Science

yes / P5. The evaluation was undertaken by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd, the PARC & Associated Consultants. The GCPP Security Sector Reform (SSR) case study was carried out by Ms Nicole Ball who has conducted extensive fieldwork on SSR in a number of countries. This study was carried out through review of relevant documents, including the reports of geographic case studies undertaken for the evaluation, and interview of UK-based officials involved in SSR work. The UK-based interviews focused on several categories of stakeholders: members of the SSR Strategy Steering Group; members of the SSR Policy Committee; representatives of three main SSR Strategy instruments (DAT, GFN, Defence Diplomacy); representatives of the GCPP and ACPP; and officials currently working on or recently working on key geographic desks (Balkans, Indonesia, Uganda). P7. The GCPP SSR Case Study is one of six studies undertaken within the framework of the evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools. In accordance with the Terms of Reference (ToRs) and the Inception Report, the Evaluation placed maximum emphasis on the macro level: the policy processes in Whitehall by which decisions on allocations are made and implemented by the CPPs. Considerable attention has also been placed on the meso level: the degree to which CPP policies and activities in a given conflict, or given sector of conflict prevention policy such as SSR, form part of a coherent package of direct interventions by the international community and local actors to the problems of preventing large scale deadly conflicts. The micro-level of analysis (review of specific projects) confines itself largely to the way in which projects impact on the meso and macro levels. The Evaluation has not analysed systematically whether specific projects funded by the CPPs have been well managed and whether they have achieved their specific project goals. Single projects have been analysed to the extent that they reflect on the macro and meso levels. P8. The main findings of the evaluation, reflected in this Synthesis Report, are that the CPPs are doing significant work funding worthwhile activities that make positive contributions to effective conflict prevention, although it is far too early in the day to assess impact. The progress achieved through the CPP mechanisms is significant enough to justify their continuation.

This thesis analyzes the failures, achievements, and some of the possible political ramifications of the reform movement in Iran since the Islamic Revolution. It focuses on religious intellectual discourses in the context of the intellectual trajectory of Islamic thought from the revolutionary period to the post-revolutionary reformist phase. This thesis examines the role of the post-revolutionary intellectuals after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini. For reaching this goal, this research presents an analysis of the historical processes which resulted in the formation and growth of the religious intellectuals in Iran. The thesis begins by explaining the basis of Shia political thought and its growth trend which leads to the theory of velayate faqih as the main response to the question of the political legitimacy in Shia doctrine. I argue that the emergence of the reformist ideas related to the decline of the revolutionary model of the Islamic government, which dominated the decade after the revolution. I discuss how the reformists and the religious intellectuals challenge the socio-economic and the political hegemony of the Islamic government. Finally, I explore the politics of the reform movement after the election of President Khatami in 1997, and consider the failures and achievements of the reformist government in the socio-political sphere. The thesis explores the reformists victory was the first step for reforming the power structure which might lead to the transformation of the socio-political and economic liberalization, and which combines modern political thought with a religious framework in the power structure in Iran. / Master of Arts

This research project seeks to identify commonalities and differences between new administrative ideologies in the United States and post-Soviet Russia. To achieve this goal, the study explores the question of administrative ideology through the lens of the New Public Management (NPM) related reforms, which spread around much of the world in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The discussion is structured around two broad themes identified in the review of the literature on NPM and Reinventing Government: the new vision of the government (and its bureaucracy) and the relationship between government and the public. As a method of inquiry, the study uses the review and analysis of official publications and elite interviews with high-ranking officials, analysts, and scholars in the United States and Russia. The research demonstrates that although new ideologies of administration in the United States and Russia share significant characteristics, they differ in a number of important respects. / Ph. D.

Yes / Significant trends within contemporary society has led to increasing numbers of the UK population becoming socially excluded (MacInnes et al., 2014). In a politically charged neoliberalistic society, this has led to an ever-diminishing commitment to the welfare state and the undermining of the social justice principles on which it was founded; ultimately leading to a reduction in public services to such a degree that it is no longer possible to meet the ever-increasing needs of the vulnerable (Rouf, 2015). However, it could be argued that the welfare state has, over time, created the ‘welfare dependency trap’ (HMG, 2010) through which individuals and local communities have become disempowered; this continues to be emphasised by the shortage of housing, gaps in educational attainment and worklessness. The sense of injustice that these continuing trends create means that the research previously undertaken, including Acheson (1998), Marmot (2010) and the inquiries discharged (Whitehead, 2014), has begun to paint a bleak picture for those of a low socioeconomic , particularly in the North of England, whether in work or not.

