La simulation de systèmes d'énergie est un outil important pour la conception, le développement et l'évaluation de nouvelles architectures et des contrôles grille dans le concept de réseau intelligent pour les dernières décennies. Cet outil a évolué pour répondre aux questions proposées par les chercheurs et les ingénieurs dans les applications de l'industrie, et pour offrant des différentes alternatives pour couvrir plusieurs scénarios réalistes.Aujourd'hui, en raison des progrès récents dans le matériel informatique, la Simulation numérique en temps réel (DRTS) est utilisée pour concevoir des systèmes de puissance, afin de soutenir les décisions prises dans les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie automatisés (SME) et de réduire le délai de commercialisation de produits, entre des autres applications.Les simulations de réseaux électriques peuvent être classées dans les catégories suivantes: (1) la simulation analogique (2) hors simulation de ligne (3) de simulation entièrement numérique (4) la simulation rapide (5) Contrôleur Hardware-In-the-Loop (CHIL) et (6) Puissance Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL).Les dernière 3 sont axés sur la simulation Real-Time hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL RT-). Ces catégories portent sur les questions liées à Transitoires électromagnétiques (liste EMT), la simulation de phaseurs ou mixte (phaseur et EMT). Comme mentionné ci-dessus, ces progrès sont possibles en raison de l'évolution des architectures informatiques (matériels et logiciels); Cependant, pour le cas particulier de l'analyse des flux de puissance des réseaux de distribution (DS), il y a encore des défis à résoudre.Les architectures informatiques actuelles sont composées de plusieurs noyaux, laissant derrière lui le paradigme de la programmation séquentielle et conduisant les développeurs de systèmes numériques pour examiner des concepts comme le parallélisme, la concurrence et les événements asynchrones. D'autre part, les méthodes pour résoudre le flux de puissance dynamique des systèmes de distribution considérer le système comme un seul bloc; ainsi, ils utilisent une seule base pour l'analyse des flux de puissance, indépendamment de l'existence de plusieurs cœurs disponibles pour améliorer les performances de la simulation.Répartis dans des procédés en phase et de la séquence, ces procédés ont en caractéristiques communes telles que l'examen d'une seule matrice creuse pour décrire les DS et qu'ils peuvent résoudre simultanément une seule fréquence.Ces caractéristiques font dès les méthodes mentionné sont pas appropriées pour le traitement avec multiple noyaux. En conséquence, les architectures informatiques actuelles sont sous-utilisés, et dégrade la performance des simulateurs lors de la manipulation de grandes DS échelle, changer DS topologie et y compris les modèles avancés, entre autres des activités de la vie réelle.Pour relever ces défis Cette thèse propose une approche appelée A-Diakoptics, qui combine la puissance de Diakoptics et le modèle de l'acteur; le but est de faire toute méthode classique d'analyse de flux d'énergie appropriée pour le traitement multithread. En conséquence, la nature et la complexité du système d'alimentation peuvent être modélisées sans affecter le temps de calcul, même si plusieurs parties du système d'alimentation fonctionnent à une fréquence de base différente comme dans le cas de micro-réseaux à courant continu. Par conséquent, l'analyse des flux de charge dynamique de DS peut être effectuée pour couvrir les besoins de simulation différents tels que la simulation hors ligne, simulation rapide, CHIL et PHIL. Cette méthode est une stratégie avancée pour simuler les systèmes de distribution à grande échelle dans des conditions déséquilibrées; couvrant les besoins de base pour la mise en œuvre d'applications de réseaux intelligents. / Simulation of power systems is an important tool for designing, developing and assessment of new grid architectures and controls within the smart grid concept for the last decades. This tool has evolved for answering the questions proposed by academic researchers and engineers in industry applications; providing different alternatives for covering several realistic scenarios. Nowadays, due to the recent advances in computing hardware, Digital Real-Time Simulation (DRTS) is used to design power systems, to support decisions made in automated Energy Management Systems (EMS) and to reduce the Time to Market of products, among other applications.Power system simulations can be classified in the following categories: (1) Analog simulation (2) off line simulation (3) Fully digital simulation (4) Fast simulation (5) Controller Hardware-In-the-Loop (CHIL) simulation and (6) Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) simulation. The latest 3 are focused on Real-Time Hardware-In-the-Loop (RT-HIL) simulation. These categories cover issues related to Electromagnetic Transients (EMT), phasor simulation or mixed (phasor and EMT). As mentioned above, these advances are possible due to the evolution of computing architectures (hardware and software); however, for the particular case of power flow analysis of Distribution