Between 2018 and 2021, an average of around 400,000 children per year, were born into arefugee life. Infants account for almost half of alldeaths among children under the age of five, as a direct result of lack of support and knowledge throughout the pregnancy, during labour and thefirst days of a new-borns life. Due to the significant lack of staffing within refugee camps, midwives are required to train people living within the camp to support them during delivery and thus they are in need of equipment that can convey the complexities of labour and support the users to ensure proper understanding and expertise needed to facilitate complication-free labour. Not every birth in a camp results in a dire situation, but when they happen, complicationsare often a result of neglecting natural and basic human needs, resulting in preventable complications. Throughout this project, with the help of Brita-Stina Nordenstedt donation, I have researched what could be the reasoning behind this unsettling statistic, what optionsal ready exist, and in dialogue with midwifes who have worked in refugee camps, tried to envision a solution that could prevent certain complications from occurring in the first place.

Preliminary normative standards are a tool clinical exercise specialists and health fitness instructors can use when interpreting muscular strength testing results. However, a challenge for professionals is evaluating an individual's one-repetition maximum (IRM) and relating that to others of the same age and gender, because there are no preliminary normative standards for 1RMs available when testing via free-weights and machines.This study conducted at Ball State University, Adult Physical Fitness Laboratory, examined results of muscular strength testing in order to obtain the normative muscular strength of adults. The purpose was to develop preliminary normative standards for strength of adults and to compare the 1RM weight an individual lifts between free-weights, Paramount, and Cybex machines. Seventy-nine healthy men and women between 18 and 79 years of age participated in the study. Subjects were tested on free weights, Paramount, and Cybex machines.Test results revealed preliminary normative standards for 1RM on free weights. Individuals were categorized in three age groups for the free-weight bench press and the Cybex (free-weight) Leg Press. The 18-23 year olds obtained a IRM mean (± Standard Deviation (SD)) of 200.6 + 32.8 lbs and 83.6 ± 18.5 lbs for men and women, respectively, for the free-weight bench press. The 43-59 year olds obtained a 1RM mean of 149.2 ± 41.8 lbs and 71.3 ± 8.6 lbs and the 60-79 year olds had a 1RM mean of 119.5 + 30.0 Ibs and 61.6 ± 15.6 lbs for men and women, respectively, for the free-weight bench press. The 18-23 year olds obtained a 1RM Cybex (free-weight) leg press mean of 484.9 + 58.0 lbs and 234.3 ± 67.5 lbs for men and women, respectively. The 43-59 year olds were able to obtain 1RM means of 444.4 + 84.9 lbs and 254.5 ± 51.7 lbs and the older subjects (60-79 years old) were able to obtain 1RM mean of 390.7 ± 98.6 lbs and 230.3 ± 76.6 lbs for men and women, respectively. Results were also documented in relative values by the amount of weight pushed divided by body weight for better comparison of individuals. Subjects generally lifted more weight on the Cybex (free-weight) leg press compared to the Cybex (machine) leg press. All subjects (N=79) had a mean and standard deviation of 294.9 + 87.7 lbs for the Cybex (machine) leg press (1RMs) and 343.4 ± 123.4 lbs on the Cybex (free-weight) leg press (1RMs). There was a significant difference between the Cybex (free-weight) leg press and the Cybex leg press (p<.001). The correlation for these two types of lifts was r=0.88. There was a significant difference between the free-weight bench press and the Paramount seated chest press (p<.001). The correlation for between the two types of lifts was r=0.93. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Title: Opinions on the involvement of conditioning coaches in soccer Objectives: The aim was to survey opinions involving fitness coaches in soccer and also study the role of fitness coach at selected soccer teams. To meet the main goals we have set a subpart of other goals such as assessing the current state of fitness coaches involved in the preparation of soccer teams in the Czech Republic on the basis of an anonymous survey and also compared with those in some European clubs. Another objective was to determine subpart views of soccer coaches in various competitions in fitness training and the possible inclusion of preparatory athletic exercises, the use of specific resources and training tools in fitness training. Methods: The information needed to achieve the objective of the thesis I received reading the literature. After the pilot survey was modified and standard questionnaire sent along with a cover letter first major coaches 1. Gambrinus league, 2. league coaches selected a lower division and youth coaches. Selected fitness coaches I first spoke by telephone and then sent them a questionnaire by e-mail. Then I made the evaluation questionnaires and obtained data were interpreted with brief comments. To determine the involvement of foreign coaches in fitness clubs, I used Internet resources...

