El presente proyecto es un edificio mixto bajo el concepto “in between” (espacios intermedios), cuya principal tipología es una residencia universitaria, complementaria a esta surgen usos complementarios como el comercio, las oficinas co- working y las salas de usos múltiples. Se ubica, estratégicamente, en el distrito de Pueblo Libre, cerca de equipamiento necesario y complementario a estas tipologías. Con la elaboración de este proyecto, se busca cubrir el 3.05% de la demanda actual existente por parte de estudiantes de provincia o del extranjero, quienes por falta de edificios como este, tienen la necesidad de hospedarse en ambientes no aptos arquitectónicamente a sus necesidades. El objetivo de la residencia universitaria es alojar a los estudiantes y brindarles espacios de ocio y descanso cuya calidad arquitectónica permita que los estudiantes se desenvuelvan en el aspecto personal, académico, social y cultural. Por otro lado, es preciso mencionar que las oficinas co- working, el comercio y las salas de uso múltiple son espacios complementarios a esta residencia que se incluyen en el proyecto con la finalidad de hacer que este sea más atractivo a los inversionistas y, por ende, más rentable. / The present project is a mixed building under the concept “in between” (intermediate spaces), the main typology of which is a university residence, complementary to which arise complementary uses such as commerce, co-working offices and multipurpose rooms. It is strategically located in the Pueblo Libre district, close to the necessary and complementary equipment for these typologies. With the elaboration of this project, the aim is to cover 3.05% of the current demand from students from the province or from abroad, who due to a lack of buildings like this, have the need to stay in environments that are not architecturally suitable for their needs. The objective of the university residence is to accommodate the students and provide them with leisure and rest spaces whose architectural quality allows the students to function personally, academically, socially and culturally. On the other hand, it is necessary to mention that co-working offices, shops and multipurpose rooms are complementary spaces to this residence, which are included in the project in order to make it more attractive to investors and, therefore, hence, more profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

This work deals with modeling the flow of particulate matter in rotary kilns. For this purpose, a combined CFD and Discrete Element Method (DEM) model was used. Using Ansys Fluent software, several simulations were performed in order to determine the mean residence time and movement of the material in the rotary drum dryer. Results of the computational model were used to develop a regression model of the mean residence time and compared to the values as given by empirical equations. Furthermore, a simplified sensitivity analysis was performed for the selected input parameters of the model such as the stiffness constant, air mass flow rate and the particle size.

This work provides a detailed research on the present condition of the residential realty market and possibilities of housing financing. Explanation of basic terms on the major fields of housing financing is covered in the theoretical part. The practical part is focused on analysis of the present condition connected with the above mentioned topic. In addition, a model situation of housing financing is included in the thesis. Both the lease and the purchase of housing are compared.

