• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 18
  • 18
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 57
  • 57
  • 30
  • 20
  • 13
  • 12
  • 12
  • 10
  • 9
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

An investigation of Hong Kong Chinese ESL learners' processing difficulty in the comprehension and production of relative clauses

Chan, Kit-wah, 陳潔華 January 2005 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts
12

The acquisition of relative clauses by Cantonese children: an experimental approach

Lau, Elaine., 劉綺雯. January 2006 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy
13

The Role of Innate Grammar and Input in the Acquisition of Chinese Relative Clauses

Huang, Hui-Yu, Huang, Hui-Yu January 2016 (has links)
This dissertation concerns one of the long-term debates about whether an innate grammar, i.e. Universal Grammar, is necessary for a child to acquire a language. The researchers who do not agree that an innate grammar needs to exist argue that the input or the child's experience of language is sufficient to acquire a language. In my work, I examine the relative clause, which is a complex structure cross-linguistically, as a case study to investigate the controversy between the role of innate grammar and the role of input in language acquisition. Based on both the comprehension data of Chinese-speaking children that I collected and the statistical analyses of corpora that I completed, I suggest that a satisfactory theory of language acquisition needs to still incorporate an innate grammar in order to accommodate the various and sometimes inconsistent input properties I document. Nevertheless, the acquisition pattern cannot be explained well without a good understanding of language-specific properties and of their potential interactions with language-external factors such as the comprehension system that may be at work in acquisition.
14

[en] RELATIVE CLAUSE PROCESSING: INCREMENTAL REFERENTIAL MAPPING AND INTEGRATION OF CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION / [pt] ASPECTOS DO PROCESSAMENTO DE ORAÇÕES RELATIVAS: ANTECIPAÇÃO DE REFERENTES E INTEGRAÇÃO DE INFORMAÇÃO CONTEXTUAL

RENE ALBERTO MORITZ DA SILVA E FORSTER 15 January 2015 (has links)
[pt] O presente estudo investiga o processamento incremental de orações relativas restritivas de objeto. Considera-se, em particular, o mapeamento antecipado do referente do DP complexo, por meio da integração incremental de informação contextual, durante o processamento da oração relativa, explorando-se a possibilidade de esse tipo de integração ser conciliado à concepção de um processador sintático autônomo. Esse tema é abordado em duas direções: (i) investigando-se o momento da integração de informação contextual e as condições em que poderia haver mapeamento antecipado de referentes de um DP complexo; e (ii) avaliando-se as vantagens computacionais de um processador autônomo (frente a modelos interativos) com vistas a propor procedimento de análise que permita compatibilizá-las com os resultados experimentais obtidos. Em razão de (i), foram conduzidos três experimentos de rastreamento ocular. Sentenças com um DP-sujeito complexo contendo relativas de objeto foram apresentadas concomitantemente (experimento 1) ou precedidas (experimento 2) de contextos discursivos e visuais que poderiam permitir a desambiguização da referência em diferentes segmentos da oração relativa. Os resultados, em consonância com a literatura, sugerem que estímulos verbais foram incrementalmente processados e mapeados em referentes visuais, de modo que a busca pelo referente do DP complexo parece ter emergido tão logo houvesse informação distintiva disponível. O experimento 3 teve por objetivo investigar em que medida o mapeamento antecipado ocorreria também em estímulos temporariamente ambíguos (entre uma leitura completiva ou relativa restritiva), apresentados verbalmente em entonação natural, e precedidos por informação contextual que poderia favorecer uma análise restritiva. Ao contrário de resultados anteriores, contudo, o direcionamento contextual não pareceu suplantar a aplicação de uma análise compatível com o princípio de aposição mínima. Em função de (ii), o modelo de computação online de Corrêa e Augusto (2007) e seus desdobramentos em Augusto, Corrêa e Forster (2012) foram explorados, incorporando-se unidades de processamento correspondentes ao conceito minimalista de fase, de forma a permitir a transferência gradual de material já parcialmente processado aos sistemas de interface com vistas a possibilitar a integração incremental de informação contextual. Propõe-se, adicionalmente, que um mecanismo de pré-ativação de relações temáticas, baseado em informação contextual, poderia ser capaz de caracterizar o mapeamento antecipado do referente de um DP complexo. / [en] This study investigates the incremental processing of restrictive object relative clauses. The anticipation of the referent of the complex DP, as contextual information is integrated during the analysis of relative clause, is particularly considered and the possibility is explored of this sort of incremental processing being reconciled with an autonomous parser. The argument is conducted two-way: (i) by characterizing the moment in time at which the information provided by the complex DP is integrated with background information, and the conditions that allow for the anticipation of the referent of a complex DP; (ii) by considering the computational advantages of an autonomous parser (vis a vis interactive models), and possible means of reconciling the experimental results obtained. As for (i), three experiments were conducted in the visual world paradigm. Sentences with a complex DP subject containing a restrictive object relative clause were presented either concomitantly to a visually supported discourse context (Experiment 1) or preceded by it (Experiment 2). The visual context was manipulated in such a way as to enable the integration of the information provided by the complex DP and the discourse context to take place at different sentence segments. The results confirmed previously reported findings suggesting that sentences are incrementally interpreted and mapped onto the external world, and that the referent of the complex DP is search for as soon as possible. Experiment 3 was intended to verify the extent to which such an anticipation would take place in temporally ambiguous sentences (complement sentences or relative clauses), presented in normal intonation and preceded by contexts that would bias for the parsing of restrictive relative clauses. Unlike previous findings, however, the biasing context did not override Minimal Attachment. As for (ii), the on-line model of sentence computation in Corrêa and Augusto (2007) and its expansion in Augusto, Corrêa and Forster (2012) were further developed. The minimalist concept phase with a partially analyzed material being transferred to the interfaces, when adapted to left-right on-line computation, enables a partially analyzed complex DP to be minimally interpreted and integrated with background information. Additionally, the pre-activation of thematic relations on the basis of discourse/contextual information was proposed as a means of accounting for the anticipation of the referent of complex DP as the subject of the relative clause is analyzed.
15

