隨著電信科技的快速發展，與市場自由思潮和企業對外擴張的需求結合，形成了全球化的現象，其特徵為資本快速的在國際間快速流通。跨國企業為了降低成本而至其他國家直接投資生產，而對地主國產生了許多的影響。外國直接投資往往能增加地主國的就業機會、促進地方稅收、提高國民所得，帶來新的科技與技術等，因而促進了地主國經濟的發展，使得許多的國家積極的去吸引外資來投資。隨全球化不斷發展，其新的潮流為各地方政府亦希望可以吸引外資，來引導地方和國際接軌而有所發展。 本研究針對台灣在這一波全球化下受到外資進駐所受的影響進行探討，利用會計成長模型來檢驗過去外資對本國總產值的影響，並去檢驗外國投資對各縣市產值以及就業的影響，以瞭解外資對台灣的影響以及其在台灣經濟發展過程中所扮演的角色。 本研究結果顯示，外國廠商來台投資，無論對整體的國內生產毛額和地方的產值及就業，都有正面的影響效果。顯示了台灣過去引進外資促進發展的策略相當成功，外資成為過去台灣經濟發展的ㄧ大主因，因而地方政府也應當積極去爭取外國廠商至當地投資。本研究亦發現，外資集中密集度越高其正面效果越強，而不同的外資產業進入不同的區域，其產生的效果也不一致，因此引進外資時，若地方政府考量本身特性利用相關優惠，加以中央政府的輔助引進適當的外資產業，並開發專區以集中發展，將會是比較有利的方式。 / With the telecommunication technology rapidly developed、the liberation of thought around the markets、and the need for enterprise to expand as well、globalization was formed. In order to decrease the production cost、International enterprises went abroad to engage in direct investment、which caused considerably different effects in host country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) always provides more employment opportunities in host country than domestic investment、it also increases regional taxation and wages paid to workers、and brings new technology and technique to host country. Therefore、FDI promotes the economic development of host country. Because of those advantages from FDI、now many countries are eager to attract foreign capital to come to invest. As the globalization continue to boom、the new trend of globalization is that the competition for new investment by local governments seems to be ever increasing. Local governments want the FDI to help regional redevelopment. This paper inspects the effects of FDI toward Taiwan regional development under globalization. In order to realize the effects of FDI in Taiwan and what kind of role FDI plays in the process of economy development in Taiwan、this paper use growth accounting equation to examine the effects of FDI toward regional output value and GDP of Taiwan. This paper presents evidence that foreign investment not only have positive effects on GDP but also regional output value. It indicates that the strategy of using FDI to improve Taiwan economic development was successful in the past. FDI was one of those main factors to make Taiwan economy prosperous; therefore、local government should spare no efforts to attract FDI to local areas. The results suggest that the higher the density of FDI in those areas、the stronger the positive effects might be .In addition、different industries of FDI in different areas would have different effects. In this way、the best way for central government to do is to help local government consider about their local characteristics and then provide specific incentives to attract appropriate industries into specially designated area.

Cooperation between people of different nations has existed throughout Europe for centuries on an informal basis as borders have shifted and power has found its way into different hands. During the European integration process of the 1950s, this cooperation was formalized with the creation of the Euroregions, or cross-border regions. These regions were formed to promote common interests and cooperation to counteract barriers and benefit the people residing in the area. The Czech Republic is currently a member of 13 different Euroregions either exclusively or with multiple neighboring countries: Poland (7), Austria (3), Germany (4), and Slovakia (2). Of these 13 regions, four - Silva Nortica (Czech-Austrian, 2002), Bílé-Biele Karpaty (Czech-Slovak, 2000), Silesia (Czech-Polish, 1998), and Egrensis (Czech-German, 1993) - have been chosen to further evaluate how the creation of Euroregions has facilitated regional development. This thesis aims to analyze the level of regional development in the programming periods before and after the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union in these four Euroregions through the application of the theory of learning regions. Then, by applying the three criteria of theory of learning regions to the four chosen Euroregions, it will determine how the...