Systems (DS) there are still challenges to be solved.The current computing architectures are composed by several cores, leaving behind the paradigm of the sequential programing and leading the digital system developers to consider concepts such as parallelism, concurrency and asynchronous events. On the other hand, the methods for solving the dynamic power flow of distribution systems consider the system as a single block; thus they only use a single core for power flow analysis, regardless of the existence of multiple cores available for improving the simulation performance.Divided into phase and sequence frame methods, these methods have in common features such as considering a single sparse matrix for describing the DS and that they can solve a single frequency simultaneously. These features make of the mentioned methods non-suitable for multithread processing. As a consequence, current computer architectures are sub-used, affecting simulator's performance when handling large scale DS, changing DS topology and including advanced models, among others real life activities.To address these challenges this thesis proposes an approach called A-Diakoptics, which combines the power of Diakoptics and the Actor model; the aim is to make any conventional power flow analysis method suitable for multithread processing. As a result, the nature and complexity of the power system can be modeled without affecting the computing time, even if several parts of the power system operate at different base frequency as in the case of DC microgrids. Therefore, the dynamic load flow analysis of DS can be performed for covering different simulation needs such as off-line simulation, fast simulation, CHIL and PHIL. This method is an advanced strategy for simulating large-scale distribution systems in unbalanced conditions; covering the basic needs for the implementation of smart grid applications.

As energias renováveis vêm ocupando parcelas cada vez maiores das matrizes energéticas dos principais países do mundo, devido aos custos e impactos da exploração de combustíveis fósseis, e à necessidade de ampliação dos suprimentos de energia. Atualmente, as energias hidrelétrica, eólica e solar apresentam viabilidade técnica e econômica para uma grande quantidade de aplicações, com desenvolvimento tecnológico em alto nível de maturidade. A energia de ondas oceânicas ainda exige investimentos razoáveis para se tornar uma alternativa viável para fornecimento de energia elétrica, e vem sendo alvo de projetos para prospecção de potenciais e para desenvolvimento de tecnologias para conversão de energia. Neste estudo, chegou-se ao valor médio anual de 12 kW por metro de frente de onda como estimativa do potencial energético das ondas oceânicas do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Esse valor é considerado razoável se comparado a potenciais em outros locais do mundo, e pode representar um acréscimo interessante de suprimentos de energia ao sistema energético local, que se mostra bastante receptivo aos recursos renováveis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a inserção de suprimentos de energia de ondas no sistema interligado do litoral norte do RS, com base em simulações computacionais realizadas com o software HOMER, desenvolvido especialmente para otimização de sistemas de geração de energia baseados em recursos renováveis. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que empreendimentos para aproveitamento de energia de ondas atinjam viabilidade econômica quando seus custos específicos se tornarem pelo menos iguais ao dobro dos custos específicos associados aos aproveitamentos eólicos. / Renewable energies are increasingly occupying larger areas of the power generation matrices in major countries in the world, because of the costs and impacts of the fossil fuels exploitation, and because of the need to increase energy supplies. Currently, hydro, wind and solar energies present technical and economic feasibility for a lot of applications, with technological development at a high level of maturity. The wave energy still requires reasonable investment to become a viable alternative for electric energy supply, and has been the target for research projects about locations of potential energy and for development of power conversion technologies. The potential of the coast of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has already been estimated and presents an annual average around 12 kW per meter of wave front. This value is considered reasonable compared to other potential sites in the world, and may represent an interesting addition to the energy supply of the local energy system, which shows a great receptivity to renewable resources. This study aims to assess, in pre-feasibility level, the insertion of wave energy supplies in the interconnected system of the northern coast of RS, based on computer simulations performed with the software HOMER, specially developed for optimization of power generation systems based on renewable resources. The results suggest that projects for harnessing wave energy reach economic feasibility when their specific costs become at least twice the specific costs associated with wind farms.