O uso de equipamentos para trabalho de força tem sofrido grande aumento com a popularização das academias de ginástica e a prática de musculação. Os primeiros equipamentos surgiram para o uso em treinamentos esportivos de atletas, mas com os avanços nos estudos da medicina e o aumento do sedentarismo da população em geral, passaram a ser utilizados por público diversificado, para manutenção e reabilitação da saúde. Existem vários tipos de equipamentos de força. Há tanto estações para a realização de exercícios variados, bem como aparelhos especiais para determinados exercícios. Os equipamentos diferenciam-se entre si pelo uso de diversos recursos mecânicos, para realização de trabalho resistido (pesos com cabos e roldanas, motores elétricos, pistões hidráulicos e outros), bem como por suas distintas possibilidades de ajustes (antropométricos, posturais e de carga), para a realização de exercícios. Este estudo visa analisar a usabilidade dos sistemas de ajuste de alguns equipamentos para musculação, existentes no mercado brasileiro, do ponto de vista da ergonomia, para verificar sua praticidade e eficácia. / The use of equipment for strength training has greatly increased with the popularization of gymnastic academies and strength training practice. Such equipments were originally used for athletic training, but with the advances of the studies in medicine and the increase in the populations sedentariness, this type of apparel came to be used by the general public, for health maintenance and rehabilitation. There are several types of strength training equipments. There are different kinds of strength training equipments, according to their mechanical resourses for improving resistance (weight metal bars with cables and pulleys, electric motors, hydraulic pistons and others) or according to the different possibilities for adjunsting (antropometric, posture and weight). This research intents to analyse the usability of some of the strength training equipment sold in Brazil, with an ergonomic focus, to verify its facility and efficacy.

I dagsläget är en stillasittande livsstil med inget eller endast litet inslag av fysisk aktivitet vanligt förekommande. Med sin slogan – Inspiring all generations – vill HAGS Aneby AB bjuda in alla generationer till fysisk aktivitet genom sina produkter inom lek, sport och fitness. Genom att styrka idén om utomhusgym kan den fysiska aktiviteten ökas – användare ska vilja använda utomhusgym och kunder ska vilja köpa in utomhusgym. Önskemålet är att skapa attraktiva platser som stödjer fysisk aktivitet och som också gör det roligt och trivsamt att röra på sig. Detta examensarbete utförs med syfte att undersöka hur HAGS Aneby AB kan erbjuda en träningslösning med utomhusgym för offentlig utemiljö, samt undersöka vilka önskemål om utomhusgym potentiella användare har. Målet med arbetet är att formulera en kravställning baserad på insamlade användarönskemål för utomhusgym, för att med hänsyn till denna kravställning ta fram ett koncept för en ny träningslösning. Konceptet innehåller förslag på utformning av ett nytt utomhusgym med träningsredskap för den i arbetet valda målgruppen motionären samt därtill förslag på tillbehör, tjänster och samarbetsmöjligheter med aktörer relaterade till utomhusgym. Genom en användarundersökning samlas potentiella användares önskemål om utomhusgym in. Önskemålen analyseras och formuleras till krav. Med hjälp av experter inom områdena träning och hälsa tas förslag på träningsredskap fram för att passa motionären. Redskapen utvärderas med hjälp av personer från den avsedda målgruppen. Redskap som kan finnas på ett utomhusgym utformat för motionären är: boxar, slyngor, dragapparat, lyftredskap, joystick, chinsredskap, dipsredskap, armgång, balansplatta, klätterställning, magbänk och låga stänger. Ett förslag på en helhetslösning som inkluderar utomhusgym och tjänster tas fram för att möta de identifierade behoven hos användarna. Genom tjänster riktade mot användarna tillhandahålls information och olika funktioner genom mobilapplikationer, hemsidor, webbportaler och fysiska skyltar på utomhusgymmen. Dessa tjänster utformas i samarbete med de experter inom träning och hälsa som användarna litar mest på. Därtill föreslås servicetjänster riktade mot HAGS kunder som en möjlighet för HAGS att garantera kvalitet och säkerhet på sina utomhusgym. / Today a lifestyle with little or no physical activity is very common. With the