Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / Autores en los 70’s y 80’s reportaron que el Enriquecimiento Ambiental (EA) aumentaba selectivamente el sueño REM. Ellos relacionaron estos resultados con los procesos de aprendizaje que serían mayores en ratas que tienen EA. Sin embargo, durante los últimos años se ha propuesto que la relación entre sueño y aprendizaje podría involucrar factores mucho más sutiles que aumentos o disminuciones de cantidad de estados de sueño, tales como la alternancia entre sueño NREM y sueño REM o componentes circadianos. Este estudio evaluó los efectos del EA sobre el sueño de la rata usando mediciones tradicionales, como cantidad de estado, y otras más sutiles, tales como análisis de la arquitectura del sueño, transiciones entre estados y mecanismos regulatorios circadianos y homeostáticos. Para ello se utilizaron dos grupos de 4 ratas Sprague Dawley cada uno bajo un esquema de luz:oscuridad 12h:12h, que fueron registrados de forma continua. El grupo control o ratas no enriquecidas (RNE) fue mantenido bajo condiciones estándares de laboratorio, mientras que el grupo experimental o ratas de ambiente enriquecido (RAE) fue mantenido en condiciones ambientales enriquecidas, que consistían en cajas de mayor tamaño con túneles, material para hacer nido, rueda para correr y comida novedosa. Estas condiciones se mantuvieron posteriores a la cirugía y durante todo el registro. El diagnóstico de estados de sueño fue realizado de forma automática por un programa computacional. Se observó que RAE presentó significativamente mayor cantidad de sueño REM durante la fase de luz y mayor fracción sueño REM /No REM. Además, en RAE el sueño REM se presentó en fase avanzada y los episodios de REM fueron más largos, hubo más alternancias entre los estados dentro de los bloques de sueño y la homeostasis de corto plazo de sueño REM fue más precisa / Financiamiento: Proyecto Fondecyt 1060250 y por la Fundación Puelma, Universidad de Chile

The aim of the diploma thesis is to try to provide a comprehensive interpretation and analysis of the legal institute of easements and their individual aspects in the current legal regulation, taking into account the judicial decisions of the Czech courts after year 1989 as well as the case law of the First Republic related to the General Civil Code. The thesis consists of four parts. The first part deals with the interpretation of the concept of iura in re alinea as the institute superior over easements. In the last chapter of this first part the institute of easements and their basic aspects are generally defined. The second part of the diploma thesis describes the individual stages of the historical development of the institute of easements. The concept of easements in Roman law is being analyzed, taking into account some differences from its conception and modification at present. The following is an interpretation of medieval easements, and finally, the author deals with the modern legal regulations of the easements in the civil law legislation starting from the General Civil Code through the civil codes issued under the Communist regime in 1950 and 1964. The third part, which represents the focus of the diploma thesis, provides a detailed analysis of the current legal regulation of easements...

