Sedimentation is a fundamental operation in wastewater treatment works. A rational design of sedimentation tanks is currently achieved by plotting iso-percentile (iso-percentage) concentration removal profiles from flocculent settling data. A major drawback of the graphical iso-percentage method is that the iso-percentile lines are often manually interpolated and are mere hand drawn estimations. This is because the settling behaviour of sludge particles is highly non-linear. The manual analytical process is therefore very tedious, inaccurate and subjective. Hence, an optimised design of sedimentation tanks is necessary in order to eliminate the errors incurred during data analysis. In this study, a mechanistic iso-percentile flocculent model (referred to as the velocity flocculation model) is developed to simulate the behaviour of flocculating colloidal particles in turbid water. This model is based on the physical meanings of flocculent settling particles and on fractal theory. It is formulated to produce automated iso-percentile curves which are fundamental in the design of sedimentation tanks. The iso-percentile model was vertically integrated into a velocity model to produce a model expressing the velocity of particles as a function of removal rate. The velocity model has an obvious advantage over the iso-percentile model in that it is easy to contextualize. It can be reverted back to the iso-percentile trajectory analysis eliminating the need for extensive data interpolation and may in future eliminate the need for settling column analysis altogether. In the current study, the integrated velocity form is used to predict instantaneous flocculent settling velocity of fine suspended particles under near quiescent conditions. This is vital since it is difficult to obtain velocity values in-situ or directly from sedimentation tanks. Model validity and competency was tested by a direct comparison with existing literature models, such as Ozer’s model and Ramatsoma and Chirwa’s model. Model comparison was based on the goodness of fit, the least sum of square errors and mathematical consistency with known flocculent settling behaviour. The newly developed iso-percentile model achieved a more accurate simulation of physical experimental data, did not violate any of the mathematical constraints and yielded lower sum of square errors than originally achieved by Ozer and Ramatsoma and Chirwa. Notably, the proposed velocity model offers a distinctive advantage over conventional interpolated-iso-percentile based models which are prone to numerical errors during interpolation. Its performance (velocity model) was compared against Je and Chang’s velocity model. Higher velocity values were observed for the new model than for Je and Chang’s model implying that empirically based models would tend to under-predict the velocity values. The model developed in this study brings us one step closer to achieving full automation of the settling tank and clarifier design. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

The existence of the Lesotho Evangelical Church in Southern Africa (LECSA) or Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (PEMS) in the Western Areas of Johannesburg, South Western Township (Soweto) and more poignantly, Meadowlands and their forced removals experience is succinctly captured. The struggle of the LECSA/PEMS Meadowlands Parish in becoming a missional ecclesia in a sea of missional challenges in her context are vividly spelt out. They, inter alia, include constitutional matters, language policy, finances, ministerial preparation, lay-ministry development, institutionalisation of ministry, unity issues, prophetic ministry, mission and evangelism. The researcher, then, proposes an intervention – of course not a perfect one – that perhaps will galvanise the LECSA/PEMS Meadowlands Parish members to improve on what they have been doing and become a missional ecclesia in her context, Meadowlands. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / tm2016 / Science of Religion and Missiology / MA / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nuria Pardillos Vieira.pdf: 1256842 bytes, checksum: 18d2e2cd63b666abdaed24e9314019f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Great public works connected to the production of the environment built in the cities has caused the removal of an expressive number of families, resident of shantytowns, in a context which accentuates the prevalence of the global city ideology and the land competition as trade value. The disconnection between those interventions and the housing policies expresses the difference between the living right assurance and the urban remodeling processes, those fundamentally necessary in order to enable capital flow and accumulation, among which are the housing and financial. The challenge we undertook was to understand this tendency, given an overview on the numerous public actions related to shantytowns, historically developed by the Public Power in São Paulo s county and, considering this scenery, to comprehend in which way and in what conditions the social assistant work is developed in this task s operation. In the imposed condition of removal operators , the social assistants have the prerogative of direct contact with this reality and with the social impacts complex net entailed by the removal, reason why we define as the objective of this work to comprehend at which extent the alterations in concrete work conditions of this professional who in the condition of a wage earner worker, cannot voluntarily and, uniquely according to one s will, define his or her priorities, operating fashion and resources that will be arranged as means to one s action - have altered the quality of one s action in the housing area and more specifically in the removal action operation. Based on this assumption, our research sought to trace a panorama which enabled