slogan – Inspiring all generations – HAGS Aneby AB want to invite all generations to physical activity and movement with their playgrounds and sport and fitness products. By strengthening the idea of outdoor gyms the amount of physical activity can be increased. Users shall want to use outdoor gyms and customer shall want to buy outdoor gyms. The desire is to create attractive places which support physical activity and which also makes it fun and anjoyable to be physically active. This master thesis has been executed with the purpose to investigate how HAGS Aneby AB can provide a training solution for outdoor gyms in public outdoor environments and also to investigate what demands potential users of outdoor gyms have. Tha aim of the thesis is to formulate a specification of requirements based on collected user demands for outdoor gyms, and with consideration to the specification develop a concept for a new training solution. The concept contains suggestions on the development of a new outdoor gym with training equipment for a chosen target group as well as suggestions on accessory equipment, services and potential cooperational opportunitys with other actors on the market. By executing a user study, users demands about outdoor gyms are collected. The demands are then analysed and formulated to requirements. With help from experts in the field of training and health, suggestions on equipment for training at an outdoor gym is generated to fit the chosen target group. The training equipment is evaluated with help from people from the user target group. Training equipment that could be in an outdoor gym for the chosen target group is: boxes, suspension training straps, cable machine, lifting equipment, joystick, chin rack, dips rack, monkey bars, balance board, climbing equipment, sit-up bench and low bars. A concept for a holistic solution which includes outdoor gyms and additional services is developed to meet the identified user requirements. By services developed with the users in mind, information and different functions is provided through mobile applications, web pages and signs at the location of the outdoor gym. These services are developed in cooperation with the experts in training and health that the users trust the most. By maintenance services offered to their customers HAGS can guarantee quality for and safety at their outdoor gyms.

O uso de equipamentos para trabalho de força tem sofrido grande aumento com a popularização das academias de ginástica e a prática de musculação. Os primeiros equipamentos surgiram para o uso em treinamentos esportivos de atletas, mas com os avanços nos estudos da medicina e o aumento do sedentarismo da população em geral, passaram a ser utilizados por público diversificado, para manutenção e reabilitação da saúde. Existem vários tipos de equipamentos de força. Há tanto estações para a realização de exercícios variados, bem como aparelhos especiais para determinados exercícios. Os equipamentos diferenciam-se entre si pelo uso de diversos recursos mecânicos, para realização de trabalho resistido (pesos com cabos e roldanas, motores elétricos, pistões hidráulicos e outros), bem como por suas distintas possibilidades de ajustes (antropométricos, posturais e de carga), para a realização de exercícios. Este estudo visa analisar a usabilidade dos sistemas de ajuste de alguns equipamentos para musculação, existentes no mercado brasileiro, do ponto de vista da ergonomia, para verificar sua praticidade e eficácia. / The use of equipment for strength training has greatly increased with the popularization of gymnastic academies and strength training practice. Such equipments were originally used for athletic training, but with the advances of the studies in medicine and the increase in the populations sedentariness, this type of apparel came to be used by the general public, for health maintenance and rehabilitation. There are several types of strength training equipments. There are different kinds of strength training equipments, according to their mechanical resourses for improving resistance (weight metal bars with cables and pulleys, electric motors, hydraulic pistons and others) or according to the different possibilities for adjunsting (antropometric, posture and weight). This research intents to analyse the usability of some of the strength training equipment sold in Brazil, with an ergonomic focus, to verify its facility and efficacy.