Há um cenário de agrave na indústria de energia elétrica no Brasil, por escassez de energia afluente na produção hídrica, exigindo maior acionamento térmico. Para o futuro, usinas predominantemente a fio dágua, que estão sendo inseridas, estarão pronunciando ainda mais essa necessidade. Por força da estruturação térmica, sobrarão mais emissões de gases de efeito estufa - GEEs e consumo de recursos fósseis por unidade de energia elétrica produzida. Este estudo visa testar a possibilidade de construção de um cenário futuro, eleito 2050, de fornecimento de energia elétrica no país, balizado na aceleração do uso das fontes renováveis, premissa postulada como alinhamento à busca de desenvolvimento sustentável para o país. É utilizada a pesquisa, análise e síntese, com abordagem sistêmica, e aplicação de indicadores eleitos fundamentais para alcance do objetivo. São sistematizados dados e informações existentes em diferentes tipos de documentos elaborados por autores e organizações nacionais e internacionais, e nos planos governamentais de expansão da produção de energia elétrica. A partir do referencial teórico metodológico adotado, os resultados obtidos demonstram que é possível estabelecer um planejamento de longo prazo baseado no uso renovável dos recursos de que o país dispõe, com menores pressões socioambientais, consumos de fósseis, e emissões de gases de efeito estufa, por unidade de energia produzida. São obtidas maiores participações de fontes renováveis com menor participação da fonte hídrica, e menores participações de emissões de gases de efeito estufa e de consumo de óleo combustível. Sem incorrer em aumento nos custos de produção. Resulta um sistema descentralizado, híbrido, com maior expansão das fontes térmicas renováveis, eólica e solar, maior participação de produção independente cogeração, autoprodução, e geração distribuída e menor carga na rede de transmissão, comparativamente ao cenário atual. / There is an aggravated prospect in the Brazilian electric energy industry, due to a shortage of affluent energy in the hydric production, requiring a greater thermal use. For the future, the insertion of hydroelectric power plants predominantly without reservoirs will make this need even more evident. Due to the thermal structuring, there will be more emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and consumption of fossil resources per unit of electric energy produced. This study aims to test the possibility of building a future setting, elected 2050, of electric energy supply in the country, beaconed on the acceleration of the use of renewable sources, premise postulated in alignment with the pursuit of sustainable development for the country. The research, analysis and synthesis is adopted, with a systemic approach, and applying the indicators elected as paramount to reach the goal. Data and information from different types of documents produced by international and national authors and organizations as well as governmental plans of expansion of electric energy production were systematized. From the theoretical and methodological framework adopted, the results obtained have shown that it is possible to establish a long term plan, based on the use of the available resources, with decreased social and environmental pressure, fossil consumption, and emission of GHGs per unity of energy produced. A greater participation of renewable sources is achieved, while the participation of hydric sources, the emissions of GHGs and consumption of oil-fuels are reduced. There is no increase in the production costs. The result is a decentralized, hybrid system with larger expansion of renewable thermal, wind and solar sources, larger participation of independent production co-generation, auto-generation and distributed generation and a diminished load on the transmission network, compared to the current scenario.

As energias renováveis vêm ocupando parcelas cada vez maiores das matrizes energéticas dos principais países do mundo, devido aos custos e impactos da exploração de combustíveis fósseis, e à necessidade de ampliação dos suprimentos de energia. Atualmente, as energias hidrelétrica, eólica e solar apresentam viabilidade técnica e econômica para uma grande quantidade de aplicações, com desenvolvimento tecnológico em alto nível de maturidade. A energia de ondas oceânicas ainda exige investimentos razoáveis para se tornar uma alternativa viável para fornecimento de energia elétrica, e vem sendo alvo de projetos para prospecção de potenciais e para desenvolvimento de tecnologias para conversão de energia. Neste estudo, chegou-se ao valor médio anual de 12 kW por metro de frente de onda como estimativa do potencial energético das ondas oceânicas do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Esse valor é considerado razoável se comparado a potenciais em outros locais do mundo, e pode representar um acréscimo interessante de suprimentos de energia ao sistema energético local, que se mostra bastante receptivo aos recursos renováveis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a inserção de suprimentos de energia de ondas no sistema interligado do litoral norte do RS, com base em simulações computacionais realizadas com o software HOMER, desenvolvido especialmente para otimização de sistemas de geração de energia baseados em recursos renováveis. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que empreendimentos para aproveitamento de energia de ondas atinjam viabilidade econômica quando seus custos específicos se tornarem pelo menos iguais ao dobro dos custos específicos associados aos aproveitamentos eólicos. / Renewable energies are increasingly occupying larger areas of the power generation matrices in major countries in the world, because of the costs and impacts of the fossil fuels exploitation, and because of the need to increase energy supplies. Currently, hydro, wind and solar energies present technical and economic feasibility for a lot of applications, with technological development at a high level of maturity. The wave energy still requires reasonable investment to become a viable alternative for electric energy supply, and has been the target for research projects about locations of potential energy and for development of power conversion technologies. The potential of the coast of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has already been estimated and presents an annual average around 12 kW per meter of wave front. This value is considered reasonable compared to other potential sites in the world, and may represent an interesting addition to the energy supply of the local energy system, which shows a great receptivity to renewable resources. This study aims to assess, in pre-feasibility level, the insertion of wave energy supplies in the interconnected system of the northern coast of RS, based on computer simulations performed with the software HOMER, specially developed for optimization of power generation systems based on renewable resources. The results suggest that projects for harnessing wave energy reach economic feasibility when their specific costs become at least twice the specific costs associated with wind farms.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A presente dissertaÃÃo de mestrado trata do desenvolvimento teÃrico-experimental de um novo modelo da Turbina Tesla, tambÃm conhecida como turbina de discos, em que o foco da pesquisa foi estudar esse dispositivo de propulsÃo visando sua aplicaÃÃo em sistemas de geraÃÃo de energia distribuÃda a partir de fontes renovÃveis de biomassa. Um protÃtipo da turbina foi desenvolvido, em escala de laboratÃrio, para determinar os parÃmetros de projeto atravÃs de estudos teÃrico e experimental, a fim de interpretar os fenÃmenos presentes nos processos internos desse tipo de mÃquina de fluxo. A pesquisa foi direcionada à anÃlise dos efeitos do espaÃamento entre discos sobre o torque e a potÃncia, como uma funÃÃo da camada limite fluidodinÃmica do escoamento, correlacionando os regimes de velocidades de escoamento Ãs propriedades do fluido de trabalho. A metodologia para cÃlculo das eficiÃncias isentrÃpicas e exergÃticas à estabelecida a partir de dados experimentais e da anÃlise teÃrica por simulaÃÃo (apoiada pelo software ANSYS-CFX), a qual determina o perfil de distribuiÃÃo de pressÃo dentro da cÃmara de expansÃo, caracterizando as linhas de escoamento e os gradientes de pressÃo. Complementarmente, uma anÃlise modal dos sinais de vibraÃÃo da turbina foi realizada, estudando o comportamento dinÃmico da estrutura com o propÃsito de detectar as freqÃÃncias naturais e investigando a influÃncia do espaÃamento dos discos sobre o nÃvel de vibraÃÃodesse dispositivo. Este estudo aponta a robustez e a versatilidade operacional desse tipo de turbina, pelo fato dela admitir ampla faixa de rotaÃÃo e por sua fÃcil adaptaÃÃo a geradores comerciais, sugerindo sua aplicaÃÃo em sistemas de geraÃÃo e co-geraÃÃo tanto para o meio rural como para a indÃstria. / The current masterâs dissertation treats the experimental and theoretical development of a new model of Tesla turbine, also known as disk turbine, in which the research focus was to study this propulsion device viewing its application in distributed energy generation systems from biomass renewable resources. A turbineâs prototype was developed, in laboratory scale, to determine the design parameters through the theoretical and experimental studies in order to interpret the phenomena present in the internal processes of this kind of flux machine. The research was directed toward the effect analysis of the gap between disks on the torque and the power, as a function of the flowâs fluidynamic boundary layer, correlating the flow velocity regimes with the working fluid properties. A methodology for isentropic and exergetic efficiency calculation is taken from experimental data and theoretical analyses through simulation (supported by the software ANSYS-CFX), which determines the pressure distribution profile inside the expansion chamber, characterizing flow lines and pressure gradients. Complementarily, a modal analysis of turbineâs vibration signals is performed, studying the dynamic behavior of the structure with the purposes of detecting the natural frequencies and investigating the influence of the diskâs gap on the vibration level of this device. This study points out the robustness and the operational versatility of this kind of turbine by the fact of it allows a wide rotation range and by its easy adaptation to commercial generators, suggesting its application into generation and co-generation systems for the rural area as well as for the industry.

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Une crise de grande ampleur laisse supposer d’importants changements en politiques publiques.Toutefois, les multiples accidents nucléaires ont souligné l’effet d’inertie du système de l’électricité en France comme au Japon et du maintien des acteurs dominants au sein de ce système. Le particulier focusing event que constitue Fukushima apparaît toutefois comme un vecteur important de changement dans un système fortement soumis à la dépendance au sentier et à un bouleversement des rapports de force,dépassant par là même les enjeux énergétiques. Au delà des questions de gouvernance de l’énergie, ce travail vise en outre à souligner les importantes transformations qui touchent le marché de l’électricité sous les effets d’une libéralisation toujours plus poussée. Dès lors cette analyse s’attache à fois à l’étude de la gouvernance de la politique de l’énergie mais également aux conséquences d’une ouverture plus progressive du marché sur les acteurs concernés dans une perspective principalement nationale mais aussi européenne. / While a widespread crisis would cause significant changes in public policies, nuclear accidents underline an inertia effect in the energy system in France and Japan. These cases lay out the maintenance of the position of dominant stakeholders within the system. Nevertheless, the particular focusing event of Fukushima appears to be an important driver of change in a system with strong path dependency, and disrupts the power balance of stakeholders. The change then goes beyond energy issues. In addition to the governance stakes, this thesis examines the significant alterations of the electricity market under the liberalisation dynamics . It also analyses the governance of energy policy and the consequences of the electricity market from domestic and European perspectives.

Cette thèse analyse les dynamiques de changement du système énergétique en se focalisant sur les énergies marines renouvelables (EMR). A travers l’examen de dix études de cas (études à la fois sectorielles et territoriales), elle s’interroge sur les raisons du retour de ces technologies au tournant des années 2000. Mises à la marge du paradigme dominant de la production d’électricité des années 1980, nous montrons que les énergies marines renouvelables sont revenues sur le devant de la scène dans un contexte de crise systémique des 3E (environnementale, économique et énergétique). A l’interface des politiques énergétiques (celles de la transition énergétique) et des politiques maritimes (celles de la croissance bleue), les énergies marines renouvelables ont été légitimées au moment où la mer est devenue un terrain pour (re)construire des discours visionnaires, avant-gardistes et technopolitiques. Par ce biais, nous mettons en lumière l’importance des croyances et des représentations collectives sur l’activité technologique. Au regard de la diversité des trajectoires technologiques examinées (énergie des marées et des courants, énergie des vagues, énergie thermique des mers et éolien marin), nous montrons que « la filière » des énergies marines renouvelables se présente en France comme une construction politique sans cohérence technologique affirmée entre des univers techniques différents. Cette thèse permet également de relativiser la notion d’innovation de rupture et de destruction créatrice en mettant en évidence des phénomènes de résurgence technologique pouvant durer plusieurs décennies, voire plusieurs siècles, dans l’exploitation de sources d’énergies renouvelables. Enfin, en s’inscrivant dans une démarche rétro-prospective, cette thèse défend l’idée que les processus fondamentaux dans la dynamique de changement du système énergétique ne sont pas la création et la nouveauté mais plutôt l’actualisation et la réinterprétation. Elle entend ainsi apporter une contribution originale aux interrogations à la fois des économistes, des sociologues et des historiens des techniques, qui chacun dans leur domaine tentent de comprendre les trajectoires de l'innovation et les conditions de réussite des technologies de l’énergie. / This thesis sheds light on the dynamics of change in the energy system by taking the example of marine renewable energies (MRE). By exploring ten case studies (both sectoral and territorial), it reflects on the reasons for the return of these technologies in the 2000’s. Previously excluded from the dominant paradigm of French electricity production, in the 1980s, marine renewable energies are currently making a comeback in the context of the systemic crisis of the 3Es (environmental, economic and energy). At the interface of energy policies (energy transition policies) and maritime policies (blue growth policies), marine renewable energies were legitimized when the sea became a new horizon for (re)building visionary, avant-garde and technopolitical discourses. Through this, we highlight the importance of beliefs and collective representations of technological activity. Through the diversity of technological trajectories discussed in this thesis (tidal stream and tidal range energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy conversion and offshore wind energy), we show that, in France, the industry of marine renewable energies presents itself as a political construction without asserted technological consistency, at the interface between different technical worlds. This thesis put into perspective the notion of disruptive innovation and creative destruction by highlighting phenomena of technological rebirth, which can take several decades and even centuries. Through a retroprospective analysis, this thesis defends the idea that the dynamics of change of the energy system are not mainly driven by creation and novelty, but could, rather, be construed as a process of update and reinterpretation of existing technological principles. This thesis aims to provide insights to economists, sociologists and historians of technology who try to understand the trajectories of innovation and the conditions for success of energy technologies.