to evince that the current situation is the result of a set of factors historical, structural, circumstantial and political and does not represent the only and inevitable manner of playing the social job in the housing area. The analysis made from the theoretical studies and the research results evinced that, although there is not a structured unshanty policy in São Paulo s county, there is nowadays an ascending movement in this sense, what constitutes an indicative of the performed study relevance / Grandes obras públicas ligadas à produção do ambiente construído nas cidades têm causado a remoção de um número expressivo de famílias, moradoras de favelas, em um contexto que acentua o predomínio da ideologia da cidade global e a disputa pela terra como valor de troca. A desconexão entre essas intervenções e as políticas de habitação expressa o descompasso entre a garantia do direito à moradia e os processos de remodelagem urbana, esses últimos de fundamental importância para viabilizar o fluxo e a acumulação dos capitais, entre os quais estão o imobiliário e o financeiro. O desafio que empreendemos foi entender essa tendência, partindo de um sobrevoo sobre as várias ações públicas relacionadas às favelas, desenvolvidas historicamente pelo Poder Público no município de São Paulo e, considerando esse cenário, compreender de que forma e em que condições é desenvolvido o trabalho do assistente social na operação dessa tarefa. Na condição imposta de operadores das remoções, os assistentes sociais têm a prerrogativa de contato direto com essa realidade e com a teia complexa de impactos sociais acarretados pela remoção, razão pela qual definimos como objetivo desse trabalho compreender em que medida as alterações nas condições concretas de trabalho desse profissional - que na condição de trabalhador assalariado, não pode livremente e, de acordo unicamente com sua vontade, definir suas prioridades, seu modo de operar e os recursos que disporá como meios para sua ação - tem alterado a qualidade da sua ação na área habitacional e mais especialmente na operação da ação de remoção. Partindo dessa constatação, nossa pesquisa procurou traçar um panorama que permitisse evidenciar que a situação atual é resultado de um conjunto de fatores históricos, estruturais, conjunturais e políticos e não representa a única e inevitável forma de se desempenhar o trabalho social na área de habitação. A análise realizada a partir dos estudos teóricos e dos resultados da pesquisa empírica evidenciou que, embora não exista no município de São Paulo uma política estruturada de desfavelamento, há na atualidade um movimento ascendente nesse sentido, o que constitui um indicativo da relevância do estudo empreendido

Há mais de um século, a população pobre da cidade de Porto Alegre sofre com remoções. Percebe-se uma continuidade na prática de políticas remocionistas em determinadas localidades da capital gaúcha e, recentemente, milhares de pessoas foram removidas por causa de obras diretamente relacionadas a realização do megaevento Copa do Mundo 2014 na cidade. A forma como se deu esse processo revelou que as remoções e a consequente transformação urbana não ocorrem de forma pacífica. A cidade é uma arena de disputa entre diversos grupos sociais em que se confrontam diferentes discursos sobre a sua construção, ganhando corpo tanto em uma dimensão discursiva quanto material. São objetos de investigação deste trabalho as transformações que motivaram as desapropriações do espaço a partir das intervenções urbanas e as consequentes remoções de comunidades, favelas e vilas para a construção ou remodelação de arquiteturas urbanas, bem como o deslocamento das pessoas para outras áreas da cidade. Para tanto, são analisados três territórios que sofreram remoções: Ilhota, Dique e Tronco. A Ilhota é uma comunidade que sofreu a maior remoção da cidade no final dos anos 1970, devido a um processo de gentrificação do centro da capital Dique e Tronco são comunidades que sofreram remoções depois do anúncio que o megaevento Copa do Mundo seria realizado na cidade. Com a ideia de construir cartografias das remoções, três instrumentos foram utilizados como forma de registro, análise e construção de saberes para detectar pontos de conflitos e injustiças nesses territórios: (i) documentário sobre as violências sofridas e as resistências à remoção para a permanência de suas casas; (ii) mapas que evidenciam a periferização das pessoa que sofreram as remoções; (iii) levantamento dos mecanismos de remoção empregados pelo Estado para pressionar as famílias a saírem de suas casas. As cartografias das remoções buscam tratá-las como um dos eixos de um projeto de transformação profunda na dinâmica urbana, envolvendo de um lado novos processos de elitização e mercantilização da cidade, e de outro, novos padrões de relação entre o Estado e os agentes econômicos e sociais, marcados pela negação das esferas públicas democráticas de tomada de decisões e por intervenções autoritárias. / For more than a century, the poor population of the city of Porto Alegre have suffered with the urban removals. There is a continuity in the practice of removal policies in certain locations in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, and recently thousands of people have been removed because of works directly related to the 2014 World Cup mega-event in the city. The way in which this process took place has revealed that the removals and the consequent urban transformation do not occur in a peaceful way. The city is an arena of dispute between several social groups in which different discourses about their construction are confronted, taking shapeboth in a discursive and material dimension. This study aims at the transformations that motivated the expropriation of space from the urban interventions and the consequent removals of communities, favelas and villages for the construction or remodeling of urban