The objective of this thesis is to analyze the Khatami Period of 1997-2005 in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Reform Movement that brought Khatami to the presidency and the grounds of the incongruity between the discourse and the outcomes of the movement is examined. The reasons of this incongruity are the focus of this study. The structure of the thesis is as follows: In the first chapter, a brief summary of the history of democracy in Iran is examined, since in Iran without a historical perspective, it is hard to understand the developments of the era. In the second chapter, the state structure and political factions in the Islamic Republic of Iran are described by emphasizing the power centers and struggle between them. The third chapter explains, the social origins and the discourse of the reform movement. Lastly, in the fourth chapter, the Khatami period of 1997-2005 is analyzed. The period is studied in terms of power conflicts among the ruling elites and its reflection on the everyday life of the layman. Economic developments and street politics of the era are also examined in this chapter. International developments of the era are also studied with respect to their impacts on domestic politics.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Donald J. Mrozek / In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, military aviation technology grew expensive and politically divisive, and this is not without precedent. In the 1960s and 1970s, the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Falcon represented a controversial shift both in the cost of development and in tactical doctrine for the United States Air Force (USAF), yet the motivating factors that influenced their design are not fully understood. Most of the literature either has focused on a teleological exploration of technical evolution or has held to a “genius inventor” paradigm, lionizing individual engineers and planners. Other works have focused on these aircraft as factors that changed the Air Force's tactical approach to warfighting or have simply evaluated their combat performance. Although these approaches are valuable, they do not account for the effect that institutional culture and historical memory had on the F-15 and F-16 programs. This dissertation argues that the culture of the fighter pilot community was based on a constructed memory of World War I fighter combat, idealizing a heroic, romanticized image of “Knights of the Air.” This fighter pilot community attempted to influence the F-15 and F-16 programs to conform to their vision of an idealized past. Furthermore, a smaller group of these pilots, calling themselves the “Fighter Mafia” (and later the “Reformers”) radicalized these ideas, rejecting the Eagle and Falcon as not representative of their ideal vision. Through public and political activism, this group affected the discourse of military technology from the mid-1970s to the present. Drawing on David Nye’s work on the connections between technology and cultural historical narratives and identity, this work will demonstrate that culture and institutional historical memory can be important factors in driving the development of military technology.

This Master thesis contributes to the history of science in the period of the Czechoslovak communist regime. The thesis deals with the attempts to create a scientific theory of propaganda as an independent branch of science. The main goal of this thesis is to present what led to the formation of the Marxist theory of propaganda, describe its development and potential changes in the approach to propaganda during the reference period. Further goals are to describe the sources of the theory of propaganda, the concern of the official institutions and the people who dealt with propaganda. The research is based on the archive materials from the National Archives of the Czech republic and the Slovak National Archives, and on the works about the theory of propaganda. The central figure of this thesis is Miloslav Chlupáč, who dealt with the theory of propaganda in the whole reference period and who was influential to the most phases of the development of the theory of propaganda. The reference period begins with the changes in the society after the year of 1948, with the main concern being science, education and propaganda; and first contributions to the theory of propaganda, which were based on the socio-political situation in the 1950s. Following important phase in the development of the theory of propaganda were...

