Cette étude montre d’abord que, dans la période actuelle, la notion de redevance pour service rendu fait l’objet d’une profonde évolution : de la simple rémunération du coût du service rendu, la redevance correspond désormais à la rémunération de la valeur économique procurée à certains usagers. Cette évolution lui confère une fonction régulatrice : la redevance n’intègre plus seulement des préoccupations juridico-administratives mais tient compte de préoccupations de marché. Cette étude dégage, par ailleurs, les effets de ce facteur de mutation sur cette catégorie du droit public. A cet égard, il semble que cette dernière ne soit pas engagée dans un processus de dégradation ou de rénovation. Au contraire, elle cherche un équilibre en oscillant à la fois dans le sens d’une dégradation et d’un renouveau.A ce titre, cette catégorie juridique constitue une parfaite illustration des transformations affectant, dans la société contemporaine, tout le droit public et l’État lui-même. En définitive, l’étude des transformations de la notion de redevance amène à une réflexion générale sur la naissance d’un nouveau modèle juridique et politique, c’est-à-dire « à déceler les phénomènes plus généraux qui en sont à l’origine (…); un processus de métamorphose de la société (…) et l’apparition d’un nouveau contrat social (…) Une telle recherche permet de réfléchir à ce que sera l’Etat du XXIe siècle». / This study first shows that, in the current period, the notion of fee for service rendered is subject to a profound evolution : from simple compensation of the cost of the service rendered, the fee now is the compensation value economic procured for some users. This development gives it a regulatory function: the fee not only includes legal and administrative concerns but also takes account of market concerns. This study identifies, in addition, the effects of this mutation factor on this category of pulic law. In this respect, it seems that it isnot engaged in a process of degradation or renovation. Instead, it seeks a balance oscillating at a time in the sense of degradation and renewal.As such, this legal category is a perfect illustration of the transformations affecting, in contemporary society, public law and the state itself. Ultimately, the study of transformations of the notion of fee leads to a general reflection on the birth of a new legal and political model, that is to say «to detect more general phenomena that are at the origin (...); a society's transformation process (...) and the emergence of a new social contract (...) Such research helps to think about what will be the state of the XXIe century ».

Convolutional Neural Networks are a very powerful machine learning tool that outperformed other techniques in image recognition tasks. The biggest drawback of this method is the massive amount of training data required, since producing training data for image recognition tasks is very labor intensive. To tackle this issue, different techniques have been proposed to generate synthetic training data automatically. These synthetic data generation techniques can be grouped in two categories: the first category generates synthetic images using computer graphic software and CAD models of the objects to recognize; the second category generates synthetic images by cutting the object from an image and pasting it on another image. Since both techniques have their pros and cons, it would be interesting for industries to investigate more in depth the two approaches. A common use case in industrial scenarios is detecting and classifying objects inside an image. Different objects appertaining to classes relevant in industrial scenarios are often undistinguishable (for example, they all the same component). For these reasons, this thesis work aims to answer the research question “Among the CAD model generation techniques, the Cut-paste generation techniques and a combination of the two techniques, which technique is more suitable for generating images for training object detectors in industrial scenarios”. In order to answer the research question, two synthetic image generation techniques appertaining to the two categories are proposed.The proposed techniques are tailored for applications where all the objects appertaining to the same class are indistinguishable, but they can also be extended to other applications. The two synthetic image generation techniques are compared measuring the performances of an object detector trained using synthetic images on a test dataset of real images. The performances of the two synthetic data generation techniques used for data augmentation have been also measured. The empirical results show that the CAD models generation technique works significantly better than the Cut-Paste generation technique where synthetic images are the only source of training data (61% better),whereas the two generation techniques perform equally good as data augmentation techniques. Moreover, the empirical results show that the models trained using only synthetic images performs almost as good as the model trained using real images (7,4% worse) and that augmenting the dataset of real images using synthetic images improves the performances of the model (9,5% better). / Konvolutionella neurala nätverk är ett mycket kraftfullt verktyg för maskininlärning