Master's thesis focuses on stability of local elites and their influence on the development of municipalities in Czech Republic. The stability of local elites is for the purposes of this thesis defined as the number of election of the same representatives in communal elections in between 1994 and 2010. There are three main objectives in the thesis. Firstly, to prove a dependence between stability of local elites and population of the municipality. Secondly, to find if there is statistically significant dependence between stability of local elites and selected development factors. Thirdly to identify spatial patterns of high and low stability of local elites in the Czech Republic. To complete this objectives required to design methodology and calculate stability of local elites for the municipalities of Czech Republic and then to categorize it according to its level of stability (low, medium, high). On behalf of several quantitative analyses the indirect dependence between stability of local elites and the municipality population has been proven as well as the dependence between the selected development factors (intensity of flat construction, unemployment and percentage of undergraduates). Significant clusters with high and low stability of local elites were identified by the method of spatial...

Master's thesis focuses on a role of regional councillors in process of regional development at the case of Karlovy Vary region. The aim of the thesis is to determine how the process of regional development is influenced by the stability of regional elites in terms of their territorial distribution in the region and their time stability in the subsequent regional elections. The thesis is based on theoretical background related to regional development with emphasis of soft factors of development in context of institutional approaches. The important part of the thesis represents analysis of inner differentiation of the model area and explanation of its causes. The original research consists of two parts. The outcome of the first part is an extensive database of candidates elected into regional assemblies of the Czech Republic in periods of 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012; and analysis of changes in membership structure of those regional assemblies. In the second part regional identity, attitudes and motivation of current regional councillors of Karlovy Vary region and their influence on the development of the region were examined by a questionnaire. The research conclusively proved a relatively high stability of regional elites of Karlovy Vary region in time, but a very low stability of their territorial...

The diploma thesis deals with regional products and their labelling schemes which have rarely been studied in the context of Czech geography. The thesis aims to identify the role of regional product labelling schemes in the process of institutionalizing regions (in the sense of Anssi Paasi) as well as to discover their contribution to the development of regions. The thesis is based on a theoretical discussion which includes the concept of region and regional identity formation, the issue of regional products as a part of the alternative food networks concept and the issue of symbolism and branding/labelling. The research consists of three parts. The first part provides a database of Czech labelling schemes and an assessment of regional product labelling in Czechia. In the second part, 22 labelling schemes united by the Association of Regional Brands are assessed from different perspectives (location, structural aspects etc.). The last part verifies and completes the findings using semi-structured interviews with key actors of the labelling schemes. The existence of the relation between labelling schemes and the institutionalization of regions was verified at each scale. Regional product labelling is particularly involved in the formation of the region's territorial shape and in the strengthening of...

Kommunernas översiktsplaner ska enligt gällande lag (SFS 2007:713) samordnas med det regional tillväxtarbetet. Samtidigt förekommer det idag stora svårigheter kring att skapa en koppling mellan den kommunala och regional nivån. Syftet med studien är att granska hur Region Örebro län och Region Jönköping län samt kommuner inom regionerna valt att utveckla ett samarbete mellan den regionala och kommunala nivån. Målet med studien är att skapa kunskap som utvecklar förutsättningar för ett samarbete mellan kommunala översiktsplaner och den regionala utvecklingsstrategin. Studiens metoder grundas i kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner inom de valde regionerna och kommunerna. Parallelt har även analyser av dokument genomförs för att skapa ett generellt perspektiv. Region Örebro län och Region Jönköping län innehar ett pågående arbete av strukturbilder för regionen där målet är att skapa en starkare koppling mellan och gentemot kommuner. Resultatet visar att respektive aktör har ett behov av en mer samordnad regional planering där de främsta metoderna för samordning anses vara dialog och mötesplatser. I varierande grad förekommer det idag samarbete inom olika behovsområden som exempelvis turism, utbildning och kommunikationer. Resultatet visar även att samarbetet mellan kommuner och region är av betydelse för att exempelvis kunna möta särskilda samhällsutmaningar som ett lågt befolkningsantal. Förordningen (2007:713) om regionalt tillväxtarbete anses ha skapat en medvetenhet om samarbete mellan kommuner och regioner. Dock upplevs kunskapen kring hur samarbetet ska ske rent praktiskt saknas inom kommuner och regioner vilket leder till svårigheter. Den bristande kunskapen gällande hur samarbetet ska utföras rent praktiskt och hur arbetsprocessen skall generera i handlingskraft innebär ett hinder för aktörerna. Det finns en vilja och ett uttalat behov av ökat samarbete men det saknas idag såväl arbetsmetoder och mälsättningar för detta samarbete. / The Swedish regulation (2007:713) illustrate that the strategic plans of the municipalities should be synchronized with the regional development work. Today there are difficulties in creating a relationship between the municipalities and the regional level. The purpose of this study is to examine how Örebro county and Jönköping county have chosen to develop a collaboration with the municipalities. The aim is to present methods to develop cooperation between the municipal and regional level. The methods of this study are based on qualitative semi-structured interviews. The interviews have been done with one person from each selected region and municipality. The results show that the actors find a need for a more synchronized regional planning, where the main methods to develop a cooperation are dialogue and meeting places. Örebro county and Jönköping county has an ongoing work of structural images of the region. The goal of the structural images is to create a stronger link towards the municipalities. The results show that cooperation between the actors are of great value. There are a present cooperation in various areas such as tourism, education and commuting. The results also show that the cooperation between the actors is important to meet challenges as for example a low population. The Swedish regulation (2007:713) about regional development has created an awareness of the connection between regions and counties. However, the knowledge about how to work with the cooperation is lacking in municipalities and regions and the lack of knowledge leads to difficulties. There is a will and a need for increased cooperation, but there are no working methods or goals for the regional partnership.