Uso ou omissão de preposição e artigo em orações relativas de espanhol produzidas por estudantes brasileiros / Use or omission of prepositions and articles in Spanish relative clauses produced by Brazilian students

Nogueira, Vanessa 02 April 2014 (has links)
O objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o uso ou a omissão de preposições e artigos nas orações relativas de estudantes brasileiros de ELE e nativos de E. O estudo buscou verificar se os estudantes brasileiros de ELE utilizam o relativo acompanhado de preposição e artigo, quando o usam e como o fazem; quais contextos favorecem a elipse de preposição + artigo; se o comportamento sintático entre os estudantes brasileiros e os nativos se assemelha e quais as possibilidades para essas semelhanças / diferenças. Para tanto, analisamos um corpus recolhido de testes escritos de reformulação de orações de três grupos de estudantes brasileiros adultos de ELE e o comparamos às produções de reformulações de um grupo de nativos de E argentinos. De acordo com nossas hipóteses iniciais e bibliografia consultada, as orações cortadoras seriam as mais produzidas pelos estudantes, mas de acordo com nossos dados, essa não foi a opção mais usada, e sim a opção sem o artigo com preposição. Pensamos que isso se deve ao caráter mais formal (escrito) dos testes. Concluímos que os brasileiros, em sua língua nativa, não usariam tal estrutura, mas quando têm que lidar com o E, preferem cortar o artigo em vez de produzir uma estrutura que seja mais comum em PB como a cortadora. Em contrapartida, os nativos usaram com mais frequência as orações padrão, que quase não apareceram nos resultados dos estudantes brasileiros. Ou seja, o comportamento sintático dos estudantes brasileiros e dos nativos foram evidentemente diferentes. Os estudantes brasileiros nem sempre preferiram o uso de relativas com quien para antecedente [+animado], como predizem as gramáticas. Aliás, o uso das duas orações padrão (prep. + quien e prep.+ art. + que) foi bastante equilibrado. Os nativos de E, para o mesmo tipo de antecedente, usaram a oração padrão com o relativo que com maior frequência. Quando a oração relativa apresentou caráter causal, os informantes brasileiros e nativos foram levados a expressar essa relação causal e evitaram a oração relativa. / The objective of this dissertation is to compare the use or omission of prepositions in relative clauses and articles of Brazilian students of ELE and native E speakers. The study aimed at verifing whether the Brazilian students use prepositions, accompanied by the relative pronoun and articles, when they use and how they do that; contexts which favor the ellipse \"preposition + article\"; if the syntactic behavior among Brazilian students matches the native speakers and the possibilities for these similarities / differences. To this end, we collected a corpus reformulation\'s sentences of written tests of three groups of Brazilian adult students of ELE and compared to the production of reformulations of a group of Argentinian E. native speakers. According to our initial hypotheses and consulted literature, students produce more often pp-chopping sentences, but according to our data, this was not the preferred option, but the one without article and with preposition. We think this is due to the more formal nature of the (written) tests. We concluded that Brazilian students in their native language would not use such a structure, but when they have to deal with E, they prefer to cut the article instead of producing a structure that is more common in PB - like the pp-chopping. In contrast, the native speakers used standard sentences more often, which hardly ever appeared in the results of Brazilian students. That is, the syntactic behavior of Brazilian students and native speakers were evidently different. Brazilian students do not always preferred the use of relative pronoun using \"quien\" for the antecedent [+ animate], as grammatically expected. In fact, the use of two standard sentences (\"prep. + quien\" and \"prep. + art. + que) was fairly balanced. The native speakers of E, for the same type antecedent, used the standard sentence with the relative \"que\" with more frequency. When the relative clause introduced causal character, Brazilians and native speaker informants were led to express this causal relationship and avoided the relative clause.
16

