Conflict in Africa remains one of the continent’s principal development challenges. The human, economic and development costs of conflict are immense. A peaceful and secure environment remains the greatest priority for ordinary Africans across the continent. However, this often remains a mirage for many as violent armed conflicts continue to take its toll on many ordinary citizens, often, displacing them as refugees. Some refugees remain in very a deplorable refugee camps that offer them no prospects of decent livelihood for many years. With fear that they would be persecuted upon return to their countries of origin and often the delays in finding solutions to political violence, refugees remain in a protracted situation. A Protracted refugee situation means that refugees have lived in exile for more than five years with no immediate prospect of finding a durable solution to their plight by means of voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement. Thousands of refugees who fled violent conflicts in the West Africa and other parts of Africa have lived for more than a decade in the Krisan and Buduburam refugee camps in Ghana. A situation that can be termed protracted. This paper investigated the perceptions of local Ghanaians, Refugees of Krisan Refugee Camp and Government Official on the integration of refugees in Ghana. Krisan Refugee Camp which was built in 1996, particularly, houses about 1,700 refugees from nine countries: The Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazzaville, Côte d’Ivoire, Chad, Liberia, Sierra Leone and The Sudan. The refugees have lived with the indigenous people of Krisan village for more than a decade and thus offered the best case for the investigation. The researcher used qualitative triangulation method to collect data. That is, he observed the refugees, the local people and supervisors of the refugee camp who made up the sample population. The researcher was able to conduct a face to face in-depth interview and studied necessary documents that informed the study immensely. Thematic data analysis revealed economic and employment opportunities, security, cultural and social networking and finally good counselling on the three traditional durable solutions as the themes greatly impacting on the integration of refugees in Ghana. A number of recommendations are made to inform the management and integration of refugees in Ghana and in Africa in general.

This study investigates the problem of access to justice for female victims of sexual violence (SV) in refugee camps, using South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda in a multiple case study. The main argument of this study is that female refugees in refugee camps, are not adequately pro- tected by those responsible to safeguard them against sexual violence and the myriad of perpe- trators of such sexual violations may never be apprehended, prosecuted, or convicted. Thus, refugees who are victims of sexual violence in refugee camps do not even have the opportunity to testify against their assailant. On the order hand, the current UN Refugee Convention 1951 and its Protocol 1967 have no clauses that protect female refugees against sexual violations. Moreover, victims do not have access to justice in the host states, despite the provision of article 16 of the UN Refugee Con- vention 1951, which provides free access to courts in all contracting states. Article 16 of the UN Refugee Convention 1951 further proposes that refugees should be accorded the same treatment like the citizens of host states in this respect. The study reveals that sexual violence perpetrated against citizens of contracting states are prosecuted in courts and victims have the opportunity in domestic courts to testify against the assailants. Whereas, refugees who are victims of SV in the states of study are not treated like the citizens who suffered the similar violation as prescribed by article 16 of UN convention of 1951. Since the cases of SV against refugees in the territory are hardly prosecuted, they do not have the opportunity to testify against their assailant. / Therefore, this study recommends that states should be compelled to address the offence of sexual violence against refugees in camps, as part of their international obligation as signatories to the refugee convention. Through, a thorough investigation and prosecution of SV cases per- petrated against these victims in their territories. So that victims of sexual violence in their territories can also have the opportunity to testify against their assailants like citizens who suf- fer SV in the contracting states. However, if a State is not a party to the convention, that state should be held responsible through the invocation of complicity to crime and customary inter- national law. This is because the general norm in domestic courts is that, states handle the prosecution of crime and the enforcement of the rights of their citizenry. The study in addition, recommends an international legal framework in support of the current international refugee mechanism that offers victims of sexual violations in refugee camps, legal protection, and access to justice. The proposed international refugee instrument provides for the enforcement of the rights of refugees who are victims of sexual violence, and remedy and reparations that could mitigate the effects of such violence and encourage those charged with their care to give both physical and legal protection to refugees, in camps, in their territories. In addition, the study also suggests a one stop facility in refugee camps for handling the cases of sexual violence against these victims, thus facilitating access to justice. In addition, the researcher also suggests that states should assume a victim - oriented approach in dealing with sexual violations in their territory. This is because, the current practice of the domestic laws of states, is that victims of crime are used as prosecution witnesses, since crime is against the State and a challenge of the rule of law. Consequently, victims do not have the needed locus standi to access the courts as an injured party to a suit. This can be achieved through the inclusion of a locus standi clause in their various criminal procedure acts, so that victims will have the requisite access to court, become parties to the litigation, as co-prosecutor of their offenders. This can be done, as a paradigm shift from the current practice of the criminal proceedings, so that while the state prosecutor represents the interest of the public and that of the rule of law, the victim will represent themselves and will be given a fair hearing in oreder to assert their rights against their assailant. In this process, victims can also enjoy the services of legal aid as maintained by article 16 of the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Public Law / LLD / Unrestricted