som överträffade andra tekniker inom bildigenkänning. Den största nackdelen med denna metod är den massiva mängd träningsdata som krävs, eftersom det är mycket arbetsintensivt att producera träningsdata för bildigenkänningsuppgifter. För att ta itu med detta problem har olika tekniker föreslagits för att generera syntetiska träningsdata automatiskt. Dessa syntetiska datagenererande tekniker kan grupperas i två kategorier: den första kategorin genererar syntetiska bilder med hjälp av datorgrafikprogram och CAD-modeller av objekten att känna igen; Den andra kategorin genererar syntetiska bilder genom att klippa objektet från en bild och klistra in det på en annan bild. Eftersom båda teknikerna har sina fördelar och nackdelar, skulle det vara intressant för industrier att undersöka mer ingående de båda metoderna. Ett vanligt fall i industriella scenarier är att upptäcka och klassificera objekt i en bild. Olika föremål som hänför sig till klasser som är relevanta i industriella scenarier är ofta oskiljbara (till exempel de är alla samma komponent). Av dessa skäl syftar detta avhandlingsarbete till att svara på frågan “Bland CAD-genereringsteknikerna, Cut-paste generationsteknikerna och en kombination av de två teknikerna, vilken teknik är mer lämplig för att generera bilder för träningsobjektdetektorer i industriellascenarier”. För att svara på forskningsfrågan föreslås två syntetiska bildgenereringstekniker som hänför sig till de två kategorierna. De föreslagna teknikerna är skräddarsydda för applikationer där alla föremål som tillhör samma klass är oskiljbara, men de kan också utökas till andra applikationer. De två syntetiska bildgenereringsteknikerna jämförs med att mäta prestanda hos en objektdetektor som utbildas med hjälp av syntetiska bilder på en testdataset med riktiga bilder. Föreställningarna för de två syntetiska datagenererande teknikerna som används för dataförökning har också uppmätts. De empiriska resultaten visar att CAD-modelleringstekniken fungerar väsentligt bättre än Cut-Paste-genereringstekniken, där syntetiska bilder är den enda källan till träningsdata (61% bättre), medan de två generationsteknikerna fungerar lika bra som dataförstoringstekniker. Dessutom visar de empiriska resultaten att modellerna som utbildats med bara syntetiska bilder utför nästan lika bra som modellen som utbildats med hjälp av riktiga bilder (7,4% sämre) och att förstora datasetet med riktiga bilder med hjälp av syntetiska bilder förbättrar modellens prestanda (9,5% bättre).

Esta dissertação analisa as questões concernentes às tutelas de urgência antes e durante o processo arbitral (incluindo-se a forma como podem ser pleiteadas, apreciadas e efetivadas), bem como a interação entre os árbitros, o Poder Judiciário e também entre a Câmara de Arbitragem responsável pela condução do processo arbitral (no caso de arbitragem institucional). O trabalho traz uma breve análise sobre a história da arbitragem e acerca de sua natureza jurídica, com um enfoque específico às tutelas de urgência, analisando, igualmente, os regulamentos dos principais centros de arbitragens pátrios e alienígenas, bem como a legislação nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema das tutelas de urgência em arbitragem. Os principais pontos analisados referem-se: (i) às tutelas de urgência prévias à instauração da arbitragem (quando as partes já se comprometeram, por meio de cláusula compromissória ou de compromisso arbitral, a solucionar eventual lide por meio da arbitragem); (ii) às tutelas de urgência no curso de um processo arbitral; (iii) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência, a qual exige a utilização de força e, por conseguinte, depende do auxílio e de interação com o Poder Judiciário; (iv) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência proferidas em arbitragens estrangeiras; e (v) às anti-suit injunctions. / This dissertation analyses the questions regarding provisional and interim measures previously or during an arbitration proceeding (including the means they can be pleaded, analyzed and enforced), as well as the interaction between the arbitrators, the Judiciary Power and also with the Court of Arbitration responsible for the conduction of the arbitration proceeding (in the case of institutional arbitration). The study brings a brief analysis of the history of arbitration and about its legal nature, with a specific focus on provisional and interim measures, also analyzing the regulations of the main Courts of Arbitration from Brazil and from abroad, as well as the Brazilian and foreign legislation about provisional and interim measures in arbitration. The main topics analyzed are referred to: (i) provisional and interim measures previously to the beginning of the arbitration (when the parties have already committed themselves, through arbitration clause or arbitration agreement, to resolve any conflict through arbitration); (ii) provisional and interim measures during an arbitration proceeding; (iii) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures, which requires the use of force (coercive power) and, therefore, depends on the assistance and the support of the Judiciary Power; (iv) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures rendered on foreign arbitrations; and (v) the anti-suit injunctions.