[en] THE COST OF THE PROCESSING OF RELATIVE CLAUSES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH RESUMPTIVE RELATIVES IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE / [pt] O CUSTO DE PROCESSAMENTO DE ORAÇÕES RELATIVAS: UM ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL SOBRE RELATIVAS COM PRONOME RESUMPTIVO NO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO

FERNANDA VIDIGAL CABRAL DE MIRANDA 22 July 2008 (has links)
[pt] Esta dissertação tem como tema o processamento de orações relativas, focalizando estruturas com pronome resumptivo no Português Brasileiro (PB). O estudo baseia-se numa proposta teórica que visa a uma articulação entre teoria lingüística e teorias de processamento no tratamento da aquisição da linguagem e do processamento lingüístico. A hipótese de trabalho que orientou esta pesquisa é que existiria uma correlação entre a presença de resumptivo e o custo de processamento na produção, caracterizado em função da variável foco. No que se refere à compreensão, a literatura apresenta resultados conflitantes com relação a um efeito facilitador da presença do pronome resumptivo no que concerne à atribuição temática em relativas com foco no objeto. Dois experimentos são relatados. O primeiro teve como objetivo verificar o quanto, e em que direção, a presença do resumptivo afeta a compreensão de orações relativas por crianças de 3 e 5 anos falantes de PB. O segundo utilizou técnica de produção oral induzida para investigar o uso do resumptivo como estratégia de último recurso por adultos falantes de PB. Os resultados do experimento com crianças reiteram o efeito de foco, recorrente na literatura, mas não o efeito facilitador do resumptivo. Ao contrário, sua presença parece dificultar a compreensão por parte de crianças de 5 anos. Os resultados obtidos com adultos evidenciam maior incidência de resumptivos em orações relativas ramificadas à direita, nas estruturas previstas com sendo as de maior custo computacional, dando suporte à hipótese do resumptivo como estratégia de último recurso na produção da fala. / [en] This dissertation deals with the processing of relative clauses, and focuses on resumptive structures in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). It is grounded on a theory of language processing and acquisition that aims at reconciling a minimalist view of language with psycholinguistic models of sentence processing. The working hypothesis of this study is that there is a correlation between the presence of a resumptive pronoun and processing cost of the relative clause in sentence production, which is defined in relation to the variable focus. As far as comprehension is concerned, there is controversy with regard to the effect of the resumptive pronoun in children`s performance. In this study, two experiments are reported. The first one aimed at investigating the effect of a resumptive in thematic assignment, in relative clause comprehension by BP speaking 3 and 5 year olds. In the second one, an elicited production task was used with BP speaking adults in order to test the hypothesis of resumptives as a last resource strategy in oral sentence production. The results of the first experiment reiterate the effect of focus, but do not support the view that the resumptive pronoun has any facilitative effect. On the contrary, its presence seems to pose difficulties for 5 year olds. The results obtained with adults show a higher frequency of resumptives in right-branching sentences, in those conditions predicted to be the most demanding ones. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of resumptive relative clauses as the result of last resource strategy in language production.
17

