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Eine kompakte und effiziente Wasserstofferzeugung aus verfügbaren Energieträgern ist für die Marktfähigkeit von Brennstoffzellenheizgeräten essentiell. Der Auslegung von Reformern für PEM-Brennstoffzellen kommt eine große Bedeutung zu, da bei diesem Brennstoffzellentyp keine interne Reformierung möglich ist. In dieser Arbeit werden die mathematische Modellierung der Dampfreformierung von Erdgas, die Rolle der eingesetzten Katalysatoren und die Problematik von Wärme- und Stofftransportprozessen untersucht. Für fünf kommerzielle Nickel- und einen Rhodiumkatalysator werden die Kinetik, die effektive Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Diffusionskoeffizient ermittelt. Unter Verwendung dieser Werte wird in einem Einzelpartikelmodell die Existenz und Signifikanz von intra- und extrapartikulären Stoff- und Temperaturgradienten evaluiert. Daraus werden für ein quasihomogenes Reaktormodell Modellparameter abgeleitet, die eine exakte Simulation unter Berücksichtigung der relevanten Phänomene zulassen. Schließlich wird ein Reaktormodell erstellt, welches mit Messwerten aus einem Versuchsreaktor validiert und für eine Sensitivitätsanalyse verwendet wird.

This thesis is a comparative study of the theologies of the law in Martin Luther and John Wesley. Though Luther’s view of the law has been investigated by many Luther scholars, and Wesley’s view by a few Wesley scholars, no one has yet attempted to compare and contrast both theologians’ views of the law as a book-length project. This thesis contributes to scholarship, firstly, by investigating their theologies of the law in relation to subjects of systematic theology, namely, their views of God, Christology, Pneumatology, soteriology, anthropology, and Christian ethics. On the basis of a reliable examination of both theologians’ views of the law, this thesis also analyses the similarities and differences between them. For both theologians, the law was not just one subject among many, but an essential element that penetrated every topic they dealt with. This thesis makes clear the different motives and the characteristics of their theologies of the law in all of the subjects discussed in this thesis. Doing this, this thesis not only deals with long debated questions, such as whether Luther taught justification by imputed righteousness or by theosis, and whether he taught the so-called third use of the law, but also examines subjects which have not been fully explored, such as Wesley’s views of the three offices of Christ with regard to the law, and of the role of the Holy Spirit in revealing and enabling fulfilment of the law. To provide a contextual analysis, their theologies of the law have been considered in their respective historical and religious situations. In Luther's view, his reformation was an attempt to correct a human-centred religion of the Catholic Church characterized by intellectualism and moralism, which he believed was caused by misapplication and distortion of the law as meritorious cause. Employing Philip Watson’s theocentric motif, and Brian Gerrish’s emphasis on justification by faith and two kingdoms as a framework for interpreting Luther’s theology, this thesis demonstrates that Luther represented all aspects of God’s all-sufficiency, His absolute freedom, imputation of Christ’s righteousness, spiritual trials and comfort by the Holy Spirit, justification and sanctification by faith, human beings as earthly creatures, Christians as saints and sinners, two uses of the law in God’s two kingdoms, as countermeasures against a human-centred religion of the Catholic Church. In his own historical context, what Wesley aimed to correct was not only the Catholic Church’s legalism, but also the Protestant Church’s antinomianism which he thought Luther’s negative representation of the law caused owing to his over-reaction against the Catholic doctrine of meritorious salvation. On the foundation of Luther’s teaching of sola gratia, Wesley endeavoured to bring Luther’s negative view of the law back to a balanced theology of the law. Employing Kenneth Collins’ analysis of the two-fold axial theme in Wesley’s theology – holiness (holy love) and grace (free and co-operant) – as a framework for understanding Wesley’s theology of the law, this thesis shows that in all subjects of God’s works, the three offices of Christ, the witness and empowerment of the Holy Spirit, the relationship between faith and love, human beings as the image of God, and sanctification as renewal of person and cosmos, Wesley’s evangelical synergism makes room for the role of the law on the foundation of God’s grace.

Hydrogen is a by-product of the gasification process and it is environmentally friendly with respect to pollution and emission issues when it is derived from a CO2-neutral resource such as biomass. It is an energy carrier fuel and has flexibility to convert efficiently to other energy forms to be used in different energy applications like fuel cells. The proposed research presents literature on previous gasification studies regarding hydrogen production from biomass and updates the obtained results. The main objectives of the thesis are: a) to study hydrogen production via steam biomass (sawdust) gasification; b) to evaluate the produced hydrogen by performing comprehensive analysis by using thermodynamic, exergoeconomic and optimization analyses. Despite details specific to the gasifier, in general, there is a special need to theoretically address the gasifier that gasifies biomass to produce hydrogen. This further study of gasification aspects presents a comprehensive performance assessment through energy and exergy analyses, provides results of the optimization studies on minimizing hydrogen production costs, and provides a thermo-economic analysis for the proposed systems (Systems I, II and III). This thesis also includes the results from the performed study that aims to investigate theoretical hydrogen production from biomass (sawdust) via gasification technology. Results from the performed parametric study show that the gasification ratio increases from 70 to 107 gH2 per kg of sawdust. In the gasification temperature studied, system II has the highest energy efficiency that considers electricity production where it increases from 72 % to 82 % and has the lowest energy efficiency that considers hydrogen yield where it increases from 45 % to 55 %. Also, it has the lowest hydrogen cost of 0.103 $/kW-h. The optimization results show that the optimum gasification temperatures for System I, System II and System III are 1139 K, 1245 K and 1205 K, respectively. / UOIT

