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Background: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over one-third of US adults are obese. In order to assess causes of and treatments for obesity, researchers have evaluated a number of processes underlying health-related behaviors, one of which is delay discounting. Delay discounting is a cognitive process that describes the phenomenon by which individuals discount the value of a future reward compared to the value of an immediate reward. Researchers have associated delay discounting with drug addiction, alcoholism, and cigarette smoking. More recently, delay discounting has been studied with regards to health-related behaviors, such as body weight management, food intake, glucose control, and physical activity. While a number of studies have concluded that obese individuals tend to be greater discounters, the relationship between delay discounting and various health-related behaviors beyond smoking and drug use remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between delay discounting and diet quality, glucose tolerance, physical activity, and fasting vs. non-fasting conditions. Methods: Sixty-five males (n=20) and females (n=45) were recruited for the present study. Participants completed two lab sessions: one under non-fasting conditions, and one under fasting conditions which involved measurements of body mass and composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, and health-related questionnaires. Delay discounting and food purchase tasks were completed at both visits. Participants were asked to complete a four-day food intake record and wear a physical activity monitor for four days. Results: Lower rates of discounting were found in those who consumed more total vegetables, and lower food reinforcement was observed in those who spent less time sedentary and more time physically active, had greater dietary Restraint, and had a lower resting heart rate. There were no significant differences between discounting rates and food reinforcement across fasting and non-fasting conditions. / Master of Science / More than one-third of US adults are obese. Obesity brings with it a number of chronic health conditions as well as the financial burden of increased healthcare costs. There are a multitude of treatment methods for obesity, and researches have evaluated many aspects of behaviors that contribute to obesity. Decision-making processes are an important factor related to management of body weight as well as general health. One field of study concerned with decision-making is called behavioral economics, and it includes the concept of delay discounting. Delay discounting is a cognitive process by which individuals tend to discount the value of future rewards in favor of more immediate rewards. This behavior has been associated with drug use and addiction, alcoholism, and cigarette smoking, as well as a number of other psychological or social parameters. More recently, research has connected delay discounting with health-related factors such as body weight management, glucose control, physical activity, and diet quality. A number of studies have concluded that obese individuals tend to be greater discounters, meaning that they prefer immediate rewards rather than delaying gratification for future rewards, however the relationship between delay discounting and various health-related behaviors remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between delay discounting and diet quality, glucose tolerance, physical activity, and fasting vs. nonfasting conditions. Methods: Sixty-five males (n=20) and females (n=45) were recruited for the present study. Participants completed two lab sessions: one under non-fasting conditions, and one under fasting conditions which involved measurements of body mass and composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, and health-related questionnaires. Delay discounting and food purchase tasks were completed at both visits. Participants were asked to complete a four-day food intake record and wear a physical activity monitor for four days. Results: Lower rates of discounting were found in those who consumed more total vegetables, and lower food reinforcement was observed in those who spent less time sedentary and more time physically active, had greater dietary Restraint, and had a lower resting heart rate. There were no significant differences between discounting rates and food reinforcement across fasting and non-fasting conditions.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ana carmen.pdf: 438103 bytes, checksum: 918d056717333d77fc09477efa760621 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Chronic Mild Stress-induced anhedonia is an animal experimental model that exposes rats to a mild stressors regime for a long period of time. This model was proposed in 1987 Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sophokleus e Muscat. The purpose of the present study was to verify whether the exposure of rats to an operate procedure when a concurrent schedule with equal FR component, each one producing a different reinforcer (water or sucrose) would alter: a) the body weight; b) the water and sucrose intake, measured on weekly consumption and preference tests; c) the number of lever pressing responses on operant sessions, before, during and after the stress regime. The experimental design had three experimental conditions: total fluid intake and preference of sucrose over water tests, operant sessions of concurrent and the chronic mild stress regime. The subjects were differently exposed to these conditions. Group 1 subjects were exposed to six weeks of stress regime. Group 2 subjects were first submitted to the concurrent sessions (FR water FR sucrose), then they were exposed to the stress regime for six weeks and finally were put back in the concurrent schedule sessions. Group 3 subjects were submitted to concurrent sessions during the stress regime. All subjects of the three groups were submitted weekly to fluid intake and sucrose preference tests before, during and after the stress regime. A control subject was submitted to the consumption and preference tests without exposure either to stress regime or the operant sessions. Results showed five major points: 1) a change of body weight for all subjects exposed to the stress regime; 2) reduction in sucrose intake and in the preference for sucrose over water during the stress regime, measured by consumption and preference tests; 3) subjects submitted to the concurrent sessions before the stress regime recovered sucrose intake and preference for sucrose in the consumption and preference tests after the stress regime; 4) subjects submitted to the operant sessions presented more responses in the sucrose correspondent lever than in the water correspondent lever before and after the stress regime; 5) subjects submitted to operant sessions during the stress regime decreased response in sucrose correspondent lever during the stress regime, however two out of these three subjects recovered to the level of responding prior to stress regime before the stress regime was terminated / Chronic Mild Stress é um modelo animal experimental de anedonia induzida através da exposição de ratos a