本論文將重新探討湖南新政的實際成效與其形象的塑造過程。在現今的學界中，對湖南新政的認識受限於維新人士的觀點。因而對湖南新政之認識，往往停留在「新舊之爭」上。此觀點往往過於僵化，侷限研究者的視野。因而，在這種歷史認識的限制下，研究者沒法解釋當時錯綜複雜的歷史事實，故只有去熟悉化，以不同的眼光去重新書寫此段歷史，重新還原當時之歷史時空，才能找回失去的歷史知識。 本論文會先探討地方官吏在湖南新政中的角色與貢獻。江標、陳寶箴、張之洞等人在湖南新政中所扮演的角色相當重要，惟後人對其的認識，往往是經過維新人士而來，因而不免與歷史事實有所落差。所以，重新研究地方官吏的角色，則有助於重新檢討湖南新政之形成過程。 在以往的研究中，對於湖南保衛局在湖南新政的影響力，缺乏深入的研究。事實上，在湖南新政的主事者看來，湖南保衛局是為湖南新政成敗之關鍵。本論文將探討湖南保衛局的興起與頓挫，其重點將放在湖南保衛局的構想之形成，在其實行過程中所遇到之困難，以此作為了解湖南新政的一個側面。在湖南保衛局施行過程中，不同人士都對於保衛局的實行有所討論，亦對於其有所批評。而從保衛局的實施過程中，可以證明這些批評有其道理。不過，由於受到「新舊之爭」思維的影響，後人對於這些批評者，多視其為「守舊」，因而對其言論多以負面眼光看待。事實上，這些批評者也是推動新政的主力。但是，在後來的歷史論述中，往往忽略這些史事。究其原因，與湖南士人之間的論爭有所關連。而這亦是決定湖南新政前途的重要關鍵。 所以，本論文將分析湖南士人之間論爭之起因，以及論爭的經過。在此過程中，不同士人之間因各種原因而產生矛盾與衝突，從而使得湖南新政遭受衝擊。這些衝擊有的來自於湖南士人本身，也有一些是來自於省外。而這些衝擊，很大程度上與康有為有相當密切之關連。湖南新政與戊戌變法在本質上就有所不同，而康有為一派意圖影響湖南新政的發展，引來不少士人的反彈。因此，士人之間開始出現分歧。而反對康有為一方之人士，往往援引省外反對康有為的言論作為思想資源，以抗衝康學，拿回新政的主導權。因此，他們所反對的，只是康有為一派的康學，而非針對西學。 因此，從當時的歷史時空看來，參與論爭的雙方在思想上均沒有太大的分別。他們對於西學，都抱持接納的態度；在新政的事務上，他們都有所參與。但在後人看來，王先謙等人被貼上「守舊」的標籤。因此，這種觀點如何形成？本身就是一個值得探討的課題。所以，本論文將探討當時人如何看待湖南新政，並從而形成中國近代政治文化的其中一種特色。在當事人看來，湖南新政並沒有因戊戌政變而中止，在後來仍有所延續。而在日本人看來，湖南士人並沒有所謂的新舊之別。革命黨人和立憲黨人都以湖南新政作為他們的政治本錢，因而塑造一種「新舊之爭」的氛圍。在報刊等傳播媒介的推動下，這種湖南的「新舊之爭」成為當時人的歷史想像，並成為後人對於該段歷史的集體記憶。

A presente dissertação analisa a implementação do Processo Transexualizador no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), à luz do ideário do Movimento de Reforma Sanitária e de uma perspectiva histórica da política de saúde pública brasileira, detendo-se nas particularidades do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Discutem-se alguns aspectos da transexualidade relacionados à esfera pública e à efetiva materialização dos direitos da população LGBT, em particular o acesso à saúde de pessoas transexuais. O recorte temporal compreende o período de 1970, quando se iniciam as primeiras cirurgias de transgenitalização no Brasil, a 2008, ano das portarias que instituíram o referido processo. Como instrumentos e técnicas de investigação qualitativa, foram privilegiados o trabalho de campo e a entrevista semiestruturada, tendo sido entrevistados(as) profissionais que atuaram em instituições de saúde que dispunham de programas voltados especificamente à população transexual no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e usuários(as) atendidos(as) por estas instituições. Diante do cenário de discriminação e estigma, muitas vezes fruto do desconhecimento e de informações deturpadas sobre transexualidade, pretende-se conferir maior visibilidade às demandas por direitos de pessoas transexuais, evidenciando a complexidade de tais demandas, bem como as fragilidades do modelo de atenção à saúde subjacente aos mencionados programas. Pretende-se, ainda, contribuir para o fomento da produção acadêmica do Serviço Social, relativamente limitada nesta área. / This dissertation examines the implementation of the sex reassignment process in the Unified Health System (SUS), from the ideals of the Health Reform Movement and a historical perspective of the Brazilian public health policy, focusing on the particularities of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Some aspects of transsexuality related to the state's sphere and to the effective realization of the rights of the LGBT population are discussed, particularly the access to health care for transsexual people. The time frame covers the period from 1970, when the first reassignment surgeries were started in Brazil, and 2008, when such process was officially instituted. The applied methodology favored, as tools and techniques of qualitative research, were fieldwork and semi structured interview with professionals who have worked in the health institutions that had programs geared specifically to transsexual population in the State of Rio de Janeiro and users of health services of these programs. In this scenario of discrimination and stigma, often the result of ignorance and misrepresented information about transsexuality, it is intended to give greater visibility to the health demands of transsexuals, showing the complexity of such demands as well as the weaknesses of the model of healthcare behind the aforementioned programs. It is also intended to contribute to the fomentation of academic production of Social Work, which is relatively limited in this area.