architectures, as well as the displacement of the people to other areas of the city. For this purpose, three territories that have been removed are analyzed: Ilhota, Dique and Tronco. Ilhota is a community that suffered the largest removal of the city in the late 1970s, due to a process of gentrification of the city center Dique and Tronco are communities that suffered removals after the announcement that the mega-event World Cup would be held in the city. With the idea of constructing cartographies of the removals, three instruments were used to record, analyze and build knowledge in order to detect points of conflict and injustice in these territories: (i) a documentary about the violence suffered and the resistance to removal for the permanence of their homes; (ii) maps showing the peripheralization of the people who suffered the removals; (iii) a survey of the removal mechanisms employed by the State to pressure families to leave their homes. Removal cartography seeks to treat them as one of the axes of a project of deep transformation in urban dynamics, involving on the one hand new processes of elitization and commercialization of the city, and on the other, new patterns of relationship between the State and economic and social agents, marked by the denial of the democratic public spheres of decision-making and by authoritarian interventions.

Há mais de um século, a população pobre da cidade de Porto Alegre sofre com remoções. Percebe-se uma continuidade na prática de políticas remocionistas em determinadas localidades da capital gaúcha e, recentemente, milhares de pessoas foram removidas por causa de obras diretamente relacionadas a realização do megaevento Copa do Mundo 2014 na cidade. A forma como se deu esse processo revelou que as remoções e a consequente transformação urbana não ocorrem de forma pacífica. A cidade é uma arena de disputa entre diversos grupos sociais em que se confrontam diferentes discursos sobre a sua construção, ganhando corpo tanto em uma dimensão discursiva quanto material. São objetos de investigação deste trabalho as transformações que motivaram as desapropriações do espaço a partir das intervenções urbanas e as consequentes remoções de comunidades, favelas e vilas para a construção ou remodelação de arquiteturas urbanas, bem como o deslocamento das pessoas para outras áreas da cidade. Para tanto, são analisados três territórios que sofreram remoções: Ilhota, Dique e Tronco. A Ilhota é uma comunidade que sofreu a maior remoção da cidade no final dos anos 1970, devido a um processo de gentrificação do centro da capital Dique e Tronco são comunidades que sofreram remoções depois do anúncio que o megaevento Copa do Mundo seria realizado na cidade. Com a ideia de construir cartografias das remoções, três instrumentos foram utilizados como forma de registro, análise e construção de saberes para detectar pontos de conflitos e injustiças nesses territórios: (i) documentário sobre as violências sofridas e as resistências à remoção para a permanência de suas casas; (ii) mapas que evidenciam a periferização das pessoa que sofreram as remoções; (iii) levantamento dos mecanismos de remoção empregados pelo Estado para pressionar as famílias a saírem de suas casas. As cartografias das remoções buscam tratá-las como um dos eixos de um projeto de transformação profunda na dinâmica urbana, envolvendo de um lado novos processos de elitização e mercantilização da cidade, e de outro, novos padrões de relação entre o Estado e os agentes econômicos e sociais, marcados pela negação das esferas públicas democráticas de tomada de decisões e por intervenções autoritárias. / For more than a century, the poor population of the city of Porto Alegre have suffered with the urban removals. There is a continuity in the practice of removal policies in certain locations in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, and recently thousands of people have been removed because of works directly related to the 2014 World Cup mega-event in the city. The way in which this process took place has revealed that the removals and the consequent urban transformation do not occur in a peaceful way. The city is an arena of dispute between several social groups in which different discourses about their construction are confronted, taking shapeboth in a discursive and material dimension. This study aims at the transformations that motivated the expropriation of space from the urban interventions and the consequent removals of communities, favelas and villages for the construction or remodeling of urban architectures, as well as the displacement of the people to other areas of the city. For this purpose, three territories that have been removed are analyzed: Ilhota, Dique and Tronco. Ilhota is a community that suffered the largest removal of the city in the late 1970s, due to a process of gentrification of the city center Dique and Tronco are communities that suffered removals after the announcement that the mega-event World Cup would be held in the city. With the idea of constructing cartographies of the removals, three instruments were used to record, analyze and build knowledge in order to detect points of conflict and injustice in these territories: (i) a documentary about the violence suffered and the resistance to removal for the permanence of their homes; (ii) maps showing the peripheralization of the people who suffered the removals; (iii) a survey of the removal mechanisms employed by the State to pressure families to leave their homes. Removal cartography seeks to treat them as one of the axes of a project of deep transformation in urban dynamics, involving on the one hand new processes of elitization and commercialization of the city, and on the other, new patterns of relationship between the State and economic and social agents, marked by the denial of the democratic public spheres of decision-making and by authoritarian interventions.