Orações relativas em karitiana: um estudo experimental / Relative clauses in karitiana: an experimental study

Vivanco, Karin Camolese 06 June 2014 (has links)
Essa dissertação pretende esclarecer o estatuto das orações relativas do karitiana (tupi- Arikém). Orações relativas podem ser classificadas como relativas de núcleo externo (RNE) e de núcleo interno (RNI), sendo o principal critério de diferenciação a posição do núcleo em relação à relativa: relativas com o núcleo adjacente à oração subordinada são classificadas como RNEs, enquanto aquelas com o núcleo interno à subordinada são RNIs (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Outro critério utilizado é a marcação de caso: se o núcleo estiver marcado com o caso exigido pelo verbo da matriz, a relativa será uma RNE; se for aquele exigido pelo verbo da relativa, ela será uma RNI (COLE, 1987). Dentro desse quadro, as orações do karitiana são difíceis de classificar: por um lado, o núcleo aparece sempre deslocado para a periferia esquerda (STORTO, 1999), algo característico de RNEs; por outro, a marcação de caso no núcleo segue o padrão de RNIs. À luz do trabalho de Basilico (1996), hipotetizamos que as relativas do karitiana seriam RNIs com frontalização opcional do núcleo. Se for o caso, é esperado que relativas com núcleos não frontalizados sejam permitidas. Montamos então um experimento para verificar se as relativas poderiam ter seus núcleos não frontalizados e testamos 14 falantes com uma metodologia de produção elicitada. Os resultados mostram que, embora haja uma tendência pela frontalização, núcleos não frontalizados são permitidos na língua, pois há casos de relativas de sujeito com a ordem OSV e de relativas de objeto SOtiV, OSV e SOV. Também foram produzidas relativas de objeto sem o morfema de foco do objeto , indicando que ele não é imprescindível para a relativização. Esse quadro aproxima nossas relativas das RNIs, pois RNEs não podem ter núcleos em outras posições além da periferia da oração relativa. Também analisamos propostas de análise sintática para as diversas ordens de palavras coletadas em nosso experimento. Vemos que aquelas que assumem algum tipo de deslocamento do núcleo para Spec de uma projeção de periferia seja CP ou AspP incorrem em diversos problemas, como a impossibilidade de derivar relativas de objeto SOtiV e a incapacidade de excluir estruturas agramaticais com advérbios. Assim, propomos que a frontalização do núcleo é uma adjunção a AspP. Dados de orações relativas com advérbios nos levam ainda a postular que, em relativas de objeto, a frontalização do núcleo ocorre em duas etapas: primeiro um movimento para Spec, vP e, em seguida, a frontalização para uma posição de adjunto de AspP. Essa primeira etapa do movimento seria marcada pela presença de em v e estaria na base do sincretismo desse morfema, que também está presente em perguntas qu- de objeto e em construções de foco do objeto. Por fim, oferecemos ainda uma análise da correlação entre a presença do morfema e a frontalização do objeto a partir do modelo de fases de Chomsky (2000, 2001), admitindo que o movimento do objeto para a borda do sintagma verbal seria uma operação sintática imprescindível para a subsequente frontalização do objeto / This dissertation aims to clarify the status of relative clauses in Karitiana (Tupi-Arikém). Relative clauses are traditionally classified as externally (EHRC) or internally-headed (IHRC) and the main criterion for their differentiation is the heads position: EHRCs have their heads adjacent to the relative clause itself, whereas IHRCs have internal heads (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Another criterion is case-marking: if the head is marked with the case demanded by the matrix verb, the relative is an EHRC; if it is the one demanded by the embedded verb, it will be an IHRC (COLE, 1987). Within this framework, karitiana relative clauses are hard to classify: on one hand, the head always appears fronted to the left periphery (STORTO, 1999), which resembles the pattern found in EHRCS; on the other hand, the case-marking on the head is similar to IHRCs. In the light of Basilicos (1996) work, one can hypothesize that karitiana relative clauses are IHRCs with optional head frontalization. In this case, it is expected that relatives with non-fronted heads will be allowed in the language. An experiment was designed in order to verify if karitiana relatives could have non-fronted heads and 14 speakers were tested with an elicited production methodology. The results show that, although there is a preference for frontalization, non-fronted heads are possible in the language, since subject relatives OSV and object relatives SOtiV, OSV and SOV were produced. There are also cases of object relatives without the object focus morpheme , indicating that it is not indispensable in relative clause formation. These results bring karitiana relatives closer to IHRCs, because EHRCs cannot have their heads in any other positions than in the periphery of the clause. We also discuss some syntactic proposals for the word orders found in our experiment, claiming that those which assume head dislocation to Spec of CP and AspP face some problems, such as the derivation of SOtiV object relatives and ungrammatical structures with adverbs. Therefore, our proposal is that the frontalization of the head is an adjunction to AspP. Paradigms of relative clauses with adverbs also show that, in object relatives, the frontalization of the head occurs in two steps: first the head moves to Spec, vP and then it is further fronted to the position of adjunct of Spec, AspP. The first step is marked with on v and it underlies the syncretism of this morpheme, which is also present in object wh- questions and object focus constructions. Finally, the correlation between and the frontalization of the head is analyzed within the phase theory framework (CHOMSKY, 2000, 2001) and it is assumed that object movement to vPs edge is a syntactic requirement for further frontalization
18