A produção arquitetônica de Rem Koolhaas e seu Office for Metropolitan Architecture pode ser considerada, sem o risco de se incorrer em exageros, uma das mais influentes do fim do século XX e início do século XXI. Figuras influentes da arquitetura contemporânea passaram por seu escritório e trabalharam sob sua tutela, diversas publicações dedicam edições inteiras às suas obras e seu reconhecimento internacional torna-se incontestável após ser laureado em 2000 com o prêmio Pritzker. Apesar do reconhecimento, o caminho que Koolhaas trilhou junto a seu escritório desde sua fundação, em 1972, até as primeiras obras concluídas e o reconhecimento da crítica especializada, em 1992, é relativamente desconhecido, com a maior parte do material disponível dispersado em periódicos diversos. Percebe-se também que publicações que analisam projetos do OMA tendem a abordar a obra através de seu valor simbólico ou sócio-econômico, com uma tendência a relacionar diretamente a biografia de Koolhaas e seus textos às formas produzidas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo organizar, sistematizar e categorizar informações sobre as duas primeiras décadas de produção do OMA—1972 a 1992, coincidindo com o período abordado por Koolhaas em seu tomo S, M, L, XL. Através da análise formal dos projetos, com ênfase nos diferentes tipos de estrutura utilizados em projetos ao longo da carreira do OMA, pretende-se elucidar a transformação das estratégias projetuais do escritório e reiterar a presença da tradição moderna nos projetos de Koolhaas. / Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture projects can be considered, without the risk of exaggeration, one of the most influential body of works of the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. Influential professionals in contemporary architecture worked at the office and learned from Koolhaas’s teachings, several magazines dedicate entire issues to his works, and his international recognition became indisputable after he was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2000. Although Koolhaas and his office were internationally recognized, the path that led to this recognition-from its foundation in 1972 to its first works being built and subsequent success with specialized critics in 1992-is relatively unknown, with most of the available material being spread out among different magazines. It is also noteworthy that the critics who analyze Koolhaas’s work projects tend to approach the work through its symbolic or socio-economic value, with a tendency to directly relate the biography of Koolhaas and his texts to the forms of his designs. This dissertation aims to organize, systematize and categorize information on the first two decades of OMA’s production — from 1972 to 1992, coinciding with the period covered by Koolhaas in his book S, M, L, XL. Through a formal analysis of his works, focusing on the different types of structure utilized in projects throughout the years, this dissertation intends to clarify the office’s transformation of design strategies and reaffirm the continuation of the modern tradition present in Koolhaas’s work.

Au cœur du débat qui anime la conception urbaine, la frontière entre les interventions des paysagistes et celle des urbanistes est marquée par des questions de concurrences et de complémentarité (Champy, 2000, Donadieu, 2012). Autour des années 2000, plusieurs balises semblent marquer un « tournant » favorable au croisement disciplinaire. Il s’inscrit dans un mouvement général initié dès le milieu des années 1960 (Estienne, 2010). Il matérialiserait ce que certains avaient énoncé comme « l’alternative du paysage », en faveur d’un sub-urbanisme (Marot, 1995, 1999, 2006), et ce qui pourrait être aujourd’hui identifié comme un « urbanisme de révélation » (Fromonot, 2011). Au cœur de la conception urbaine, quels échanges animent l’interface mise en jeu entre l’urbanisme et le paysage ? La thèse prend corps sur l’analyse d’une séquence urbaine : trois projets lillois qui se succèdent sur un territoire et durant un quart de siècle (1989-2013) : Euralille 1, Euralille 2 et Saint-Sauveur. Dans ce récit, le travail met en évidence les relations qui marquent les travaux réalisés à la fois par les urbanistes et par les paysagistes. Le regard est principalement porté dans les étapes préalables d’assemblages des concepts mobilisés pour construire le projet. La recherche prend corps par une étude de traces, et mêle exploration des documents produits par les concepteurs et analyse des discours formulés. Les travaux proposent une caractérisation des échanges opérés au cœur de l’interface synaptique entre l’urbanisme et le paysage, et ouvre le débat sur la sollicitation du travail du paysagiste ou de la pensée du paysage dans la fabrique de la ville contemporaine. / In France, some urban design general discussions focus on the border between the projects made by the urban designer and the one made by the landscape architects (Champy, 2000): between concurrency and complementary (Donadieu, 2012). In the 2000s, we can give a mark on a movement involved in some disciplinary crosses, between landscape and urban design. It takes place into an historic development of the landscape architect profession since the late 1960s (Estienne, 2010). Others observe what they call sub-urbanism (Marot, 1995, 1999, 2006), or “urbanisme de révélation” (Fromonot, 2011). In urban design practices, what kind of exchanges can lay out the interface between landscape and urbanism? This thesis analyses a local urban sequence, one territory in the city of Lille made by three projects over a quarter of a century (1989-2013): Euralille 1, Euralille 2, Saint-Sauveur. The investigation highlights the relations in the works made by the landscape architects and the urban designer. The analysis looks mainly on the opening works and designs, and study as much as graphic documents produced in the studios than the discourse logic associated to the projects. The work shows the exchanges that could organize the synaptic interface between urbanism and landscape design or planning. It opens directions for the consideration of the landscape architect work and the landscape thinking method, in the development of our contemporary cities.