La résidence alternée, légalisée en France en 2002, est une pratique minoritaire qui touche toutes les catégories de la population des parents séparés. Elle est entendue de manière stricte comme une organisation qui sépare de façon égale les temps de résidence des enfants entre leurs deux parents. Sous ce principe de symétrie coparentale, le temps vécu par les parents est bichronique, marqué par la succession réitérée de temps de même dimension, les uns avec enfants et les autres sans. Nous explorons l’expérience temporelle de cette parentalité alternée à partir d’une méthode mixte qui croise l’analyse de 55 entretiens avec le traitement de 5 103 questionnaires passés auprès des allocataires de la Caisse d’allocations familiales qui ont des enfants en résidence alternée. Dans une première partie, nous contextualisons la question de la résidence alternée dans la France contemporaine. Nous présentons une cartographie des polémiques qu’elle soulève, précisons les évolutions juridiques et les modalités judiciaires de sa mise en place, avant de remarquer que les études existantes sur cet objet sont peu nombreuses et souvent partielles. Si les déterminants socio-économiques du choix de la résidence alternée sont assez bien connus, le fonctionnement concret des alternances est peu étudié. Notre contribution consiste à ouvrir cette boîte noire. Nous inscrivons notre recherche dans une perspective temporaliste qui consiste à interroger les temps différenciés de l’expérience humaine. Dans la deuxième partie, nous caractérisons l’économie générale du cadre temporel de la résidence alternée, en montrant que le partage égal des temps de résidence ne peut se soustraire au temps calendaire dominant. Les deux espaces créés dans ces conditions se constituent en territoires temporels sur lesquels chacun des parents exerce une souveraineté relative selon des règles qui se construisent à l’usage. Nous proposons une topologie des territoires de l’alternance, attentive à leur structure et à leur plasticité. Dans la troisième partie, nous envisageons l’expérience parentale de la succession des temps avec et sans enfant en commençant par préciser les différences de texture temporelle, avant de décrire les modalités de la concordance de ces temps. Nous terminons en changeant d’échelle temporelle pour interroger l’évolution de l’expérience parentale de l’alternance dans la durée, quand elle est confrontée à la survenance de divers événements comme la recomposition familiale ou la mobilité professionnelle. Dans l’ensemble de la thèse, nous sommes attentifs aux variations dans l’organisation et l’expérience temporelle de la résidence alternée selon les variables lourdes de la sociologie, le sexe, l’âge, le milieu social ou le lieu de résidence des parents. / Shared residence, legalized in France in 2002, is a minority practice that affects all categories of the population of separated parents. It is strictly understood as an arrangement in which the residence times of children is equally shared between their two parents. According to the principle of coparental symmetry, the parents’ experience of time is bichronic, marked by the repeated succession of periods of time of equal length, some with children and others without. We explore the temporal experience of this alternate parenthood using a mixed method that combines the analysis of 55 interviews and 5,103 questionnaires sent to French Family Allowance Fund who have children in shared residence. The first part contextualizes the question of shared residence in contemporary France. The thesis maps the controversies it raises, specifies the legal developments and judicial modalities of its implementation, before noting that existing studies on this subject are few and often partial. While the social and economic determinants of the choice of shared residence are fairly well known, the concrete functioning of alternating residence is not well studied. Our research adopts a temporalistic perspective that consists in questioning the differentiated times of human experience. In the second part we characterize the general economy of the temporal framework of alternate residence, showing that the equal sharing of residence times cannot escape the dominant calendar time. The two spaces created in these conditions are constituted into temporal territories over which each parent exercises relative sovereignty according to rules that are built incrementally. We propose a topology of the territories of alternation, attentive to their structure and plasticity. In the third part, we consider the parental experience of time sequences with and without children by first specifying the differences in temporal texture, before describing the modalities of time harmonization. We conclude by looking at the issue from a long term perspective to question the evolution of the parental experience of alternation over time, when it is confronted with events such as family reconstitution or professional mobility. Throughout the thesis, we are attentive to variations in the organization and temporal experience of shared residence according to major sociological variables, gender, age, social background or parents' place of residence.

I Mozambique many areas are not connected to the national grid because of financial reasons. The renewable energy technology is adequate as a solution for this problem because it would avoid the environmental impact and the increase of air pollution. Hence, the techno-economic assessment of hybrid solar energy was performed for residential application considering a small community of 50 households, each consuming about 1 kWhe and 3 kWhth per day. HOMER, the energy modeling software for hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), was used for reaching this objective. The techno economic study of a domestic hot water system was performed using RETscreen as HOMER could not be used since it does not model solar collectors. To model the PV system using HOMER software, the load and the solar resource were assessed, considering the economics, system components, optimization and sensitivity analysis, which enabled the determination of the optimal system configuration and evaluation of how the system is sensitive with different values of primary load, global solar, interest rate and project lifetime. As a result, the maximum power of the collector was found to be 1.93 kW, hot water storage volume of 138.1 l and 3.05 m2  flat plate collectors. The pre-tax IRR - assets is of 14.5 %, the simple payback period is of 8.6 years to return the investment and the 7.4 years of equity payback. The PV system with the optimal system configuration consisting of a 0.3 kW PV array, 4 HI-Fase 200 Ah batteries and a 0.5 kW converter. The initial capital for PV system is of $3.945, operating cost of $82 per year, levelized COE of $1.604/kWh and the total NPC is $4.591. The sensitivity analysis for PV system has shown that the best estimate scenario with a primary load of 1 kWh/d, global solar of 4.5 kWh/m2/d, interest rate of 11 % and 25 years project lifetime is 0.4 kW PV, 4 HI-Fase 200 Ah batteries and 0.5 kW converter.

No description available.

It has been estimated that approximately half of all anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been absorbed by the oceans. Air-sea gas exchange of CO2 and the buffering capacity of seawater allows the oceans to store significant amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; ~38,000 GtC). The Arctic Ocean is currently warming at double the rate of the rest of the planet, yet the effect of climate change on the Arctic marine carbon cycle remains unconstrained. Recent work suggests that Arctic marine environments are a carbon sink for the majority of the year, and plays a key role in storing anthropogenic carbon below the mixed layer. Baffin Bay is a semi-enclosed, Arctic basin that supplies cold surface water to the Labrador Sea; a critical region for North Atlantic deep-water formation. While the physical oceanography of surface Baffin Bay is well characterized, less is known about deep water formation mechanisms and its ventilation age. The few residence times for Baffin Bay Deep Water (BBDW) range widely from 20-1450 years. Improved residence time estimates are essential for understanding the role Baffin Bay plays in the Arctic carbon cycle and how this region will respond to climate change. Radiocarbon (D14C) and stable carbon (δ13C) measurements of DIC are powerful tools for parameterizing water mass sources, aging and residence times. However, very few DIC Δ14C and d13C data have been reported in the Arctic Ocean, comprising only a handful of stations in the Eurasian Basin, Canadian Basin, and Beaufort Sea. With this goal in mind, we conducted a study in which DIC samples were collected aboard the CCGS Amundsen in 2019 for δ13C and Δ14C analysis. DIC δ13C and D14C values ranged from 0.68‰ to +1.90‰ and -90.0‰ to +29.8‰, respectively. Surface DIC δ13C values were +0.69‰ to +1.90‰, while deep (>100m) d13C values ranged -0.01 to -0.68‰. Significant linear correlations were found for δ13C and potential density, suggesting DIC δ13C is an effective water mass and carbon source tracer in Baffin Bay. Surface DIC Δ14C values ranged -5.4‰ to +22.9‰, while deep DIC (>1400m) DIC Δ14C averaged -82.2 8.5‰ (n = 9). Much larger surface to deep gradients in DIC Δ14C are observed in Baffin Bay vs. that of the North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting significant aging of BBDW. Next, we used the potential alkalinity method (Palk) and the ΔC* method to quantify the amount of “bomb” 14C and anthropogenic C (DICanth) to model “natural” DIC Δ14C profiles. Both Palk and ΔC* proxies had high errors in cold, low salinity surface water. In particular, surface (<400m) Δ14Cbomb was overestimated at all stations. However, both proxies did not indicate Δ14Cbomb or DICanth contributions below 1000m. Two 14C residence times were estimated based on two proposed mechanisms of BBDW formation. A residence time of 690 +/- 35 years was estimated assuming surface brine rejection in Nares Strait is the main source of BBDW. Another plausible source of BBDW is the entrainment of dense north Atlantic Water over Davis Strait mixed with brine enriched surface water. A comparison of DICanth and Δ14Cbomb corrected deep DIC Δ14C values from the North Atlantic (GO SHIP A16N) to BBDW, resulted in a residence time of 360 +/- 35 years. These residence times (360-690 years) provide new constraints on the ventilation age of deep Baffin Bay and suggest this basin has the potential to store carbon for centuries.

El proyecto está ubicado en Lima-Perú, en el distrito de San Miguel, debido a su configuración académica en relación con los usos de los lotes del distrito y su relación con universidades privadas y públicas. El proyecto es una Residencia Universitaria Interdistrital. Se desarrolla con la finalidad de comprobar lo siguiente: ¿Cómo diseñar una residencia universitaria interdistrital considerando el déficit de la oferta aplicando el modelo co-housing para promover la interacción social? Para responder a esta hipótesis, se considera como objetivo del proyecto diseñar, aplicando el modelo co-housing, una residencia universitaria interdistrital para promover la interacción social. en ese sentido, se desarrolla la investigación en dos marcos: marco referencial, donde se analizan las características de 15 referentes de la tipología y el énfasis; y el marco teórico, que desarrolla e investiga y determina los lineamientos proyectuales en relación con la tipología y el énfasis. Estos son: 1) Determinación del programa a colectivizar en relación con las actividades del estudiante; 2) Colectivización de servicios; 3) espacios multifuncionales; 4) Generar los espacios de interacción mediante la optimización de las habitaciones. / The project is located in Lima-Peru, in the district of San Miguel, due to its academic configuration in relation to the uses of the lots in the district and its relationship with private and public universities. The project is an Interdistrict University Residence. It is developed with the purpose of verifying the following: ¿How to design an interdistrict university residence considering the deficit of the offer applying the co-housing model to promote social interaction? In order to answer this hypothesis, it is considered as an objective of the project to design, applying the co-housing model, an interdistrict university residence to promote social interaction. In this sense, the research is developed in two frameworks: the referential framework, where the characteristics of 15 referents of typology and emphasis are analyzed; and the theoretical framework, which develops and researches and determines the project guidelines in relation to typology and emphasis. These are: 1) Determination of the program to be collectivized in relation to the student's activities; 2) Collectivization of services; 3) multifunctional spaces; 4) Generation of interaction spaces through the optimization of rooms. / Trabajo de investigación

The growth in multinational corporations looking to expand and invest in foreign countries, particularly in the emerging markets such as Africa, has grown tremendously. “Africa is already the world’s second fastest growing economy after expanding 5% a year in the past two years, well above the global average.” (World Economic Forum, 2013). This has resulted in the movement of human capital between different tax jurisdictions and an increase in expatriates all across the world. The focus of the study is to expand on the current knowledge on the taxation of inbound expatriates working within South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Nigeria, as the world has turned its focus on Africa in terms of investment and expansion, as supported by Shelley (2004:3), and to provide both employers and employees with knowledge of the different tax regimes (source-based taxation and residence-based taxation) found in some of the emerging and fastest growing markets in Africa: namely Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria and South Africa. It was found that the African tax landscape provides for a vast range of tax systems, of which, most are either residence–based or source-based. The tax systems of South Africa and Nigeria are similar in that they are residence-based. In each of these two countries, tax residents are taxed on their worldwide income, while non-residents are only taxed on income from specific sources. Therefore, residency is an essential concept in each of these tax systems. The above-mentioned countries, however, apply different methods and factors in determining the concept of residency. As a result of the difference in determining tax residency and differences in their domestic income tax legislations, the taxability of income earned abroad differs in these countries. The tax systems of Botswana and Namibia are similar in that they are source-based. In each of these countries, income is taxable when it is from a source or deemed source within these countries. Although in exceptional circumstances, some income which is not from a source within these countries may be taxable, relief is applied in terms of the domestic legislation, in order to lessen the burden of tax. Source is therefore a vital concept in each of these tax systems. The definition and application of the term source is different in both countries. However, similarities are found in that the source is primarily where the services were physically rendered. Both employers and employees should consider the basis of taxation (source basis and residence basis) that is applied by the prospective host country when making a decision regarding an assignment to a foreign country as this forms a major factor in how their income (both local and foreign) will be treated. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Taxation / unrestricted

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est la compréhension du mode de fonctionnement des co-malaxeurs, outils de mélange dont la connaissance est lacunaire par rapport à d’autres types de mélangeur comme l’extrudeuse mono-vis ou bi-vis. Ce manuscrit porte sur plusieurs études expérimentales relatives au co-malaxeur. L'influence de la vitesse de vis et du débit a été explorée par des mesures de distribution des temps de séjours (DTS), de température matière, de pression, de taux de remplissage, ainsi que de dispersion de fibres de verre. L'influence de la viscosité du polymère à l'état fondu sur la distribution des temps de séjour, la pression filière et la température à l'intérieur du co-malaxeur, a également été traitée, par variation de la température de régulation ou de la masse molaire du polymère. La distribution des temps de séjour ne dépend pas de la viscosité, malgré des différences de pression filière et de température matière. L'influence du profil local sur la DTS a été étudiée par des expériences interchangeant localement les types d'éléments (transport et mélange). Une méthode de mesure de la pression par extrusion micro-capillaire aux emplacements de doigts le long du fourreau a été développée, les gradients de pression sont similaires à ceux obtenus en extrudeuses bi-vis. Enfin une série d'expériences a porté sur la gélification du PVC, déterminée de façon qualitative et quantitative, et a montré l'influence primordiale de la température matière sur l’état de gélification / The aim of this PhD work is to gain a better understanding of the co-kneading process, whose knowledge is still lacking compared to other types of mixer such as the single screw extruder or the twin-screw extruder. This manuscript features several experimental studies about the co-kneader. The influence of screw speed and throughput was explored by measurements of the residence time distribution, material temperature, die pressure, filling rate, as well as dispersion of glass fibers. The influence of the viscosity of the polymer melt on the residence time distribution, die pressure and temperature within the co-kneader, was also investigated by varying the barrel temperature or the molecular weight of the polymer. The RTD is similar regardless of the viscosity, despite differences in pressure and material temperature. The influence of the screw profile on the RTD was obtained by experiments interchanging locally the types of elements (conveying and mixing). A method of measurement of the pressure along the barrel by micro-capillary extrusion through the location of pins in the barrel was developped, pressure gradients are similar to those obtained in twin-screw extruders. Finally, a series of experiments was dedicated to the gelation of PVC evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively, and showed that the temperature governs the gelation rate