Between 2018 and 2021, an average of around 400,000 children per year, were born into arefugee life. Infants account for almost half of alldeaths among children under the age of five, as a direct result of lack of support and knowledge throughout the pregnancy, during labour and thefirst days of a new-borns life. Due to the significant lack of staffing within refugee camps, midwives are required to train people living within the camp to support them during delivery and thus they are in need of equipment that can convey the complexities of labour and support the users to ensure proper understanding and expertise needed to facilitate complication-free labour. Not every birth in a camp results in a dire situation, but when they happen, complicationsare often a result of neglecting natural and basic human needs, resulting in preventable complications. Throughout this project, with the help of Brita-Stina Nordenstedt donation, I have researched what could be the reasoning behind this unsettling statistic, what optionsal ready exist, and in dialogue with midwifes who have worked in refugee camps, tried to envision a solution that could prevent certain complications from occurring in the first place.

The aim of this Master Thesis is to find the most suitable amount of photovoltaic (PV) panels to sustain an off-grid thermal energy storage (TES) system and to compare a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) with a pulse width modulator (PWM) in order to analyze which one of them that best suits the system. The purpose is to provide feedback on the design of the electrical part of the system in order to make it suitable for testing in a school in an Uganda refugee camp. This is done by developing a simulation model and by performing an economical analysis of the system. Additionally, visits to the considered refugee camps are done. The results are based on data from the camps and interviews at the Physics department at Makerere University and consider the number of meals cooked by the TES as well as economical profitability and payback time. The recommended amount of PV panels is nine and the recommended controller is an MPPT. The simulation shows that the system reaches a point where an increasing number of panels doesn't increase the number of cooked meals by much. The economic analysis shows that this small increase is not enough to make up for the extra costs of adding more PV panels. Having a lower cost, PWM is preferred in the early years by the economic analysis. However, having a low efficiency, it is less superior to the MPPT. The payback time and revenue are better for the MPPT in the investigated cases. It is important to consider that the model doesn't show reality to a full extent. Experiments are made where it is found that the model is inaccurate on an hourly level but can be considered valid over longer periods of time. When choosing the results, a trade-off is made between maximizing the revenue or shortening the payback time of the TES system. Considering rough circumstances and the uncertain future of the camps existence, short payback time is chosen. This results in nine panels being the optimum amount. However, if the aim is to maximize revenue, twelve panels are better than nine. The price of firewood is a factor of uncertainty which this study relays a lot on and it's thereby important to consider when reading the results. Suggestions for future studies are to investigate the price development of firewood further or to test the use of stones in the thermal storage tank to decrease costs. Additionally, possible utilization of surplus produced energy from the system could be investigated in order to find extra benefits from the installation.

A large number of refugees are forced to live in refugee camps which lack in both quality of life and infrastructure. Most of them are located in areas without mobile coverage. By contrast, Smart Cities aim to improve the life of its citizens, mainly helped by ICTs. Therefore, refugee camps can also take advantage of the ICTs to enhance the life of refugees. The present thesis aims to explore the needs and priorities of refugees, analyse the impact of smart city solutions implemented in refugee camps on the lives of refugees, and identify and analyse currently unused smart city solutions that could meet the needs of refugees in refugee camps and enhance the Sustainable Development Goals. The study is carried out through the literature review and interviews with professionals working in NGOs devoted to the refugee issues. The necessity and benefits of ICTs have been analysed and the most promising solutions in the different domains of the refugee camps have been selected and described, including IoT based solutions supported with low power WAN to collect data, and blockchain applications as new protocol for a database. / Ett stort antal flyktingar tvingas bo i flyktingläger som saknar både livskvalitet och infrastruktur. De flesta av dem ligger i områden utan mobil täckning. Däremot syftar Smart Cities till att förbättra medborgarnas liv, främst med hjälp av IKT. Flyktingläger kan därför också dra nytta av IKT för att förbättra flyktingarnas liv. Nuvarande avhandling syftar till att undersöka flyktingarnas behov och prioriteringar, analysera effekten av smarta stadslösningar som genomförs i flyktingläger om flyktingarnas liv och identifiera och analysera nuvarande oanvända smarta stadslösningar som kan tillgodose flyktinglägernas behov och flyktingläger förbättra de hållbara utvecklingsmålen. Studien utförs genom litteraturöversikt och intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom icke-statliga organisationer som ägnar sig åt flyktingfrågorna. Nödvändigheten och fördelarna med IKT har analyserats och de mest lovande lösningarna på flyktinglägernas olika domäner har blivit utvalda och beskrivna, inklusive IoT-baserade lösningar som stöds med låg effekt WAN för att samla in data och blockchain applikationer som nytt protokoll för en databas .