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to understand how inter-organizational knowledge management is conducted in an economic association by analysing how different actor representatives perceive the inter-organizational collaboration. Design/methodology/approach The method of this study is qualitative, with a single case study of an economic association in Dalarna, Sweden. The interviews were of semi-structured character. A total of nine respondents were interviewed; four respondents from private member organizations, three respondents from public member organizations and two respondents employed by the economic association. Findings and conclusion Six themes were found that together answers the purpose of this study. These themes are personalization, codification, collaboration, conditions, capabilities and challenges. The personalization strategy from the knowledge management framework by Hansen et al (1999) is suggested to be the main strategy in the case of the economic association, while the codification strategy is the supporting strategy working in relation to each other. In order to use those strategies in this interorganizational context, four other themes are added in a model created by the authors of this study. The four additional themes need to be taken in consideration and as the theme capabilities points out; the inter-organizational collaboration gives not only challenges, but also opportunities for the participating organizations. Furthermore, the conditions and the reasons for collaborating can be used for improving the structure of an inter-organizational collaboration. Practical Information A Swedish economic association can be described as a legal entity which involves a minimum of three partners, with a common interest and where all members of the economic association are required to participate in the activities of the economic association. Originality/Value This study contributes to the field of inter-organizational knowledge management by providing insight from a Swedish economic association perspective. There is an apparent gap pointed out between theory driven and practical driven research, where this single case study aims to contribute to the practical field of applying inter-organizational knowledge management perspective into a real case scenario. The case is particularly interesting to study since there are 33 organizations involved in knowledge management, with knowledge bases of both private and public sectors, small- and middlesized organizations and from different branches.