In current higher education paradigms, art and science are often siloed fields rather than subjects that inform each other. This dichotomy or hyper-specialization of art and science in higher education is a result of the industrial revolution with production as the telos. The product of this educational paradigm divorces art and science from each other. But how should we educate students for jobs that don't exist today? What learning environments are most conducive to creativity and innovation? What are the potential benefits of teaching art and science as one? What disciplines would work best together? Are their patterns in ones perception of the relationship between art and science? Are trans-disciplinary learning environments a possibility or an ideal? This thesis investigates the hypothesis that the walls between art and science exist only in our minds. This research consists of 27 one-on-one interviews conducted with students, professors and other higher education affiliates, who visualize the relationship between art and science.) The interviews use everyday objects as prompts to build a baseline to the investigation. The instrument consisted of seven questions that investigated if the use of quotidian, everyday, objects as prompts expose the false dichotomy between art and science. Additionally, the research tries to uncover the possible patterns that exist in how disciplines visualize/diagram the relationship between art and science. Each participant was asked to draw how they view the relationship between art and science. The researcher used these drawings as data points to lead the analysis. The researcher developed a series of field notes (thinking sketches) as interpretations of the themes of the participant's drawings. These thinking sketches were then translated into four thinking prototypes (three-dimensional models) which later inform the development of four simple yet profound findings called quotidian proverbs. / Master of Science

