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Master of Science / Department of Landscape Architecture, Regional and Community Planning / Stephanie Rolley / The City of Emerado, North Dakota, population 414, located in northeast North Dakota is the subject of a Social Network Analysis (SNA), conducted prior to it being the subject of a University of North Dakota Center for Community Engagement, Community Connect Forum. The SNA was developed based on the results of 25 interviews conducted with local residents, elected officials and business owners, using snowball sampling and following grounded theory methods. The interview results were coded and memos were written to aid in the analysis. Social Network data was entered into the Sentinel Visualizer software (FMS Advanced Systems Group) to develop a visual image of the network, including nodes (people, organizations or businesses) and links to illustrate the relationships between nodes. The SNA helps to frame the relationships in terms of bridging and bonding social capital. The SNA provides the ability to mathematically determine the most important nodes to the community social network, using calculations to determine levels of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, Eigenvalue, and network density. After calculating these elements, categorical descriptions of the top ten individuals for each category are provided. The networks of five individuals are reviewed in depth to aid in comprehending the process of incrementally expanding networks.

Fabricated metals' manufacturing sector employment in the United States declined following the onset of the 2008 recession. Premium compensation and benefits afforded to employees within the manufacturing sector amplified the negative effects of recessionary job losses. Using the regional macroeconomic complex adaptive systems (CAS) framework, the purpose of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of job losses, recovery rates, and adaptive behavior after the recession for the fabricated metals manufacturing sector by measuring and comparing effects in 50 East North Central division MSAs and 50 South Atlantic division MSAs in the United States. Independent sample t tests compared average job level change rates for the tested regions. Significant differences in mean job loss rates for the two divisions occurred between 2008 and 2010 and in mean job recovery rates between 2010 and 2012. A multiple regression model analyzed the relationship of the dependent variable post-recession employment level changes with the independent variables defined as workforce demographic changes and establishment level changes as indicators of adaptive behavior. Results revealed a significant relationship between the dependent variable and shifts in the workforce demographic profile but did not reveal a significant relationship between the dependent variable and changes in the number of firms engaged in this sector. This study forms the genesis of background data for measuring cross-regional performance in the presence of external shocks and serves as a foundation for developing incentive models based on thriving sectors and regions for individuals, organizational groups, and society as a whole in engendering economic growth and well-being.

Ob für das Erkennen von Innenbereichspotenzialen oder das Monitoring von Siedlungsentwicklungen, es werden flächendeckende, computerverarbeitbare und vergleichbare Abgrenzungen des Innenbereiches benötigt. Explizite Abgrenzungen des Innenbereiches erfolgen entweder über Bebauungspläne (§§ 8 bis 10 BauGB) oder Satzungen (§ 34 BauGB). Diese sind aber weder flächendeckend, noch frei verfügbar oder digital vorhanden. Mit der Einführung des ATKIS® Basis-DLM ist eine flächendeckende, computerverarbeitbare und vergleichbare Siedlungsabgrenzung gegeben. Diese Siedlungsflächen in Form von Baublöcken und Ortslagen sind jedoch nur eine Näherung. Es wurde daher erstmals untersucht, ob auf Grundlage von Geobasisdaten Innenbereichsabgrenzungen automatisiert zu erzeugen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden Vorgaben und Grenzwerte aus der aktuellen Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung ermittelt. Auf diesen beruhte die anschließende Konstruktion des Abgrenzungsalgorithmus. Mithilfe einer Referenzinnenbereichsabgrenzung aus der Region Hannover und einem eigens entwickelten Verfahren ist die Bewertung von Abgrenzungen möglich. Neben der Ortslage und einer „verbesserten“ Ortslage wurden fünf Varianten der mit dem Werkzeug „Delineate Built-Up Areas“ erzeugten Siedlungsabgrenzungen auf Ihre Eignung als Innenbereichsabgrenzung untersucht. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe des entwickelten Verfahrens und geeigneter Trainingsdaten eine deutlich bessere Abgrenzung des Innenbereiches generiert werden kann als jene, die mit der Ortslage bisher zur Verfügung steht. Da lediglich Gebäudegrundrisse, wie Hausumringe oder extrahierte Gebäudegrundrisse aus topografischen Karten als Eingangsdaten notwendig sind, können auf diese Weise in Zukunft Innenentwicklungsflächen flächendeckend und in gleichbleibender Qualität - und das auch retrospektiv - abgegrenzt werden. Der Raumforschung steht damit eine lang geforderte Datengrundlage zur Verfügung.

abstract: A right to the city is a human right that is overlooked in American cities. Cities reflect humanity in collective form, but are manipulated by the powerful at the expense of the powerless. Landscapes of cities tell the city's stories, as historical inequalities become imprinted on the city's physical and symbolic landscapes. In Detroit, Michigan, over forty square miles of the city are vacant, unemployment might be as high as fifty percent, and the city has lost about sixty percent of its population since the mid-1950s. Detroit must now solve its spatial problems in the context of depopulation; the city's planners, nonprofits, and scholars are now debating "planned shrinking" or "right-sizing." Simultaneously, a blooming arts scene is also slowly revitalizing parts of the city. This thesis will critically examine the possibilities of planned shrinking and the arts movement in Detroit, as well as suggest theoretical explanations for the city's dilemmas. Detroit has been the subject of a myopic popular narrative, one that isolates the city from modern America rather than critically examines its place in modern America. Redefining regional healing through honest discourse and developing a more appropriate narrative for Detroit are among the solutions proposed. Finally, the importance of establishing a human right for the city is discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011

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