A presente dissertação analisa a implementação do Processo Transexualizador no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), à luz do ideário do Movimento de Reforma Sanitária e de uma perspectiva histórica da política de saúde pública brasileira, detendo-se nas particularidades do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Discutem-se alguns aspectos da transexualidade relacionados à esfera pública e à efetiva materialização dos direitos da população LGBT, em particular o acesso à saúde de pessoas transexuais. O recorte temporal compreende o período de 1970, quando se iniciam as primeiras cirurgias de transgenitalização no Brasil, a 2008, ano das portarias que instituíram o referido processo. Como instrumentos e técnicas de investigação qualitativa, foram privilegiados o trabalho de campo e a entrevista semiestruturada, tendo sido entrevistados(as) profissionais que atuaram em instituições de saúde que dispunham de programas voltados especificamente à população transexual no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e usuários(as) atendidos(as) por estas instituições. Diante do cenário de discriminação e estigma, muitas vezes fruto do desconhecimento e de informações deturpadas sobre transexualidade, pretende-se conferir maior visibilidade às demandas por direitos de pessoas transexuais, evidenciando a complexidade de tais demandas, bem como as fragilidades do modelo de atenção à saúde subjacente aos mencionados programas. Pretende-se, ainda, contribuir para o fomento da produção acadêmica do Serviço Social, relativamente limitada nesta área. / This dissertation examines the implementation of the sex reassignment process in the Unified Health System (SUS), from the ideals of the Health Reform Movement and a historical perspective of the Brazilian public health policy, focusing on the particularities of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Some aspects of transsexuality related to the state's sphere and to the effective realization of the rights of the LGBT population are discussed, particularly the access to health care for transsexual people. The time frame covers the period from 1970, when the first reassignment surgeries were started in Brazil, and 2008, when such process was officially instituted. The applied methodology favored, as tools and techniques of qualitative research, were fieldwork and semi structured interview with professionals who have worked in the health institutions that had programs geared specifically to transsexual population in the State of Rio de Janeiro and users of health services of these programs. In this scenario of discrimination and stigma, often the result of ignorance and misrepresented information about transsexuality, it is intended to give greater visibility to the health demands of transsexuals, showing the complexity of such demands as well as the weaknesses of the model of healthcare behind the aforementioned programs. It is also intended to contribute to the fomentation of academic production of Social Work, which is relatively limited in this area.

The aim of this study is to compare Sweden and Finland with regards to the education systems in each country. The comparison is made based on three factors that can explain the different outcomes in the Swedish and Finnish schools. The three factors are: the education system, the curricula in upper secondary school, and the teacher's professional status. Inherent from these factors, the following three questions will be answered: 1. What are the similarities and differences between the Swedish and Finnish education systems? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the Swedish and Finnish school curricula in upper secondary school? 3. Is there any difference between the teacher's professional status in Swedish and Finnish schools? In the analysis, applies the theories: Freidson's three logicians and the pedagogical reform movement Global Education Reform Movement, GERM. Research and analysis are based on articles from Swedish and Finnish researchers, debate articles and teacher magazines. By applying a comparative analysis approach, the factors were used to compare the similarities and differences between both countries. The main difference between Sweden and Finland is that they have two different educational systems. The Finnish education system has achieved a success because of their own structured system. They do not follow the Global Education Reform Movement that the Swedish education system does. Another difference between Sweden and Finland is about the teacher's professional status. The professional position for the Swedish teachers has failed. The explanation why is that the bureaucracy but more importantly the market has taken over the role of teacher and affected their professional status. Finland, instead, has a high professionalism when it comes to the teacher’s professional status. An example of similarity between Sweden and Finland is that the school curricula in upper secondary school have the same values and the purpose of the education. In conclusion, Finland has a better approach in their educational system that differentiates itself from GERM.

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The present M. A. theses COUNT FRANZ ANTON SPORCK - SUPPORTER OF JANSENISM THOUGHTS AND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE deals with Baroque period, the so called "Bohemian Baroque" in the 17th - 18th century, and ends at the beginning of the Enlightenment. On the main representatives of the Czech lands was Count Franz Anton Sporck. The first chapter looks at the emergence of the movement of Jansenism, founded by Cornelius Otto Jansen, and mentions the root movement within the environment of the University of Leuven. Cornelius Otto Jansen influenced French Jansenism which had been led by Jean-Antoine Duvergier de Hauranne (First Abbe de Saint-Cyran) at the monastery of Port-Royal des Champs, and a major French personality of the movement. The other major figures were Martin de Barcos, Antoine Arnauld, Blaise Pascal and Pasquier Quesnel, who were influenced by the Jansenism environment in the Czech lands. At the same time, the first chapter focuses on the Jesuit Order, which acts as a counterpoint to the same idea of Catholic reform during the time of post Trident. In the second chapter, the personalities of Czech Jansenism - Valerian Magni and Jerome Hirnhaim are introduced. This chapter deals with the central figure of the thesis, Count Franz Anton Sporck, who became the most significant personality of the Czech Catolic...