A presente tese aborda o tema sobre o processo de formação, desenvolvimento e consolidação de redes entre Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento regional. Partindo da revisão analítica das teorias de redes interorganizacionais, de criação, desenvolvimento, consolidação e dos processos de gestão, buscou-se a compreensão da relevância estratégica das redes para o desenvolvimento regional. A partir de evidências teóricas, a questão da pesquisa confrontada foi compreender como ocorrem formação e desenvolvimento de redes interempresariais horizontais e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento regional. A pesquisa estudou e qualificou os fatores subjacentes à formação e consolidação de redes horizontais de cooperação e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento regional. No estágio de formação da rede, são analisados os fatores de motivação, escolha do grupo, papel da liderança e a confiança. No processo de desenvolvimento/consolidação, a análise dá-se na direção de fatores de gestão - preparação das empresas, coordenação, governança e escolha dos parceiros - e dos fatores sociais - liderança, capital social e confiança. A contribuição das redes para o desenvolvimento regional foca fatores econômicos e sociais. Para verificar a experiência da construção e consolidação das redes, o delineamento da pesquisa é de um estudo exploratório, com procedimento técnico de casos. A pesquisa empírica foi conduzida por meio de entrevistas com os primeiros e atuais presidentes de nove redes horizontais na Região Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Também, para melhor entender o fenômeno e aprofundar o estudo aplicou-se um questionário junto aos empresários fundadores das redes. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que as pressões contingenciais, como a concorrência, a dificuldade de obter recursos, a falta de crédito, o baixo volume de negócio, exercem influência na motivação para formar redes, que buscam complementaridade de conhecimentos e resultados econômicos. O desenvolvimento, a consolidação e a permanência no mercado das redes dependem de seu projeto, de seu processo de formação, de sua governança, bem como na capacidade de motivar seus membros e atrair outros novos. Outros resultados mostram que os mecanismos de coordenação utilizados para facilitar a governança e a liderança exercem influência nos relacionamentos e na gestão. Verificou-se que a quantidade e a qualidade de interações existentes no contexto de uma rede exercem influência nos níveis de conectividade entre as empresas, na construção do capital social e da confiança e esses fatores levam ao desenvolvimento e consolidação das redes que impactam positivamente o desenvolvimento regional. Em síntese, esses resultados sinalizam a existência de redes consolidadas como resultado de pressões contingenciais, escolha dos parceiros, coordenação, governança, liderança, capital social, confiança e situações de interação social. O fortalecimento e o crescimento das redes impactam positivamente o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sua região. / The thesis addresses the building and strengthening of networks among small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) and their effect on regional development. An analytical review of inter-organisational networks theories, focused on the foundation, development, consolidation and management processes as well as the strategic relevance of networks for regional development was initially examined. From theoretical evidence, this research also explored how the design, implementation and development of horizontal inter-company networks contribute to regional development. Underlying factors to the strengthening of teamwork among SMEs in horizontal networks and its relation with regional development were explored and categorized. In the network founding stage, factors as motivation, group choice, role of leadership and trust building are investigated. In the strengthening stage, management factors as enterprises readiness, coordination, governance and selection of partners were highlighted. Social factors as leadership, social capital and trust were also screened. With regard to networks contribution to regional development, economic and social factors were considered. Founding and strengthening of networks was also researched trough an exploratory study focused on real cases. Empirical research was conducted through interviews with former and current heads of nine horizontal networks in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), south of Brazil. In addition, to better understand the occurrences, a questionnaire was designed and applied to the business founders of such networks. Research outcomes reveal the difficulties faced by business, which induced networks formation. Among those difficulties are competition, limited access to resources, lack of credit and insufficient business scale, which induce networks formation to seek complementarity of knowledge and business results improvement. Complementarily, it was perceived that network longevity depend on their project, their formation process, its governance, and the ability to motivate its members and to attract new ones. Other research outcomes reveal the importance of coordination mechanisms to enable good governance as well as of leadership to smooth relationships and stimulate appropriate management. It was observed that the quantity and quality of effective interactions within a network determine the levels of connectivity among the enterprises that belong to a network. Those interactions establish also the social capital construct and trust; factors that strengthen networks with positive impact on regional development. In summary, research outcomes endorse the evidence that well-established horizontal networks originated from severe business constraints faced up by good partnering, adequate coordination, suitable governance, responsible leadership, social capital construct, trust building and effective social interactions. It was also observed that the strengthening and growth of networks impact positively the socio-economic development of a region.