estressores moderados por um longo período de tempo. Este modelo foi proposto, em 1987, Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sophokleus e Muscat . O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a exposição de ratos a sessões operantes de esquema concorrente FR água FR sacarose, de mesmo valor, durante este regime crônico de estressores moderados iria produzir alterações: a) no peso corporal dos sujeitos; b) no consumo de água e de sacarose, medido em testes semanais de consumo e de preferência de líquidos c) no número de respostas de pressão à barra emitidas nas sessões operantes comparado-se o número de respostas emitidas antes, durante e depois do regime de estressores. O delineamento foi composto de três condições experimentais: teste de consumo e de preferência de líquidos, sessões operantes de esquema concorrente e regime crônico de estressores moderados. Essas condições ocorreram de três diferentes maneiras para três grupos. Os sujeitos do grupo 1 foram expostos a seis semanas de regime de estressores. Os sujeitos do grupo 2 foram, primeiramente, expostos a sessões operantes de esquema concorrente FR água FR sacarose e, logo em seguida, passaram pelo regime de estressores e depois, novamente, pelas sessões de esquema concorrente. No grupo 3, as sessões de esquema concorrente FR água FR sacarose continuaram a acontecer uma vez por semana, durante o regime de estressores. Todos os sujeitos dos três grupos foram submetidos aos testes semanais de consumo e de preferência de líquidos antes, durante e depois do regime de estressores. Um sujeito controle foi submetido apenas aos testes de consumo e de preferência de líquidos, não houve exposição aos estressores nem foi submetido à sessões operantes. Cinco pontos principais foram observados nos resultados: 1) uma alteração do peso corporal presente em todos os sujeitos que foram exposto ao regime de estressores.; 2) uma redução na ingestão de sacarose e na preferência pela sacarose sobre a água ocorridas durante a exposição ao regime de estressores, medido através do teste de consumo e de preferência de líquidos; 3) os sujeitos que haviam sido submetidos às sessões operantes antes do regime de estressores voltaram a apresentar, nos teste de consumo e de preferência de líquidos, a mesma ingestão anterior à exposição aos estressores, ao contrário daqueles que não haviam sido submetidos às sessões operantes; 4) todos os sujeitos submetidos às sessões operantes responderam com maior freqüência na barra correspondente à liberação de sacarose do que na barra correspondente à água, tanto nas sessões realizadas antes do início, quanto nas realizadas após o término da exposição ao regime de estressores e 5) todos sujeitos submetidos a sessões operantes durante o regime de estressores reduziram o número de respostas na barra correspondente à sacarose durante da exposição aos estressores. Entretanto, dois destes três sujeitos retornaram aos valores anteriores antes do término da exposição aos estressores

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diss completa.pdf: 1344921 bytes, checksum: 0d5eb60c4e0b5309d3eaeef2b4c9187d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-09-28 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) is an experimental model for depression: Rats are submitted to a set of stressing conditions and as a result their consumption of water and water with sucrose, as well as the animals previous preference for water and water and sucrose also drops. It is argued that the stress changes the organism and, consequently, changes the reinforcing properties of water and water with sucrose. Therefore the stress would make the subjects insensible to reward. The present study investigated if what has been called sensitivity to reward could be described as a drop in the reinforcing value of a reinforcer. In other words, one of this study's goals was to evaluate if a protocol of mild stress diminished the reinforcing value of a known reinforcer, here, water with sucrose. Four male rats were submitted to a stress protocol of six weeks (as described by Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sophokleus e Muscat (1987). Two of them were also submitted to operant sessions of a FR-FR concurrent schedule of reinforcement, with responses followed either by water or water with sucrose prior and after the stress protocol. Results showed that all four subjects diminished their overall liquid consumption while the stress protocol was in effect. Results also showed the two subjects preferred water with sucrose on the FRFR condition (with higher rates of responses on the lever associated with water with sucrose), and that these subjects recovered their overall consumption and their preference for water with sucrose faster than the two subjects not submitted to the operant condition / Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) é um modelo animal experimental proposto como um modelo de depressão, ao qual ratos são submetidos. Após passarem por um conjunto de "situações de estresse suave", o consumo de água e de água com sacarose desses animais decresce. Considera-se que a submissão ao conjunto de estressores modifica o organismo e, consequentemente, a propriedade recompensadora da água e da água com sacarose. Supõe-se, então, que o sujeito toma-se "Insensível" à recompensa. O presente estudo pretendeu replicar os resultados de Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sopholeus e Muscat (1987) e também verificar se o que é denominado "Insensibilidade à recompensa" poderia ser descrito como diminuição do valor reforçador do estímulo, uma vez que este estímulo, nos estudos de CMS, não é produzido sistematicamente por uma ação/resposta dos sujeitos sistematicamente medida. Ou seja, a submissão ao "regime de estresse" afetaria o valor reforçador do estímulo? Ratos machos foram sujeitos. Dois sujeitos foram submetidos a um conjunto de condições de estresse suave, por 6 semanas, conforme descritos por Willner e cols. (1987), como por exemplo, privação de água e comida, barulho intermitente, iluminação contínua, agrupamento de dois sujeitos na mesma gaiola, luz estroboscópica, cheiro, apresentação de uma garrafa vazia após privação de água, acesso restrito a comida, inclinação da gaiola, presença de um objeto estranho na gaiola e chão da gaiola sujo. Verificou-se uma diminuição no consumo total de líquido e na preferência por água com sacarose destes sujeitos durante e após este procedimento. Outros dois sujeitos foram submetidos a sessões operantes sob um esquema concorrente FR15-FRI5 com água e água com sacarose como estímulos reforçadores antes e após a submissão ao mesmo conjunto de estressores. Também com estes sujeitos observou-se diminuição no consumo de líquido e na preferência por água com sacarose em testes semanais de consumo de líquido, durante as semanas de exposição ao estresse, o que indicaria um aparente efeito do regime de estresse sobre o valor reforçador dos estímulos. Observou-se também, com estes sujeitos, que a submissão à condição operante após o período de estresse parece ter alterado o efeito produzido pelo CMS, aumentando o consumo de líquido e a preferência pela água com sacarose nos testes realizados nas semanas seguintes à exposição ao regime de estresse