Há mais de um século, a população pobre da cidade de Porto Alegre sofre com remoções. Percebe-se uma continuidade na prática de políticas remocionistas em determinadas localidades da capital gaúcha e, recentemente, milhares de pessoas foram removidas por causa de obras diretamente relacionadas a realização do megaevento Copa do Mundo 2014 na cidade. A forma como se deu esse processo revelou que as remoções e a consequente transformação urbana não ocorrem de forma pacífica. A cidade é uma arena de disputa entre diversos grupos sociais em que se confrontam diferentes discursos sobre a sua construção, ganhando corpo tanto em uma dimensão discursiva quanto material. São objetos de investigação deste trabalho as transformações que motivaram as desapropriações do espaço a partir das intervenções urbanas e as consequentes remoções de comunidades, favelas e vilas para a construção ou remodelação de arquiteturas urbanas, bem como o deslocamento das pessoas para outras áreas da cidade. Para tanto, são analisados três territórios que sofreram remoções: Ilhota, Dique e Tronco. A Ilhota é uma comunidade que sofreu a maior remoção da cidade no final dos anos 1970, devido a um processo de gentrificação do centro da capital Dique e Tronco são comunidades que sofreram remoções depois do anúncio que o megaevento Copa do Mundo seria realizado na cidade. Com a ideia de construir cartografias das remoções, três instrumentos foram utilizados como forma de registro, análise e construção de saberes para detectar pontos de conflitos e injustiças nesses territórios: (i) documentário sobre as violências sofridas e as resistências à remoção para a permanência de suas casas; (ii) mapas que evidenciam a periferização das pessoa que sofreram as remoções; (iii) levantamento dos mecanismos de remoção empregados pelo Estado para pressionar as famílias a saírem de suas casas. As cartografias das remoções buscam tratá-las como um dos eixos de um projeto de transformação profunda na dinâmica urbana, envolvendo de um lado novos processos de elitização e mercantilização da cidade, e de outro, novos padrões de relação entre o Estado e os agentes econômicos e sociais, marcados pela negação das esferas públicas democráticas de tomada de decisões e por intervenções autoritárias. / For more than a century, the poor population of the city of Porto Alegre have suffered with the urban removals. There is a continuity in the practice of removal policies in certain locations in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, and recently thousands of people have been removed because of works directly related to the 2014 World Cup mega-event in the city. The way in which this process took place has revealed that the removals and the consequent urban transformation do not occur in a peaceful way. The city is an arena of dispute between several social groups in which different discourses about their construction are confronted, taking shapeboth in a discursive and material dimension. This study aims at the transformations that motivated the expropriation of space from the urban interventions and the consequent removals of communities, favelas and villages for the construction or remodeling of urban architectures, as well as the displacement of the people to other areas of the city. For this purpose, three territories that have been removed are analyzed: Ilhota, Dique and Tronco. Ilhota is a community that suffered the largest removal of the city in the late 1970s, due to a process of gentrification of the city center Dique and Tronco are communities that suffered removals after the announcement that the mega-event World Cup would be held in the city. With the idea of constructing cartographies of the removals, three instruments were used to record, analyze and build knowledge in order to detect points of conflict and injustice in these territories: (i) a documentary about the violence suffered and the resistance to removal for the permanence of their homes; (ii) maps showing the peripheralization of the people who suffered the removals; (iii) a survey of the removal mechanisms employed by the State to pressure families to leave their homes. Removal cartography seeks to treat them as one of the axes of a project of deep transformation in urban dynamics, involving on the one hand new processes of elitization and commercialization of the city, and on the other, new patterns of relationship between the State and economic and social agents, marked by the denial of the democratic public spheres of decision-making and by authoritarian interventions.