The role of working memory in comprehension of doubly embedded relative clauses: a self-paced reading and eye tracking study

Garbarino, Julianne T. January 2013 (has links)
Language processing has been a focus of working memory research since Baddeley introduced his Model of Working Memory in the 1970’s. There has been continued discussion over whether the same working memory (WM) system that underlies verbally-mediated tasks relying on conscious, controlled, processing also provides the resources used in language processing. Recently, Caplan, DeDe, Waters, & Michaud (2011) found that increased reading times at only the most difficult point of the most difficult sentences presented in their study (sentences with doubly embedded relative clauses) correlated with improved comprehension. They hypothesized that this correlation occurs because at these points where normal parsing fails, individuals with high working memory capacities use ancillary comprehension mechanisms that rely on verbal working memory. Caplan and Waters (2013) proposed that use of verbal working memory for ancillary comprehension in sentence processing may appear behaviorally as improved comprehension with longer reading times in self-paced reading tasks and as regressive eye movements out of these points where parsing is thought to fail. This thesis attempted to replicate the above mentioned finding of Caplan et al. (2011). This study also added an eyetracking task to enable measurement of regressive eye movements and a measure of working memory to permit analysis of individual differences. Forty-eight healthy adults completed a working memory battery (alphabet span, subtract two span, and sentence span), a self-paced reading task, and an eye-tracking task. For the self-paced reading and eye tracking components, participants read sentences with doubly embedded relative clauses and parallel sentences with sentential complements. Linear mixed effects models found increased self-paced reading times and go-past times at the hardest point in the harder sentences (those with doubly embedded relative clauses) as working memory increased. These results support the hypothesis that ancillary comprehension mechanisms are used in sentence processing at points where comprehension is extremely difficult. In the attempted replication of the findings of Caplan et al. (2011), logistic mixed effects models showed increased accuracy as reading times increased at the hardest point in the harder sentences, and also as reading times increased at five of the other seven segments. Logistic mixed effects models showed no significant increase in regressions out of the hardest point in harder than in the easier sentences as working memory increased. These results can be taken as further evidence, using eye tracking methods combined with self-paced reading and measurement of working memory, that ancillary comprehension mechanisms may be used in sentence processing when the limits of the normal parser are exceeded.
19