Esta dissertação analisa as questões concernentes às tutelas de urgência antes e durante o processo arbitral (incluindo-se a forma como podem ser pleiteadas, apreciadas e efetivadas), bem como a interação entre os árbitros, o Poder Judiciário e também entre a Câmara de Arbitragem responsável pela condução do processo arbitral (no caso de arbitragem institucional). O trabalho traz uma breve análise sobre a história da arbitragem e acerca de sua natureza jurídica, com um enfoque específico às tutelas de urgência, analisando, igualmente, os regulamentos dos principais centros de arbitragens pátrios e alienígenas, bem como a legislação nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema das tutelas de urgência em arbitragem. Os principais pontos analisados referem-se: (i) às tutelas de urgência prévias à instauração da arbitragem (quando as partes já se comprometeram, por meio de cláusula compromissória ou de compromisso arbitral, a solucionar eventual lide por meio da arbitragem); (ii) às tutelas de urgência no curso de um processo arbitral; (iii) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência, a qual exige a utilização de força e, por conseguinte, depende do auxílio e de interação com o Poder Judiciário; (iv) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência proferidas em arbitragens estrangeiras; e (v) às anti-suit injunctions. / This dissertation analyses the questions regarding provisional and interim measures previously or during an arbitration proceeding (including the means they can be pleaded, analyzed and enforced), as well as the interaction between the arbitrators, the Judiciary Power and also with the Court of Arbitration responsible for the conduction of the arbitration proceeding (in the case of institutional arbitration). The study brings a brief analysis of the history of arbitration and about its legal nature, with a specific focus on provisional and interim measures, also analyzing the regulations of the main Courts of Arbitration from Brazil and from abroad, as well as the Brazilian and foreign legislation about provisional and interim measures in arbitration. The main topics analyzed are referred to: (i) provisional and interim measures previously to the beginning of the arbitration (when the parties have already committed themselves, through arbitration clause or arbitration agreement, to resolve any conflict through arbitration); (ii) provisional and interim measures during an arbitration proceeding; (iii) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures, which requires the use of force (coercive power) and, therefore, depends on the assistance and the support of the Judiciary Power; (iv) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures rendered on foreign arbitrations; and (v) the anti-suit injunctions.

The data obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of blood flow in the heart is plentiful, and processing this data takes time and the procedure for that is not straightforward. This project aims to develop a tool that can semi-automatically process CFD simulation data, which is based on 4D flow computed tomography (CT) data, with minimal user input. The tool should be able to time efficiently calculate flow parameters from the data, and automatically create overview images of the flow field while doing so, to aid the user's analysis process. The tool is coded using Python programming language, and the Python scripts are inputted to the application ParaView for processing of the simulation data.  The tool generates 3 chamber views of the heart by calculating three points from the given patient data, which represent the aortic and mitral valves, and the apex of the heart. A plane is generated that pass through these three points, and the heart is sliced along this plane to visualize 3 chambers of the heart. The camera position is also manipulated to optimize the 3 chamber view. The maximum outflow velocity over the cardiac cycle in the left atrial appendage (LAA) is determined by searching in a time range around the maximum outflow rate of the LAA in a cardiac cycle, and finding the highest velocity value that points away from the LAA in this range. The flow component analysis is calculated in the LAA and left ventricle (LV) by seeding particles in each at the start of the cardiac cycle, and tracking these particles forwards and backwards in time to determine where the particles end up and come from, respectively. By knowing these two aspects, the four different flow components of the blood can be determined in both the LAA and LV.  The tool can successfully create 3 chamber views of the heart model from three semi-automatically determined points, at a manipulated camera location. It can also calculate the maximum outflow velocity of the flow field over a cardiac cycle in the LAA, and perform a flow component analysis of the LAA and the LV by tracking particles forwards and backwards in time through a cardiac cycle. The maximum velocity calculation is relatively time efficient and produces results similar to those found manually, yet the output is dependent on the user-defined inputs and processing techniques, and varies between users. The flow component analysis is also time efficient, produces results for the LV that are comparable to pre-existing research, and produces results for the LAA that are comparable to the LVs' results. Although, the extraction process of the LAA sometimes includes part of the left atrium, which impacts the accuracy of the results. After processing each part, the tool creates a single file containing each part's main results for easier analysis of the patient data. In conclusion, the tool is capable of semi-automatically processing CFD simulation data which saves the user time, and it has thus met all the project aims