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This work is focused on a composition and consequent checking of effectivity of the volumic training plan and simultaneously informs about the basis of body-building as a sports branch. The work is divided into 3 parts. The first part deals with general principles and patterns of the strengthening process. The second part devotes to the composition of the volume training itself and the third part tests its efectivity, obteins values and deals with the final evaluation.

The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling (3D) is effective in assessing the safety and efficacy of resistance training equipment. The focus of the evaluation was on the biomechanical and anthropometric considerations of the end-user. 3D musculoskeletal modelling was used to evaluate four pieces of resistance training equipment, namely the seated biceps curl, abdominal crunch, seated row and chest press. Three anthropometric cases were created; these represented a traditional 5th percentile female as well as a 50th and 95th percentile male based on body mass index (BMI). Resistance on the training machines was set at fifty percent of the functional strength one repetition maximum (1RM), for each anthropometric case and piece of exercise equipment two repetitions were performed except for the abdominal crunch model during which four repetitions were simulated. Each piece of equipment presented unique challenges. In three of the four studies (seated biceps curl, seated row and chest press) the default model created by the modelling software was not adequate to solve the forward dynamics simulations and thus adjustments had to be made to the default model in order to complete the modelling process. 3D musculoskeletal modelling by means of LifeModelerTM software was able to identify some potential risk for musculoskeletal injury as well as highlight the discrepancies between the anthropometric cases, specifically the accommodation of the 5th percentile female and the machines’ engineered adjustability. 3D musculoskeletal modelling has the potential to indicate shortcomings in resistance training equipment design. Therefore it appears as if 3D musculoskeletal modelling can be used to evaluate resistance training equipment design however the limitations as indicated by this study must be taken into consideration especially when using default models.AFRIKAANS: Die doel van die studie was om die effektiwiteit van driedimensionele (3D) muskuloskeletale modellering te evalueer in terme van die tegniek se vermoë om die veiligheid en doeltreffendheid van weerstands oefenapparaat te evalueer. Die fokus van die evaluasie was op die biomeganiese en antropometriese oorwegings van die end-gebruiker. 3D muskuloskeletale modellering was gebruik in die evaluasie van vier weerstands oefenapparate genaamd die sittende biceps krul, abdominale krul, sittende roei en sittende borsstoot. Drie antropometriese gevalle is geskep, die het ‘n tradisionele 5e persentiel vrou, sowel as ‘n 50ste en 95ste persentiel man voorgestel en was gebasseer op liggaamsmassa indeks waardes. Die eksterne weerstand van die apparaat was bepaal teen vyftig persent van die funsionele krag een-repetisie- maksimum vir elk van die antropometriese gevalle en twee repetisies is uitgevoer behalwe vir die abdominale krul waartydens vier repetisies gesimuleer is. Elke apparaat het unieke uitdagings gestel. In drie van die vier studies (sittende biceps krul, sittende roei en sittende borsstoot) was die standaard model van die sagteware onvoldoende om die voorwaards dinamiese simulasie op te los en moes aanpassings aan die modelle gemaak word vir suksesvolle simulasies. Die modellerings proses met die Lifemodeler™ sagteware kon potensiële risiko vir muskuloskeletale besering sowel as verskille tussen die verskeie antropometriese gevalle uitwys. Dit was veral opvallend vir die akkomodasie van die 5e persentiel vrou asook betreffende die apparaat se vervaardigde verstelbaarheid. 3D muskuloskeletale modellering beskik oor die vermoë om voorstelle vir verbetering in die ontwerp van weerstands oefenapparaat uit te wys. Dit blyk dus dat 3D muskuloskeletale modellering beslis gebruik kan word vir die evaluasie van weerstands oefenapparaat ontwerp, die beperkings van die studie moet egter in gedagte gehou word, veral wanneer standaard modelle gebruik word. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted