State of Objectives: This paper addresses the question of how the presumption-rent system has developed during ten years of its introduction to the rental market, with a particular emphasis on the investors’ perspective. The study has three focus areas, firstly an emphasis on how the real estate investors within the private and public sectors reacted to the introduction of the presumption-rents. Secondly, it examines whether the trends have changed during the course of these ten years. Finally, it observes how the presumption-rent system, as a rent-setting method for new residential rental constructions, is perceived and evaluated by the investors. Methodology: The empirical study focuses on the rent market in Stockholm, and it is articulated through a holistic multiple case-study of six public-and private real estate companies with rental dwellings in Stockholm. In order to examine the developments of the presumption-rent structures in these companies, a numerical analysis of the rent structures through a quasi-experimental design is as well conducted. Empirical Findings: The results in general prove that the rent-setting within the presumption rent system is unpredictable and subjective, because it is influenced by conflicting interests and different perceptions. The implication of this for the application of the presumption-rents is that it is depended on a complex, ambiguous and vague negotiation structure, rather than being based on a systematized rent-setting procedure. Furthermore, it is noted that the collective bargaining system, which sets the standards for the rent negotiations, is undergoing a slow process of change, as the law amendment in 2011 has caused paradigm-shits within the rental market. One dimension of this is that the rent-negotiations noticeably do not influence the investment decisions anymore, but the rent negotiations certainly have an impact on the rent-setting method. The implication for the application of the presumption-rentsystem, including its negotiation framework, is that it is applied when it meets the criteria for the investment decision, otherwise it is ignored. Finally, it is showed that nor the public neither the private companies perceive the presumption-system as a long-term and sustainable solution to the prevailing challenges with the Swedish rent-setting system. What is clear is that the system is mainly considered as a temporality solution to a course of disorders that have emerged from prolonged institutional negligence and error that have impaired the rental markets.

[pt] Sobretudo nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem intensificado as políticas de reforma agrária e combate à pobreza rural. No entanto, o debate sobre o tema tem ignorado questões importantes relacionadas à origem da concentração fundiária e à eficácia dos instrumentos adotados. A tese tem como objetivo analisar o papel de políticas públicas voltadas ao mercado de terras, considerando um critério de eficiência agrícola, em um ambiente em que (i) as pessoas adquirem terra não apenas para a produção agrícola, mas também para outras finalidades, e (ii) o mercado de arrendamento de terras não funciona adequadamente. Mostra- se que essas duas características não apenas afetam a eficiência da alocação de recursos destinados à agricultura como também têm importantes conseqüências para o desenho de políticas públicas. O capítulo 1 apresenta um modelo teórico que estabelece os princípios básicos da análise sistemática das imperfeições do mercado de terras brasileiro e suas conseqüências para a política econômica. Os capítulos 2 a 4 discutem, respectivamente, aspectos de implementação do programa de reforma agrária redistributiva, da taxação de terras e questões associadas ao mercado de arrendamento de terras. Por fim, a conclusão resume os principais resultados encontrados, as limitações e a pesquisa futura. / [en] In the last few years, the Brazilian government has been intensifying economic policies of land reform and poverty alleviation. However, the debate about this issue has been overlooking important questions related to the land concentration and the effectiveness of the policy instruments. The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the role of such policies in an environment in which (i) land property provides non-agricultural benefits and (ii) the land rental market does not work well. The results indicate that these two characteristics not only ffect the agricultural efficiency but also the design of development policies. Chapter 1 presents a theoretical model establishing the main framework of the analysis, considering market imperfections and their consequences to the land policies. Chapters 2 to 4 discuss some issues of the implementation of three policy instruments - the land reform program, the land tax and the land rental market. The conclusion summarizes the main results of the dissertation, some limitations and the guidelines for future research.

This article studies the evolution of housing rents in St. Petersburg between 1880 and 1917 covering an eventful period of Russian and world history. We collect and digitize over 5,000 rental advertisements from historic newspapers, which we use together with geo-coded addresses and detailed structural characteristics to construct a quality-adjusted rent price index in continuous time. We provide the first pre-war and pre-Soviet index based on market data for any Russian housing market. In 1915, one of the world's earliest rent control and tenant protection policies was introduced as a response to soaring prices following the outbreak of World War I. We analyze the impact of this policy: while before the regulation rents were increasing at a similar rapid pace as other consumer prices, the policy reversed this trend. We find evidence for official compliance with the policy, document a rise in tenure duration and strongly increased rent affordability among workers after the introduction of the policy. We conclude that the immediate prelude to the October Revolution was indeed characterized by economic turmoil, but rent affordability and rising rents were no longer the prevailing problems. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-12T13:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7542345 bytes, checksum: 33e9e060025e8b9c075043b7218a5033 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T13:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7542345 bytes, checksum: 33e9e060025e8b9c075043b7218a5033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The deterioration and depreciation process on urban centers, especially in the oldest areas of Brazilian cities, has as a main phenomenon resulting from the multiplication of villages, hives, among other means of collective houses. The relative “invisibility” of precarious collective rental houses (HCPAs) in central areas, with special focus on/specially for the city of João Pessoa, leads to conclusions, sometimes rushed ones, in order to asserting of non-vitality, abandon or even the death of “historical centers”. This job points in another direction when highlights the existence of a high number of collective rental houses in the neighborhood of Varadouro. The objective is to evaluate the relations between living conditions and informality of such ways of housing, through their identification, mapping and characterization (achieved through survey forms and photographic records), as well as semi structured interviews with lessors, lessees, and representatives from PMJP (City Hall of João Pessoa). The hypothesis was investigated that the condition of invisibility of collective rental houses facilitates the establishment of precarious living conditions, which strengthens the condition of informality and consequently the performance of the informal housing rental market, consolidating a vicious circle where such issues are conditional and feed. It was observed that the inserted HCPAs in the neighborhood of Varadouro have poor living conditions on the scale of the housing unit as opposed to urban livability; despite the poor collective rental housing do not offer proven, appropriate living conditions for their tenants, they prefer to safeguard the ease of access, transport means and the proximity of the work, namely, the coordination and integration with its surroundings, the having to live in households located in the outskirts of the city, away from their activities and destinations. The work also showed that the informal housing rental market in Varadouro is fraught with uncertainties and conventions based and balanced from interpersonal relationships of trust-loyalty. Finally, it was found that the relationship between habitability and the informal rental market of HCPAs in Varadouro happens clearly in the way it gives (or not) the maintenance of precarious tenements rentals. Due to the relationship of trust-loyalty and dominance between lessors and lessees, adjustments and improvements of buildings usually are not hired; the habitability of housing units is submissive to these relations, when agreements and disagreements lead to precarity of HCPAs. / O processo de deterioração e desvalorização dos centros urbanos, em especial nas áreas mais antigas das cidades brasileiras, tem como um dos principais fenômenos resultantes a multiplicação de vilas, cortiços, dentre outras formas de moradias coletivas. A relativa "invisibilidade" das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel (HCPAs) nas áreas centrais, com destaque para a cidade de João Pessoa, leva a conclusões por vezes apressadas no sentido de afirmarem a não-vitalidade, o abandono ou até mesmo a morte dos "centros históricos". Este trabalho aponta em outra direção ao destacar a existência de grande número de habitações coletivas de aluguel no bairro do Varadouro. Objetiva-se avaliar as relações entre as condições de habitabilidade e a informalidade de tais formas de moradia, através de sua identificação, mapeamento e caracterização (realizados através de fichas de levantamento e registros fotográficos), bem como de entrevistas semiestruturadas com locadores, locatários e representantes da PMJP (Prefeitura Municipal de João Pessoa). Investigou-se a hipótese de que a condição de invisibilidade das habitações coletivas de aluguel facilita o estabelecimento de precárias condições de habitabilidade, o que fortalece a condição de informalidade e, consequentemente, a atuação do mercado imobiliário informal de aluguel, se consolidando um círculo vicioso, em que tais questões se condicionam e se alimentam. Observou-se que as HCPAs inseridas no bairro Varadouro apresentam péssimas condições de habitabilidade na escala da unidade habitacional em oposição à habitabilidade urbana; apesar das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel não oferecerem, comprovadamente, condições habitacionais adequadas para seus inquilinos, estes preferem salvaguardar a facilidade de acessos, de meios de transporte e a proximidade do trabalho, isto é, a articulação e integração com o seu entorno, a ter que residir em domicílios situados nas periferias da cidade, afastados de suas atividades e destinos. O trabalho mostrou ainda que o mercado imobiliário informal de aluguel no Varadouro é permeado de incertezas e convenções, baseado e equilibrado a partir de relações interpessoais de confiança-lealdade. Finalmente, identificou-se que a relação entre a habitabilidade e o mercado informal de locação das HCPAs do Varadouro acontece nitidamente no modo como se dá (ou não) a manutenção das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel. Devido à relação de confiança-lealdade e de dominância entre locadores e locatários, os ajustes e melhorias das edificações comumente não são efetivados; a habitabilidade das unidades habitacionais fica submissa a essas relações, cujos acordos e desacordos conduzem à precariedade das HCPAs.

The diploma thesis describes the current situation on the market in the market rent in Břeclav. Thesis focuses on the factors that affect the amount of rent and how are prices influenced by these factors. The market survey was conducted on the basis of data from realized rents ascertained from the questionnaires, supplemented by the bid prices of real estate. The gathered data are divided into 1+1 and 1+kk, 2+1 and 2+kk, 3+1 and 3+kk, 4+1 and 4+kk. Based on the data are created maps which shown amount of rent.

The Swedish rental market is suffering from several complications that can be derived from the utility-value-system regulating the market. A deregulation of the ineffective utility-value-system has for long been discouraged by the estimations of a market rent, commonly drawn from the pricing of condominiums. Yet, such estimations are problematic, not accounting for the market’s differences and the deregulation effect on condominium prices. The purpose of this study is to examine the overlooked aspect of how the distance of the utility-value-system to market rent affects condominium prices. This study explores the two markets of Stockholm and Malmö and their respective rental system’s proximity to market rent. The distance to market rent is an external attribute, among others, included in our constructed hedonic model which defines condominium prices. By using regression analysis, the contribution of each attribute to the condominium prices are estimated. The results of this study provide an interesting and overlooked aspect of the Swedish housing market, namely that the distance of the utility-value-system to market rent cause an increase in condominium prices. It illustrates how the greater the distance to market rent is, the greater is the excess demand of rental apartments which entails a larger increase in prices of the substitutive condominiums. Conversely, an increase in rent levels towards market rent implies a decrease in condominium prices. / Den svenska hyresmarknaden lider av flera komplikationer vilka kan härledas från det bruksvärdessystem som reglerar marknaden. En avreglering av det ineffektiva bruksvärdessystemet har länge avskräckts av uppskattningar av en marknadshyra, vilken ofta härleds från prisnivån på bostadsrätter. Sådana uppskattningar av marknadshyra är problematiska och tar inte hänsyn till marknadernas skillnader och den effekt en avreglering har på bostadsrättspriser. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den förbisedda aspekten av hur avståndet mellan bruksvärdeshyra och marknadshyra påverkar bostadsrättspriser. Denna studie undersöker de två marknaderna Stockholm och Malmö och deras respektive hyressystems närhet till marknadshyra. Avståndet till marknadshyra är ett av många andra attribut inkluderat i vår konstruerade hedoniska modell som definierar bostadsrättspriser. Genom att använda oss av regressionsanalys beräknas den påverkan som varje attribut har på bostadsrättspriset. Resultaten av denna studie bidrar till en intressant och förbisedd aspekt av den svenska bostadsmarknaden, nämligen att avståndet från bruksvärdeshyra till marknadshyra orsakar en ökning av bostadsrättspriser. Det illustrerar att ju större avståndet till marknadshyra är, desto större är efterfrågeöverskottet på hyreslägenheter, vilket medför en större prisökning på de substitutiva bostadsrätterna. Omvänt innebär en ökning av hyresnivåerna mot en marknadshyra en minskning av bostadsrättspriserna.

In January 2019 the Swedish government created an agreement called “Januariavtalet” as a result of the 2018 election. Part of this agreement includes that they want to introduce market rent in the new-built part of the market. The tenant association Hyresgästföreningen have requested a report on how this reform would affect the Swedish rent market as their 2019 scholarship. The purpose of this report is to examine how this change would affect the property owners. We have interviewed politicians, property owners and a tenant association called Hyresgästföreningen. During the interviews these three groups were asked different questions that were used to analyze how the market works today and how it will be affected by this reform. The questions were based on the report’s problem definition which is: “How was the current rent system motivated as it was created? And what issues was it designed to prevent?” and “In what ways would this reform affect the property owners?”. This report is demarcated to the Stockholm region since each rental market in the country is different and unique for its location. During these interviews it became clear that this reform would not make significant difference for the larger property owners as to how the system works today, neither regarding how much they could produce or how they manage their rental income. Although the property owners did express their opinion that it would be much better to agree on a reform for the system that includes the existing property stock. For the smaller property owners on the other hand it would make a difference regarding how they would dare to invest in new construction of rental apartments. Mostly because of the possibility to make calculations that are much more accurate, since the current system only allows calculations 15 years in advance. What the property owners found most interesting with this reform was that it would hopefully be a step in the direction to implement it on the complete rental system in Sweden including the current system of the existing property stock as well. Due to the fact that the property owners consider the whole rental market to be dysfunctional. The tenant association Hyresgästföreningen opposes this reform since they consider it to make the rental market uncertain for the tenants. It would also diminish the consumer protection, as well as create a generic uncertainty as to how the rental market would develop over time. This projects conclusion is that market rent would not affect the larger property owners due to the current rents already is at a level which could be described as a market rent. Though for the smaller property owners this could be the difference between to build new property or not. / I januari 2019 kom Januariavtalet upp på bordet som ett resultat av det svenska riksdagsvalet hösten 2018. Januariavtalet är ett förslag som väntas träda i kraft juli 2021 om utredningen ger ett positivt resultat. Punkt 44 i detta avtal innebär att man vill införa fri hyressättning på nyproduktion och avskaffa presumtionshyressystemet som man använder sig av i dagsläget. Hyresgästföreningen har efterfrågat en rapport om hur detta kan påverka det svenska hyressystemet som sitt uppsatsstipendium för 2019. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur denna ändring skulle kunna påverka fastighetsägarna. Vi har intervjuat politiker, fastighetsägare samt Hyresgästföreningen. Olika frågor har ställts till de tre intervjuade grupperna som sedan använts som utgångspunkt till en analys över hur marknadsläget ser ut idag. Hur skulle marknaden kunna ändras i framtiden om detta förslag realiseras? Frågorna ställda till de tre parterna baserades på frågeställningen i denna uppsats, dessa är: “Hur motiverades presumtionshyressystemet inför dess tillblivelse? Vilka var de problem som presumtionshyran ansågs bidra till att lösa?” samt “Vad skulle en eventuell lagändring innebära för hyresfastighetsägare?”. Rapporten har avgränsats till att endast belysa stor-stockholms hyresmarknad för att inte arbetet skulle bli för brett då alla hyresmarknader ute i landet är unika och har olika förutsättningar. Under dessa intervjuer visade det sig att en reform av presumtionshyressystemet inte skulle påverka de större fastighetsägarna speciellt mycket varken i vilken utsträckning man ska bygga eller hur det skulle påverka deras hyresintäkter. Fastighetsägarnas stora missnöje med bruksvärdessystemet kom dock att belysas. För mindre aktörer framgick det dock att detta förslag skulle kunna innebära att man kan våga investera i nyproduktion i en större omfattning än idag. Det går då att göra kalkyler på fastighetens hela livslängd och inte endast de första 15 åren som i nuläget innan fastigheten åker in i bruksvärdessystemet. Det fastighetsägarna ansåg vara bra med att detta förslag införs är dock själva tanken med fri hyressättning, att man i framtiden kommer att ta steget längre och implementera det på hela hyresmarknaden i Sverige. Detta på grund av att man från fastighetsbolagens sida anser hyresmarknaden i dagsläget vara dysfunktionell. Hyresgästföreningen ställer sig mot marknadshyror förslag då de anser att de kommer att resultera i en mindre säker marknad från hyresgästernas sida med lägre konsumentskydd och generell osäkerhet på marknaden då man inte kan få en förutsägbarhet på hur förutsättningarna för hyresgästerna kommer att kunna utvecklas över tiden. Det undersökningen kom fram till var att marknadshyror på nyproduktion inte kommer att förändra marknaden markant i sin helhet. För de större fastighetsägarna kommer detta inte påverka deras marknadssyn på grund av att hyrorna idag redan ligger vid en nivå som kan anses vara marknadshyror. Däremot för mindre aktörer kan detta betyda skillnaden mellan att bygga eller inte.

I denna rapport genomförs en multipel linjär regressionsanalys för att skatta efterfrågan, mätt i kötiden som krävs för att få ett förstahandskontrakt till en hyreslägenhet, för hyreslägenheter i olika områden i Stockholms kommun utifrån ett antal områdesspecifika variabler. De oberoende variablerna valdes ur teoretisk ståndpunkt med anledning att förklara variationen i kötid. Dessa variabler är normhyran för en hyreslägenhet, genomsnittliga bostadsrättspriser i en stadsdel, avstånd till centrum och disponibla medelinkomsten i en stadsdel. En modell framställs utifrån data inhämtat från Stockholms Bostadsförmedling över 13 171 förmedlade hyreslägenheter i Stockholms kommun. Arbetet har som utgångspunkt att skatta efterfrågan utifrån en given nyproduktionshyra samt studera hur efterfrågan skiljer sig mellan områden. Studiens resultat beskriver hur den allmänna efterfrågan är större i områden belägna närmre stadskärnan. Vidare visar resultatet att kötiden till hyreslägenheter i områden belägna närmre stadskärnan påverkas som mest vid en given nyproduktionshyra i jämförelse med perifera områden. En diskussion förs kring hur detta kan ha sin grund i hur att nyproduktionshyrorna nära centrum är högre än i ytterstaden och därmed hindrar ett flertal låg- och medelinkomsttagare från att kunna efterfråga dessa. Kritik till modellen har framförts då ett flertal antaganden gjorts samt att en väldigt generaliserande indelning av Stockholms kommun gjordes vilket kan ha påverkat resultat då attraktiviteten bland stadsdelarna i respektive område kan skilja sig åt. / In this report, a multiple linear regression analysis is used to estimate the demand measured by the number of queue days required to get a first-hand contract for a rental apartment in different areas of the municipality of Stockholm based on area-specific variables. The independent variables were chosen from a theoretical point of view in order to explain the variation in queue time. The variables include the standardized rent for a rental apartment, average condominium prices in a neighborhood, distance to the city center and the average income in an area. A model is formed based on data obtained from Stockholms Bostadsförmedling over 13 171 mediated rent apartments in the municipality of Stockholm. The study’s first aim was to estimate the demand based on a given new production rent and to analyze how the demand differs between different areas. The results describe how the overall demand is greater in areas located near the city center. However, the regression analysis has shown that the que time for rent apartments in areas located near the city center is most affected by a given new production rent which indicates that the queue is more prone to decrease at a given new production rent compared new production rents in areas located further away. A discussion is made on how this may depend on the fact that the new production rent near the city center are higher than in the outskirts, thus preventing a large number of low and middle earners from being able to demand them. Criticism to the model has been presented since a number of assumptions has been made as well as a very generalized division of the municipality of Stockholm which may have affected the results as the attractiveness of the neighborhoods in each area may differ.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle internationale entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université de Paris. / Cette recherche de géographie urbaine et sociale porte sur les trajectoires et les stratégies résidentielles des familles immigrantes à Saint-Michel et Parc-Extension, deux inner suburbs d’immigration de Montréal. S’ils sont encore désignés par les chercheur·se·s comme des espaces tremplins, les deux quartiers ne semblent plus favoriser la mobilité sociale et spatiale des nouveaux et nouvelles arrivant·e·s. Alors que la plupart des locataires à faible revenu vivent des situations de logement précaires dans le secteur privé, quelques familles immigrantes parviennent à accéder au secteur social. Comment expliquer la stabilisation résidentielle des familles immigrantes à Parc-Extension et Saint-Michel et l’accès au logement social d’une minorité au sein de ces quartiers tremplins ? Si l’on a tendance à envisager les familles immigrantes comme des individus multi-déterminés sur le marché du logement, ces dernières sont pourtant capables d’arbitrer. L'idée est de redonner une certaine capacité d’agir aux familles en insistant sur leur intentionnalité dans la recherche et dans les choix successifs de logement, tout en montrant comment ces stratégies résidentielles sont conditionnées par des barrières spécifiques, liées notamment à leur identité immigrante. À cet effet, j’articule différentes méthodes qualitatives. Menés auprès de 61 familles immigrantes, les entretiens semi- directifs complétés par la démarche de photographie participative constituent le socle de l'analyse. Si j’utilise les extraits d’entretien et les photos pour comprendre la complexité des arbitrages résidentiels et du processus de recherche de logement, le travail systématique d’encodage des entretiens me permet de reconstituer les trajectoires des ménages sur le temps long depuis leur arrivée à Montréal. La trentaine d'entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des bailleurs sociaux, des élu·e·s et des urbanistes, ainsi que l'observation participante conduite comme bénévole au sein d'un organisme communautaire dans chacun des quartiers apportent un point de vue extérieur sur les structures qui s'imposent aux familles. Loin de faire leurs choix simplement en fonction de leur identité immigrante, la plupart des familles élisent leur logement et leur quartier en tant que parents, les enfants étant placés au cœur des stratégies résidentielles. Cependant, la structure de l’offre résidentielle, les problèmes de diffusion de l’information ou encore les discriminations des propriétaires et des institutions provoquent un tri social où les ménages immigrants les plus insérés parviennent à obtenir des logements abordables de bonne qualité, tandis que les familles les plus vulnérables sur le plan économique, social et culturel sont reléguées au parc social de fait. Les transformations en cours dans les deux quartiers viennent affecter les projets des familles interrogées et renforcer leur précarité résidentielle. Alors que j’interroge le maintien à terme de la fonction tremplin à Saint-Michel et Parc-Extension, les organismes de défense des droits des locataires s’organisent pour tenter de combler l’inaction des pouvoirs publics. En adoptant une position théorique et méthodologique intermédiaire au sein des études sur les trajectoires résidentielles, cette thèse propose d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur les recompositions urbaines et les mobilités résidentielles à l'œuvre dans les quartiers tremplins des grandes métropoles canadiennes. / This research in urban and social geography investigates the residential trajectories and strategies of immigrant families in Saint-Michel and Parc-Extension, two inner suburbs of immigration in Montreal. While researchers still refer to them as transitional spaces, these two neighborhoods no longer seem to foster the social and spatial mobility of newcomers. Whereas most low-income tenants live in precarious housing situations in the private sector, a handful of immigrant families manage to access the social sector. How can we explain the residential stabilization of immigrant families in Parc-Extension and Saint-Michel and the access to social housing of a minority within these transitional neighborhoods? If there is a tendency to view immigrant families as multi-determined individuals in the housing market, they are still capable of decision-making. The idea is to give back a certain ability to act to families by insisting on the intentionality in their search and successive housing choices, while showing how these residential strategies are affected by specific barriers, notably related to their immigrant identity. To do so, I combine several qualitative survey techniques. Semi-directive interviews and a participatory photography project with 61 immigrant families form the basis of this analysis. If I use the interview transcripts and the photographs to understand the complexity of the residential choices and the housing search process, the systematic work of encoding the interviews helps me to reconstruct the long-term trajectories of the households since their arrival in Montreal. The thirty or so semi-directive interviews conducted with social landlords, elected officials and urban planners, as well as the participant observation carried out as a volunteer within a community organization in each neighborhood, provide an outside perspective on the structures which prevail over these immigrant families. Far from simply making choices on the basis of their immigrant identity, most families select their homes and neighborhoods as parents, the children being at the heart of their residential strategies. However, the structure of the housing supply, information dissemination issues or discriminatory practices by landlords and institutions lead to a social stratification in which the most integrated immigrant households manage to obtain good quality and affordable accommodation, while the most economically, socially and culturally vulnerable families are relegated to the de facto social stock. The ongoing changes in the two neighborhoods affect the projects of the interviewed families and increase their residential insecurity. While I am questioning the long-term continuation of the gateway function in Saint-Michel and Parc-Extension, tenant rights organizations try to compensate for the inaction of public authorities. With a theoretical and methodological intermediate position within studies on residential trajectories, this thesis aims to open up new research perspectives on urban restructuring and residential mobility at work in the transitional neighborhoods of major Canadian cities.

With growing information availability recommendation systems help users navigate and filter the many options. The home rental market has been pointed out as one of the unexplored areas for recommendations system. This project examines the effects of incorporating historical data for probabilistic weighting and matching algorithms for increased recommendation diversity for a tenant to landlord recommendation system. This was done by implementing two new recommendation systems. The first uses probabilistic weighting to measure the similarity between tenants and landlord homes. The second combines this probabilistic weighting with a variant of the Deferred Acceptance algorithm to enhance recommendation diversity. These two recommendation systems were A/B tested together with the existing tenant recommendation system on the Qasa platform, a digital end-to-end rental apartments marketplace in Sweden. With the objective of having the recommendation system increase landlord engagement a good recommendation was defined as one where the landlord choose to contact the tenant. After the A/B test period, the three recommendation variants were evaluated on Coverage@N, Gini-Index@K, Precision@K and Recall@K. The result revealed that the use of the Deferred Acceptance algorithm did increase the recommendation diversity, but it led to reduced precision in the top recommendations compared to the first new implementation that only used probabilistic weighting. However, the incorporation of historical data for the probabilistic weighting for similarity in booth new recommendation systems showed higher precision and number of contacted tenants compared to the existing tenant recommendation model on the Qasa platform. / Med växande informationstillgänglighet hjälper rekommendationssystem användarna att navigera och filtrera bland många alternativ. Hyresmarknaden har pekats ut som ett av de outforskade områdena för rekommendationssystem. Detta projekt undersöker effekterna av att inkorporera historiska data för statistiska vikter och matchningsalgoritmer för ökad rekommendations mångfald i ett rekommendationssystem från hyresgäster till hyresvärdar. Detta gjordes genom att implementera två nya rekommendationssystem. Det första använder statistiska vikter för att mäta likheten mellan hyresgäster och hyresvärdars bostäder. Det andra kombinerar dessa statistiska vikter med en variant av deferred acceptance algorithm algoritmen för att förbättra rekommendations mångfaldet. Dessa två rekommendationssystem A/B testades tillsammans med det befintliga rekommendationssystemet av hyresgäster på Qasa-plattformen, en digital marknadsplats för andrahandsuthyrning av lägenheter i Sverige. Med målet att rekommendationssystemet skulle öka hyresvärdens engagemang definierades en bra rekommendation som en där hyresvärden valde att kontakta hyresgästen. Efter A/B-testperioden utvärderades de tre rekommendationsvarianterna baserat på Coverage@N, Gini-Index@K, Precision@K och Recall@K. Resultatet visade att användningen av algoritmen för uppskjuten acceptans ökade mångfaldet i ett rekommendationssystem, men det ledde till minskad precision i de första rekommendationerna jämfört med den första nya implementationen som endast använde statistiska vikter. Däremot visade inkorporeringen av historiska data för statistiska vikter vid uträkning av likhet, något som gjordes i båda nya rekommendationssystem, högre precision och fler antal kontaktade hyresgäster jämfört med den befintliga modellen för hyresgästrekommendationer på Qasa-plattformen.