The syntax and processing of relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese

Hsiao, Franny Pai-Fang, 1975- January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133). / This thesis investigates relative clauses (henceforth RCs) in Mandarin Chinese as spoken in Taiwan from both syntactic and processing perspectives. I also explore the interaction between these two areas, for example, how evidence from one area lends support to or undermines theories in the other area. There are several goals I hope to achieve: First of all, there is a significant gap in the sentence processing literature on Mandarin Chinese and in particular on RCs in Mandarin Chinese. I aim to bridge this gap by conducting experiments that will provide basic understanding of how Chinese RCs are processed. In doing so, I also provide a more complete picture of processing RCs across languages. In this thesis, I report three online reading experiments on Chinese RCs. I show that even though Chinese is also an SVO language like English and French, the results with regard to processing subject-extracted versus object-extracted RCs in Mandarin Chinese are very different from results for the same construction in other SVO languages. Thus, even though subject-extracted RCs are less complex in other SVO languages, they are more complex in Mandarin Chinese. These findings help tease apart various processing theories, in particular, I show that even though resource-based theories, canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories, theory based on accessibility of syntactic positions and perspective shift theory all account for the facts reported in other SVO languages, results from Chinese are only compatible with resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical (frequency) theories. / (cont.) Secondly, it has been noted that in many cases, resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories are both compatible with data from sentence processing studies. Resource-based theories attribute processing difficulty associated with subject-extracted RCs to higher storage cost in processing subject-extracted RCs whereas frequency-based canonical word order theory such as the one proposed in Mitchell et al. 1995 attributes this to the less frequent occurrences of subject-extracted RCs in corpora. As a result, it is very difficult to tease these two theories apart. However, I conducted a Chinese corpus study in this thesis and I show that there is no correlation between structural frequencies in corpora and behavioral measures such as reading times, as predicted by frequency theories. As a matter of fact, subject-extracted RCs occur more frequently in the Chinese corpus. This undermines the validity of frequency theories in explaining the processing data reported in this thesis. Thirdly, Aoun and Li to appear argue that there is syntactic and semantic evidence in favor of positing two distinct syntactic derivations for RCs with or without resumptive pronouns. RCs containing gaps involve head-raising of the head NP (i.e. no operator movement) as reconstruction of the head NP back to the RC is available. On the other hand, RCs containing resumptive pronouns involve an empty operator in [Spec, CP] and no head-raising of the head NP (since reconstruction is unavailable) ... / by Franny Pai-Fang Hsiao. / Ph.D.
20

Orações relativas em karitiana: um estudo experimental / Relative clauses in karitiana: an experimental study