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des infrastructures de transport dans la croissance économique et dans la réduction des disparités régionales, avec une application à la question de l’aménagement du territoire au Maroc. Cette question est importante dans la mesure où il s’agit de savoir si les infrastructures de transport peuvent être un véritable outil de développement économique. Le travail est structuré en deux parties et quatre chapitres. La première partie prend la forme d’une revue de la littérature théorique et empirique sur la place des infrastructures de transport dans l’aménagement du territoire et la réduction des disparités régionales. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une présentation des théories de la nouvelle géographie économique et de la croissance endogène qui se proposent d’expliquer les disparités régionales. Le deuxième chapitre aborde les effets des infrastructures de transport sur la localisation des agents économiques et sur les phénomènes d’agglomération des activités. La seconde partie du travail développe une étude empirique sur données de panel qui vise à tester l’impact des infrastructures de transport sur un échantillon de 16 régions marocaines. Le troisième chapitre a pour objet la description de l’échantillon et des variables du modèle retenu, ainsi que l’explication des choix méthodologiques effectués. Enfin, le quatrième et dernier chapitre présente et discute les différents résultats obtenus. Les infrastructures de transport semblent avoir un impact positif sur la croissance économique. Leur rôle dans la réduction des disparités inter-régionales reste ambigu. Au vu de nos résultats, il semble en effet permettre une réduction de l’écart entre les cinq régions les plus riches, sans permettre aux régions de rattraper ces régions. / This thesis examines the role of transport infrastructures in the economic growth and reducing regional disparities, with an application to the issue of the land planning in Morocco. This issue will demonstrate as whether the transport infrastructures can be a veritable tool for economic development. The work is structured in two parts and four chapters. The first part takes the form of a review of theoretical and empirical literature on the role of transport infrastructure in the land planning and reducing regional disparities. The first chapter is devoted to a presentation of new theories of economic geography and endogenous growth, which intend to explain the regional disparities. The second chapter discusses the effects of transport infrastructure on the location of economic agents and the processes of urban activities. The second part of the paper develops an empirical study using panel data which aims to test the impact of transport infrastructure on a sample of 16 Moroccan regions. The third chapter is intended to describe the sample and variables of the model used, and the explanation of methodological choices. Finally, the fourth and final chapter presents and discusses the different results.Transport infrastructures appear to have a positive impact on the economic growth. Their role in reducing inter-regional disparities remains unclear. Given our results, it seems to allow a reduction in the gap between the five richest regions, without allowing the regions to make up these regions.

A presente dissertação analisou a concentração e integração produtiva dentro do estado do Tocantins, para o período de 2005 e de 2015. Para tanto, foram utilizados o método de análise regional e o método de Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE). Para o primeiro método foram estimados os indicadores de localização, o quociente locacional (QL), o Índice de concentração de Hirschman Herfindahl (IHH), o Coeficiente de Associação Geográfica (CAG) e o multiplicador de emprego. Para o segundo foram estimados o indicador de Moran global (I de Moran) e local (LISA). Para a fundamentação teórica foram utilizadas as perspectivas de desenvolvimento regional mais relevantes no cenário para o estudo. Os resultados apontaram, quanto a análise dos indicadores locacionais, que os setores que mais predominam na maioria dos municípios deste estado são: administração pública e agropecuária, extração vegetal, caça e pesca. Já quanto a análise espacial ficou constatado através do índice de Moran global que os setores que mais se destacaram por apresentar uma autocorrelação espacial mais significativa, no ano de 2005 ou no ano de 2015, foram: os serviços industriais de utilidade pública, a administração pública e a agropecuária, extração vegetal, caça e pesca. A estatística LISA demonstrou que os setores que mais apresentaram clusters com altos valores do QL foram o de serviços industriais de utilidade pública, o de serviços e o da agropecuária, extração vegetal, caça e pesca, os quais representam os principais fomentadores da economia tocantinense. Por fim, os principais resultados desta pesquisa indicam que o desenvolvimento regional dos municípios do estado do Tocantins não se apresentou de forma homogênea, nem no tempo e nem no espaço. / The present dissertation analyzed the concentration and productive integration within the state of Tocantins, for the period of 2005 and 2015. For that, the regional analysis method and the Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data (AEDE) method were used. For the first method the location indicators, the locational quotient (QL), the Hirschman Herfindahl concentration index (HHI), the Geographic Association Coefficient (CAG) and the employment multiplier were estimated. For the second, the Moran global (Moran I) and local indicator (LISA) were estimated. For the theoretical basis, the most relevant regional development perspectives were used in the scenario for the study. The results showed that, in the analysis of locational indicators, the sectors that predominate in the majority of municipalities in this state are: public and agricultural administration, plant extraction, hunting and fishing. Regarding the spatial analysis, it was verified through the Moran global index that the sectors that stood out the most for having a more significant spatial autocorrelation in 2005 or in the year 2015 were: industrial utilities, public administration and agriculture, vegetable extraction, hunting and fishing. The LISA statistic showed that the sectors that presented the highest clusters with high QL values were those of public utilities, services and agricultural, vegetable extraction, hunting and fishing, which are the main promoters of the economy of Tocantins. Finally, the main results of this research indicate that the regional development of the municipalities of the state of Tocantins did not present itself homogeneously, neither in time nor in space.