It is the purpose of this study to make an examination of critical comment on humanistic philosophy, and, thereby, get a response that will answer some of the questions which arise in the minds of those who are made conscious of intellectual wonder or curiosity within themselves.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Land is a precious resource that forms the basis of our security, pride and history. The ownership and use of land have always played an important role in the shaping of all political, economic and social processes in South Africa. Therefore it is a very sensitive issue for all South Africans. Colonialism and the Apartheid policy deprived the majority of South Africans of the right to own land or took away their land, and this contributed to the large degree of prevailing poverty, especially of the rural black population. One of the primary purposes of the first democratic government, elected in 1994, was to introduce land reform that would return 30% of all agricultural land to the previously deprived population. The purpose of this study is to research the government policy, and prevailing theories, on land reform, and the impact of this policy on the socio-economic development of the Cradock and Somerset East districts of the Eastern Cape. The current power behind the new land policy is the land reform programme, which consists of redistribution, security of tenure and land restitution. Land reform means, among other things, the redistribution of land with the main objectives of achieving socio-economic development and reducing poverty. From the research it transpired that land reform is a complex issue with widely divergent opinions. The Government itself changed its policy since 1994, and the World Bank has also change its policy. Of the burning issues are: must land reform mainly deal with land restitution, or rather with socio-economic development; is commercial farming on large farms better for land restitution, or small scale farming on small farms; is the capitalistic viewpoint driven by the market mechanism the best, or a more socialistic approach; is communal ownership of land better than individual ownership; should only applicants with farming experience be considered or also people with no experience? All these issues have proponents, mostly it seams as if compromises between these viewpoints would yield the best results. From the case studies, as well as the literature and interviews, it transpired that support services for emerging farmers are of prime importance. Mentors that assist emerging farmers could make a positive contribution. Existing commercial farmers should also be involved as advisers. It also seemed as if it was very difficult for large groups of unrelated beneficiaries to successfully work on one farm. The success of the policy does not only depend on the mere access to land, as the quality of life and potential job opportunities can only be increased by the provision of support services, infrastructure and other development programmes, which result from land reform. This requires a cooperative partnership between national, provincial and local governments. The socio-economic analysis revealed that there are large scale poverty and unemployment in the districts of Cradock and Somerset East. Although the rural population is on the decline, there still are large rural black and coloured populations that may benefit from land restitution. However, because of the dry climate and poor soil quality, it is unlikely that many of these households could be helped by means of land restitution to escape from poverty. Opinions of experts on the degree to which land reform contributed towards socio-economic development, are divided. It seems that projects where upcoming farmers are assisted by a mentor, or where a small number of beneficiaries, related to each other, are farming together, have a greater chance of succeeding. However, for the land reform programme to meet its objectives, it is important to formulate an adequate land policy to ensure peace, reconciliation and national stability. Without these aspects, economic growth and secure livelihoods cannot be ensured. Effective land programmes can contribute directly to increased production and the reduction of poverty, but only if implemented correctly. Land forms the corner stone of development, but cannot be used or maintained as the only way to decrease or eliminate poverty. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grond is 'n kosbare hulpbron wat nie net die basis van welvaart vorm nie, maar ook van sekuriteit, trots en geskiedenis. Die eienaarskap en gebruik van grond het nog altyd 'n belangrike rol gespeel in die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale prosesse van 'n land. Gevolglik is dit ook 'n sensitiewe kwessie vir alle Suid-Afrikaners. Kolonisasie en die Apartheidsbeleid het die meerderheid Suid-Afrikaners ontneem van die reg om grond te besit of hul grond afgeneem, wat bygedra het tot die grootskaalse armoede van veral die landelike swart bevolking. Een van die belangrike doeleindes van die eerste demokratiese regering wat in 1994 verkies is, was om grondhervorming in te stel wat 30% van alle landbougrond weer aan die voorheen benadeelde sektor van die bevolking sou teruggee. Die doel van die werkstuk is om die beleid van die regering, en die teorieë, oor grondhervorming na te gaan en om die potensiële impak van dié beleid op sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van die Cradock en Somerset-Oos distrikte van die Oos-Kaap te bepaal. Die dryfkrag agter die nuwe grondbeleid is die grondhervormingsprogram, wat bestaan uit herverdeling, sekerheid van eienaarskap en restitusie van grond. Grondhervorming behels onder andere die herverspreiding van grond met die hoofdoel om sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling te bevorder en armoede te verminder. Uit die navorsing het dit geblyk dat grondhervorming 'n ingewikkelde kwessie is waaroor verskeie sterk uiteenlopend standpunte gehuldig word. Selfs die Regering het sy beleid verander sedert 1994, en die Wêreldbank het ook sy beleid verander. Van die brandpunte is: moet grondhervorming hoofsaaklik gaan oor die herverdeling van grond of oor sosioekonomiese opheffing; is kommersiële boerdery op groot plase die beste vir herverdeling of kleinskaal boerdery op klein plase; is die kapitalistiese siening met die markmeganisme as dryfveer die beste, of moet 'n meer sosialistiese benadering gevolg word; is kommunale besit van grond die beste of individuele eienaarskap; moet slegs aansoekers met ondervinding in landbou van grond voorsien word, of ook mense met geen ondervinding nie? Al dié standpunte het voor- en teenstanders, en heelwaarskynlik sal 'n middeweg meestal die beste resultate lewer. Uit die drie gevallestudies, sowel as die literatuur en onderhoude, het dit geblyk dat ondersteuningsdienste vir opkomende boere van kardinale belang is. Mentors, wat hulp aan opkomende boere verleen en hulle help met besigheidsplanne kan 'n positiewe bydrae maak. Hierin behoort bestaande kommersiële boere ook 'n rol speel. Dit het ook geblyk dat dit moeilik is vir groot groepe onverwante begunstigdes om suksesvol op een plaas saam te werk. Die sukses van hierdie elemente van grondhervorming is afhanklik van meer as blote toegang tot grond - die kwaliteit van lewe en moontlikheid van werksgeleenthede kan slegs verbeter word deur die lewering van ondersteuningsdienste, infrastruktuur en ander ontwikkelingsprogramme, wat voortspruit uit grondhervorming. Dit vereis 'n opbouende vennootskap tussen nasionale-, provinsiale- en plaaslike regerings. Volgens die sosio-ekonomiese analises blyk dit dat daar groot armoede en werkloosheid in die Somerset-Oos en Cradock distrikte is. Alhoewel die landelike bevolking daal, is daar nog steeds 'n groot swart en bruin landelike bevolking wat kan baat by grondhervorming. Weens die droë klimaat en swak grondgehalte van dié gebied is dit onwaarskynlik dat baie van dié gesinne met grond herverdeling gehelp sal kan word om uit armoede te ontsnap. Daar was verdeelde opinie by betrokkenes oor die mate waartoe grondhervorming reeds bygedra het tot die bevordering van sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Dit blyk dat projekte waar 'n mentor opkomende boere bystaan, of waar daar 'n klein aantal lede is wat verwant is aan mekaar, 'n groter kans op sukses het. Effektiewe grondprogramme kan moontlik direk bydra tot verhoging in produksie en die uitwissing van armoede - mits dit korrek toegepas word. Grond vorm die hoeksteen tot ontwikkeling, maar kan nie die enigste manier wees om armoede te probeer verlig nie.