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the European Union (EU) is one of the oldest fields of cooperation within the European Union. During the past decades the different Commissioners have made several proposals about changes in the CAP and many of them have not been passed but renegotiated. The present Commission has however published a report in 2011, which emphasizes that the CAP has three alternative ways to go in the future. This study aims to predict which one of these three alternative ways it is most likely that the CAP will take according to the historical institutionalist theory. When to be able to predict this text analysis is used. The analysis tools of the study are collected from the theory, which focuses on the conceptions: critical juncture, feedback effects, path dependency and sequencing. These tools as well as the theory are applied on the empirical material, which mainly consists of books about the earlier reforms and proposals from the Commission, academical journals and some reports. The analysis shows that the Luxembourg compromise can be seen as a critical juncture in the history of the CAP and this led to a path dependency, which is characterized by a decision-making procedure by consensus between the political institutions in the EU. The analysis also shows that most of the reforms regarding the CAP, are made with some sort of compromise or consensus (the Delors I budgetary package, the Mac Sharry reforms and so on). Therefore the conclusion of the study is that, from an historical institutionalist perspective, it is more or less possible for the CAP to go with any of the alternative ways that the Commission points out in the report. It is however most likely that the second way is the most prominent one. This is because that option emphasizes that major overhauls of the policy should be made, that the measures should be more targeted, and that the spending of the CAP should be more efficient. All of these changes have been made more or less during the history of the CAP and the institutional framework therefore allows this way.

A mathematical model of a steam-methane reformer (SMR) was developed for use in process performance simulations and on-line monitoring of tube-wall temperatures. The model calculates temperature profiles for the outer-tube wall, inner-tube wall, furnace gas and process gas. Reformer performance ratios and composition profiles are also computed. The model inputs are the reformer inlet-stream conditions, the geometry and material properties of the furnace and catalyst-bed. The model divides the furnace and process sides of the reformer into zones of uniform temperature and composition. Radiative-heat transfer on the furnace side is modeled using the Hottel Zone method. Energy and material balances are performed on the zones to produce non-linear algebraic equations, which are solved using the Newton-Raphson method with a numerical Jacobian. Model parameters were ranked from most-estimable to least estimable using a sensitivity-based estimability analysis tool, and model outputs were fitted to limited data from an industrial SMR. The process-gas outlet temperatures were matched within 4 ºC, the upper and lower peep-hole temperatures within 12 ºC and the furnace-gas outlet temperature within 4 ºC. The process-gas outlet pressure, composition and flow rate are also accurately matched by the model. The values of the parameter estimates are physically realistic. The model developed in this thesis has the capacity to be developed into more specialized versions. Some suggestions for more specialized models include modeling of separate classes of tubes that are in different radiative environments, and detailed modeling of burner configurations, furnace-gas flow patterns and combustion heat-release patterns. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-06 21:50:35.04

Diss. Linköping : Univ.

Bakgrund: Offentlig sektor har under de senaste decennierna genomgått omfattande omorganiseringar och reformer som syftat till att göra den allmänna välfärden mer effektiv. Enligt tidigare forskning har dock dessa reformer inte varit tillräckligt bra anpassade för offentlig sektor. Influenser hämtade från det privata näringslivet har medfört konsekvenser för såväl arbetssätt, de samhälleliga intressena och inte minst medarbetarnas arbetssituation. Med utgångspunkt i denna bakgrund har studien följande problemformulering: Vad anser medarbetare inom offentlig sektor är ett hållbart syn- och arbetssätt och kan det innebära en förening av den offentliga traditionen och influenser från den privata sektorn? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett medarbetarperspektiv utforska innebörden av ett hållbart syn- och arbetssätt inom offentlig sektor samt vart detta tar sin utgångspunkt. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metod för insamling av empiriskt material. Detta har skett genom 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare som är verksamma inom kommuner och region, geografiskt avgränsat till Västra Götalands län. Resultat och analys: Studiens resultat presenteras genom en tematisering efter fem övergripande områden som författarna identifierat som återkommande i samtalen. Dessa är: effektivisering, styrning, tillit, vikten av att värna om medarbetaren samt förskjutning av arbetsuppgifter. I analysen bekräftas och dementeras studiens resultat av tidigare forskning och här synliggörs därtill förslag till förbättringar ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Slutsatser: Studien visar att ett hållbart syn- och arbetssätt bland annat inkluderar tillit till medarbetaren, likabehandling och rättvisa med en hög grad av autonomi och professionell logik i arbetssättet. Medarbetare inom offentlig sektor är öppna för arbetssätt som influerats av dess omvärld. / Background: The public sector has during the last decades been transformed by reorganizations and reforms which purpose has been to make the public welfare more efficient. According to earlier research these reforms has not been sufficiently adopted for the public sector. Influences derived from the private sector have had consequences for both the working methods, the social interests and, in particular, the employees' work situation. With that as a starting point, this study will attempt to answer: What does employees within the public sector consider to be a sustainable approach and working methods and can the traditional public sector uniting with influences from the private sector? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss the meaning of a sustainable approach and working methods within the public sector with an employee point of view and where this is based. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method for collecting empirical material. This included 10 semi-structured interviews with employees working in municipalities and regions, geographically bound to Västra Götalands län. Results and analysis: The result of the study will be presented in five headings based on reoccurring themes identified by the authors during the interviews. These are: efficiency, control, trust, value of employees and the shift of assigned working tasks. The analysis both confirms and denies previous research and submits suggestions for improvements from an employee point of view. Conclusions: The study shows that a sustainable approach and working methods include trust in the employee, equal treatment and justice with a high degree of autonomy and professional logic in the working methods. Public sector employees are open to working practices influenced by their outside world.

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