Intentional forgetting is a phenomenon that has been studied by memory researchers since 1968 (Bjork, LaBerge, & Legrand, 1968), however a formal model to explain directed forgetting has not yet been developed. In this paper, I will review the literature on directed forgetting and discuss the results six experiments used assess directed forgetting in highly controlled manner. The striking findings are a.) that directed forgetting phenomena are observed for both free recall and recognition memory when the list method is utilized, b.) that almost the entire effect in free recall is the result of the ability to initially recall the item from the first serial position, and c.) that the costs and benefits are separately affected by an increase in the retention interval. After extensive model analyses, no simple rehearsal or context based model was identified that can handle the full data set. Here I describe a Retrieving Effectively from Memory model (REM; Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) that does account for the full range of findings by blurring the traditional distinctions between these classical approached to directed forgetting phenomena.

Les biens ne semblent exister que pour être classés, distingués et appropriés, mais ne sont guère envisagés indépendamment des droits réels qui s’y rapportent. Or, la multiplication pléthorique des droits réels pourrait bien révéler la diversité des objets possibles du droit réel. Ces objets ne sont pas des choses du monde extérieur, mais une réalité abstraite que le droit construit au terme d’une opération de qualification: ce sont des objets juridiques, parce qu’ils sont déjà envisagés par le droit objectif à l’occasion de l’application d’une règle de droit positif qui impose l’appréciation de certains éléments de fait propres à en révéler l’existence. Le droit objectif construit donc une réalité qui lui est propre, avant même qu’il soit fait référence à un éventuel droit réel. Pour autant, la technique juridique n’est jamais inerte. Il existe des mécanismes permettant à la volonté de modifier la consistance ou l’affectation des objets juridiques et, partant, d’agir sur le régime des biens. Ces opérations sont à la fois caractéristiques et spécifiques de la technique du droit réel, employée pour façonner la réalité que perçoit le droit objectif. Les prétentions subjectives à la jouissance des objets juridiques rejaillissent, cependant, sur la conception que l’on se fait du droit réel, au point d’occulter sa dimension technique derrière les prérogatives qu’il semble conférer aux sujets de droit. / In French property law, things only seem to exist in order to be classified or owned. They are scarcely described in themselves, independently from rights in rem. The multiplication of these rights suggests, however, that they only reflect the diversity of underlying property objects. Such objects are not things from the external world, but an abstraction which the legal system constructs upon characterising certain facts and giving them a legal denomination. The application of a legal rule requires the appreciation of factual elements which, in turn, reveal the existence of an object filled with juristic qualities, before a property right even exists. Yet, legal technique is never entirely passive. The law provides certain mechanisms through which it is possible to modify the legal consistency and the purpose served by juristic objects and, therefore, to change the rules applicable to them. These results are both characteristic of and specific to in rem legal techniques. However, when legal subjects assert claims to the possession of an object, their pretensions also transform our understanding of in rem mechanisms, obscuring their technical function beneath the rights and powers which they seem to grant these individuals.

Early sensory experiences play a critical role in the activity-dependent development of the sensorimotor system. The sources of sensory input to the neonatal nervous system involve external stimulation (exafference) and sensory feedback arising from self-generated movements (reafference). In the perinatal period, reafference from twitches of the limbs and facial muscles during active (REM) sleep is a powerful driver of neural activity across the entire neuraxis. Thus, sleep-related twitches are thought to contribute to the activity-dependent development of sensorimotor networks. In this dissertation, we first aimed to identify a motor pathway for the generation of twitching. Using newborn rats at postnatal day (P) 8, we provide evidence that the red nucleus (RN; source of the rubrospinal tract) is involved in the production of twitching. In addition, we show that reafference from twitches drives neural activity in the RN, therefore suggesting that the RN is an important site for sensorimotor integration. Also, in the RN of P8 rats, twitch-related reafference triggers theta (4–7 Hz) oscillations. By P12, theta oscillations are expressed continuously and exclusively across bouts of active sleep. Synchronized neuronal oscillations comprise a fundamental mechanism by which distant neural structures establish and express functional connectivity. Thus, we next hypothesized that sleep-dependent theta oscillatory activity enables the expression of network connectivity between the RN and associated neural networks, such as the hippocampus. Simultaneous recordings from the hippocampus and RN at P12 show that theta oscillations in both structures are synchronized, co-modulated, and mutually interactive exclusively during active sleep. Lastly, we test the hypothesis that twitches drive synchronized oscillatory activity across functionally related sensory structures at early ages when the occurrence of oscillations largely depends on sensory input. Focusing on the cortico-hippocampal network at P8, we demonstrate that, unlike periods of wake-related movements or behavioral quiescence, twitching promotes coupled oscillatory activity at Beta2 frequency (~20-30 Hz). Altogether, the findings in this dissertation suggest that one of the functions of active sleep in early infancy is to provide a context for sensorimotor processing and for synchronizing activity within and between forebrain and brainstem structures. Consequently, any condition or manipulation that restricts active sleep can deprive the infant animal of substantial sensory experience, potentially resulting in atypical developmental trajectories.