"The Rescue Plot" examines the battles surrounding the rescue of migrants at sea in the long aftermath of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis. Challenging the prevailing view of the border as a “field of struggle” between Europe and its outsides, this dissertation proposes the scene of maritime distress in the Mediterranean as a theater for playing out the internal contradictions of Europe itself: the fiscal crisis of the Eurozone; the wavering hegemony of liberal democracy; the radical Left’s search for a revolutionary subject, and migrants’ own elaboration of Europe between the experience of violence and the fantasy of fulfillment. Combining ethnography conducted on board the ships and aircraft of activist collectives rescuing migrants in the sea passage with literary criticism of nautical fiction and archival research into the histories of policing maritime mobility, the chapters of this dissertation develop an alternative history of the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean: not one of humanitarian mass disaster and unbridled state violence, but one of fierce battle waged among states, global capital and the alliances of border-crossers, activists and workers who meet at sea, each in search of their own form of emancipation as it shimmers on the horizon.

In recent decades, international feminist activism and research has had significant success in pushing gender issues onto the international agenda and into global governance institutions and processes. The goal of gender equality is now widely accepted and codified in international legal instruments. While this appears to be a remarkable global success for feminism, widespread gender inequalities persist around the globe. This paradox has led scholars to question the extent to which feminist concepts and goals can retain their transformative potential when they are institutionalized in global governance institutions and processes. This thesis examines the institutionalization of feminist ideas in global governance through an analysis of how, and with what effects, gender equality norms are constructed, interpreted and applied in the global governance of refugees: a field that has thus far received little attention in the growing literature on feminism, gender and global governance. This aim is pursued through a case study of humanitarian aid practices in refugee camps in Bangladesh and Thailand. The study is based on interviews with humanitarian workers in these two contexts, and its theoretical framework is informed by postcolonial feminist theory and Foucauldian thought on power and governing. These analytical perspectives allows the thesis to capture how gender equality norms operate as governing tools, and situate the politics of gender equality in refugee camps in the context of global relations of power and marginalization. The findings of this thesis show that in the global governance of refugees, gender equality is rarely treated as a goal in its own right. The construction, interpretation and application of gender equality norms is mediated and shaped by the dominant governing projects in this field. Gender equality norms are either advocated on the basis of their usefulness as means for the efficient management of refugee situations, or as necessary components of a process of modernization and development of the regions from which refugees originate. These governing projects significantly limit the forms of social change and the forms of agency that are enabled. Nevertheless, gender equality norms do contribute to opening up new opportunities for refugee women and destabilizing local gendered relations of power, and they are appropriated and used by refugees in ways that challenge and go beyond humanitarian agendas.

Currently, over 65 million people around the world have been forced from their homes; among them are nearly 21 million refugees. Thus, the discussion of refugees and refugee camps on a global scale is ever more salient given the recent heightened attention to the global crises. This thesis uses an interdisciplinary Science, Technology, and Society (STS) approach to analyze the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) policies, refugee camps, and their implication in the greater society.

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Flyktingströmmen är ett ämne som har berört oss sedan hösten 2015 och därför har vi inspirerats av ämnet integration. Vi anser att hälsa och lärande kan förknippas med villkor och förutsättningar och vi har valt att fokusera på asylsökande kvinnor som utgångspunkt för vår studie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka en grupp kvinnors erfarenheter av vara nyanlända i Sverige med betoning på hälsa och lärande. Migrationsverket (2015a) bekräftar att det är fler män än kvinnor som migrerar till Sverige. Kvinnor är inte alltid i fokus för forskning och därför ser vi att det blir viktigt att få kunskap och medvetenhet om kvinnors situation. Vår studie är utformad utifrån kvalitativ metod och har inspirerats av en hermeneutisk ansats, intervjuer utgör därför underlag till denna studie. Vi har genomfört 15 intervjuer och utarbetat en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Respondenterna är kvinnor från 19 år och uppåt. De valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna är teorier om lärande av John Dewey (1999) och Paulo Freire (1996). Resultatet visar att villkor och förutsättningar har en viktig betydelse under den första tiden i Sverige. Exempel på sådana villkor och förutsättningar är boendet som miljö, det sociala livet, väntetiden, integrationen och den upplevda hälsan. Kultur och framtid är också aspekter som har en viktig dimension i att förstå det nya landet. / The flow of refugees is a topic that has touched us since the autumn of 2015, and therefore we have been inspired by the topic of integration. We believe that health and learning can be associated with terms and conditions and we have chosen to focus on women asylum seekers as a starting point for our study. The purpose of the study is to investigate a group of women's experiences of being newly arrived in Sweden with an emphasis on health and learning. The Swedish Migration Board (2015a) confirms that there are more men than women who migrate to Sweden. Women are not always in the focus of research and we therefore see that it is important to obtain knowledge and awareness of the situation of women. Our study was inspired by a hermeneutics approach and a qualitative approach, interviews therefore constitute the basis for this study. We conducted 15 interviews and developed a semi-structured interview guide. The respondents are women from 19 years upwards. The selected theoretical starting points are theories of learning by John Dewey (1999) and Paulo Freire (1996). The result shows that there are terms and conditions of important meaning for the first time in Sweden. Examples of them are the accommodation as the environment, social life, waiting time, integration and perceived health. Culture and the future are also aspects that have an important dimension in the new country.