Karin Camolese Vivanco 06 June 2014 (has links)
Essa dissertação pretende esclarecer o estatuto das orações relativas do karitiana (tupi- Arikém). Orações relativas podem ser classificadas como relativas de núcleo externo (RNE) e de núcleo interno (RNI), sendo o principal critério de diferenciação a posição do núcleo em relação à relativa: relativas com o núcleo adjacente à oração subordinada são classificadas como RNEs, enquanto aquelas com o núcleo interno à subordinada são RNIs (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Outro critério utilizado é a marcação de caso: se o núcleo estiver marcado com o caso exigido pelo verbo da matriz, a relativa será uma RNE; se for aquele exigido pelo verbo da relativa, ela será uma RNI (COLE, 1987). Dentro desse quadro, as orações do karitiana são difíceis de classificar: por um lado, o núcleo aparece sempre deslocado para a periferia esquerda (STORTO, 1999), algo característico de RNEs; por outro, a marcação de caso no núcleo segue o padrão de RNIs. À luz do trabalho de Basilico (1996), hipotetizamos que as relativas do karitiana seriam RNIs com frontalização opcional do núcleo. Se for o caso, é esperado que relativas com núcleos não frontalizados sejam permitidas. Montamos então um experimento para verificar se as relativas poderiam ter seus núcleos não frontalizados e testamos 14 falantes com uma metodologia de produção elicitada. Os resultados mostram que, embora haja uma tendência pela frontalização, núcleos não frontalizados são permitidos na língua, pois há casos de relativas de sujeito com a ordem OSV e de relativas de objeto SOtiV, OSV e SOV. Também foram produzidas relativas de objeto sem o morfema de foco do objeto , indicando que ele não é imprescindível para a relativização. Esse quadro aproxima nossas relativas das RNIs, pois RNEs não podem ter núcleos em outras posições além da periferia da oração relativa. Também analisamos propostas de análise sintática para as diversas ordens de palavras coletadas em nosso experimento. Vemos que aquelas que assumem algum tipo de deslocamento do núcleo para Spec de uma projeção de periferia seja CP ou AspP incorrem em diversos problemas, como a impossibilidade de derivar relativas de objeto SOtiV e a incapacidade de excluir estruturas agramaticais com advérbios. Assim, propomos que a frontalização do núcleo é uma adjunção a AspP. Dados de orações relativas com advérbios nos levam ainda a postular que, em relativas de objeto, a frontalização do núcleo ocorre em duas etapas: primeiro um movimento para Spec, vP e, em seguida, a frontalização para uma posição de adjunto de AspP. Essa primeira etapa do movimento seria marcada pela presença de em v e estaria na base do sincretismo desse morfema, que também está presente em perguntas qu- de objeto e em construções de foco do objeto. Por fim, oferecemos ainda uma análise da correlação entre a presença do morfema e a frontalização do objeto a partir do modelo de fases de Chomsky (2000, 2001), admitindo que o movimento do objeto para a borda do sintagma verbal seria uma operação sintática imprescindível para a subsequente frontalização do objeto / This dissertation aims to clarify the status of relative clauses in Karitiana (Tupi-Arikém). Relative clauses are traditionally classified as externally (EHRC) or internally-headed (IHRC) and the main criterion for their differentiation is the heads position: EHRCs have their heads adjacent to the relative clause itself, whereas IHRCs have internal heads (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Another criterion is case-marking: if the head is marked with the case demanded by the matrix verb, the relative is an EHRC; if it is the one demanded by the embedded verb, it will be an IHRC (COLE, 1987). Within this framework, karitiana relative clauses are hard to classify: on one hand, the head always appears fronted to the left periphery (STORTO, 1999), which resembles the pattern found in EHRCS; on the other hand, the case-marking on the head is similar to IHRCs. In the light of Basilicos (1996) work, one can hypothesize that karitiana relative clauses are IHRCs with optional head frontalization. In this case, it is expected that relatives with non-fronted heads will be allowed in the language. An experiment was designed in order to verify if karitiana relatives could have non-fronted heads and 14 speakers were tested with an elicited production methodology. The results show that, although there is a preference for frontalization, non-fronted heads are possible in the language, since subject relatives OSV and object relatives SOtiV, OSV and SOV were produced. There are also cases of object relatives without the object focus morpheme , indicating that it is not indispensable in relative clause formation. These results bring karitiana relatives closer to IHRCs, because EHRCs cannot have their heads in any other positions than in the periphery of the clause. We also discuss some syntactic proposals for the word orders found in our experiment, claiming that those which assume head dislocation to Spec of CP and AspP face some problems, such as the derivation of SOtiV object relatives and ungrammatical structures with adverbs. Therefore, our proposal is that the frontalization of the head is an adjunction to AspP. Paradigms of relative clauses with adverbs also show that, in object relatives, the frontalization of the head occurs in two steps: first the head moves to Spec, vP and then it is further fronted to the position of adjunct of Spec, AspP. The first step is marked with on v and it underlies the syncretism of this morpheme, which is also present in object wh- questions and object focus constructions. Finally, the correlation between and the frontalization of the head is analyzed within the phase theory framework (CHOMSKY, 2000, 2001) and it is assumed that object movement to vPs edge is a syntactic requirement for further frontalization

Page generated in 0.0631 seconds