abstract: The asylum seeking process in the United States is arbitrary in nature, many aspects of which have been well documented. The legal process rests the burden of proof upon the asylum seeker to demonstrate he or she is truly fleeing persecution to a legal system where asylum seekers are not eligible for free representation. This contributes to a lower rate of success and an uncertain future, due to the limited or no access to employment, education, and health benefits, within the country in which they seek asylum. However, the academic literature pertaining to the repatriation process of the failed asylum seeker in the United States remains relatively unexplored. Consequently, the true failure rate remains unknown. This paper contends that genuine asylum seekers may fall through the cracks, unable to show evidence of their persecution. Thus, repatriations result in a dual victimization of the failed asylum seeker resulting in situations where a genuine case can be exposed to the very same dangers he or she fled in the first place. This is a grave violation of their human rights and the principle of Non-refoulement. Therefore, this paper argues the theory of the Marginalized Other in Human Rights Law (Simmons 2011) can be extended to the repatriations process of failed asylum seekers in the United States. Using secondary data and reports this thesis breaks down the repatriations process into three components in order to demonstrate how the failed asylum seeker is treated as a Marginalized Other during each point of contact. By addressing the victimization that occurs during the repatriations process this paper concludes the threat posed to the human rights of failed asylum seekers can be minimized. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Justice and Human Rights 2016

Thesis (DPhil (History))—University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / This thesis presents, from the perspective of socio-environmental history, a case study in forced removals and their ramifications from 1905 to 1977. The focus area is a township called Lady Selborne in South Africa, near Pretoria, and Ga-Rankuwa, where some of those displaced were relocated. The thesis demonstrates that forced removals did not only result in people losing their historical land, properties and material possessions but also their sense of being and connectedness. The focus is thus on the changing perceptions of people in the midst of their land loss, an area of study that is generally under-examined in academia. The research provides a complex picture of the ramifications of forced removals on the former inhabitants of Lady Selborne. Lady Selborne was a “home”, a place for being human where the residents managed to engage in food production and owned properties in a multiracial area. Forced removals emanated from the National Party government’s desire to control African land ownership, and the manner in which land dispossession took place resulted in environmental injustice. This thesis applies theories of environment, power and injustice to explore how the people related to their environment and how that relationship was defined by class, gender and race. In Lady Selborne, black Africans were displaced from an area that was fertile, close to the city centre of Pretoria and relocated to infertile Ga-Rankuwa on the outskirts of the city. This resettlement resulted in many of those relocated being prevented from engaging in food production which was in turn an affront to Sotho-Tswana culture and religion with its emphasis on land as lefa: a bequest that has to feed its inhabitants. This thesis thus argues that successive governments (and many scholars) have downplayed black African environmental ethics, dismissing them as ‘superstition’. This mindset once resulted in forced removals and they in turn led blacks to disregard environmental issues. Ga-Rankuwa became degraded with litter, soil erosion and dongas, especially in the 1970’s, as people realised that there was no hope of returning to Lady Selborne. Environmental apathy emerged unconsciously as a response to forced removals. The thesis concludes by considering the idea of a ‘usable past’ and proposes that socio-environmental history can play a role in realising environmental justice.

In South Africa, racial discrimination was witnessed through renowned segregationist acts including the Group Areas Act (No:41) of 1950, which forcibly displaced families from their homes and triggered significant social upheavals and the callous disintegration of long-established communities such as Sophiatown. The removals were a political strategy to relocate so-called “non-white” people from the inner city to townships such as Meadowlands explicitly chosen for their hazardous impure land known as mine dumps (Rodgers 1980:76). These displacements had a paradox of intergenerational homelessness triggered by instrumental racism that influenced politics of space and in effect, the disarticulation of the lives of black South Africans (Milgroom and Ribotc 2019:184). Therefore, it is important to undertake a study investigating the circumstances that gave rise to these forced removals, the subsequent breakdown of social order, a typical consequence of population relocation, which merits an examination of the contemporary implications and ramifications of disarticulation and highlights, in this regard, some significant shortcomings in post-Apartheid governance. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

Abstract Not Available.