Nervous systems distinguish between self- and other-generated movements by monitoring discrepancies between planned and performed actions. To do so, when motor systems transmit motor commands to muscles, they simultaneously transmit motor copies, or corollary discharges, to sensory areas. There, corollary discharge signals are compared to sensory feedback arising from movements (reafference), which can result in gating of expected feedback. Curiously, in infant rats, twitches—which are self-generated movements produced exclusively and abundantly during active sleep (AS)—differ from wake-movements in that they trigger robust neural activity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the gating actions of corollary discharge that predict wake reafference are suspended during twitching. In this dissertation, we first demonstrate that twitches, but not wake movements, robustly activate sensorimotor cortex as they do other brain areas. Next, we demonstrate that wake movements can activate the sensorimotor cortex under conditions involving presumed discrepancies between corollary discharge and reafference signals. Lastly, we reveal a neural mechanism in the brainstem that inhibits reafference, but only during wakefulness; this inhibitory mechanism is suppressed during active sleep. All together, our findings provide the first demonstration of a state-dependent neural comparator of planned and performed actions, one that permits the transmission of sensory feedback from self-generated twitches to the developing nervous system.

One primary topic of sleep studies is the depth of sleep. According to definitions of R&K rules, human sleep can be roughly divided into three different stages: Awake, Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) Sleep, and Rapid-eye-movement (REM) Sleep. Moreover, sleep stages are scored mainly by EEG signals and complementally by EOG and EMG signals. Many researchers have indicated that diseases or disorders occur during sleep will affect life quality of patients. For example, REM sleep-related dyssomnia is highly correlated with neurodegenerative or mental disorders such as major depression. Furthermore, sleep apnea is one of the most common sleep disorders at present. Untreated sleep apnea can increase the risk of mental and cardiovascular diseases. This research proposes a detection method of REM sleep. Take into account the environment of homecare, we just extract and analyze EOG signals for the sake of convenience in comparison with EEG channels. By analyzing elementary waveforms of EOG signals based on VQ method, the proposed method performs a classification accuracy of 67.71% in a group application. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity are 73.38% and 68.95% respectively. In contrast, the average classification accuracy is 82.02% in personalized applications. And the corresponding average sensitivity and specificity are 83.05% and 81.62% respectively. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting REM sleep via the proposed method, especially in personalized applications. This will be propitious to a long term tracing and research of personal sleep status.

The mechanisms underlying the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are poorly understood. Despite a lack of direct support, neurons maximally active during REM sleep (REM sleep-active) located in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTn) are hypothesized to generate this state and its component phenomenology. This hypothesis has never been directly tested, since the results of selectively inhibiting this cell-group have never been determined. Using microdialysis, electrophysiology, histochemical and pharmacological methods in freely-behaving rats (n=22) instrumented for sleep-wake state and respiratory muscle recordings, I selectively inhibited REM sleep-active PPTn neurons. Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, I showed that REM sleep-active PPTn neurons suppress REM sleep by limiting the frequency of its onset. These neurons also shape the impact of REM sleep on breathing. REM sleep-active PPTn neurons restrain behavioural activation of upper-airway musculature during REM sleep, while depressing breathing rate and respiratory activation of the upper-airway musculature across sleep-wake-states.