Key words: Peripheral neuropathy, HIV/AIDS, Progressive resisted exercise, Performance oriented mobility, Quality of life. Background: Distal symmetrical poly-neuropathy (DSP) has emerged as one of the major neurological complication associated with HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral therapy. People with DSP commonly have problems with pain, mobility, altered gait and balance all which affect their quality of life. While therapeutic strengthening exercise has been reported to attenuate these impairments in other co-morbid conditions like diabetes mellitus and in HIV/AIDS, there is no evidence available on the effects of exercise on DSP in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of progressive resisted exercises (PRE) on performance oriented mobility and health related quality of life in (PLWHA) related DSP. Objectives of this study were to determine the effects of PRE on gait, balance and pain levels and establish if there is a relationship between performance-oriented mobility and health-related quality of life in PLWHA related DSP. Methods: In order to fulfil the objectives, an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted over two studies, with a combined sample of 160 participants sourced from two family care clinics at two central hospitals and ten anti-retroviral therapy dispensing municipal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. While the experimental group with 80 participants had an intervention program of PRE sessions of one hour for the lower limbs, done twice per week over 12 weeks, the control group of 80 participants was given advice to walk unsupervised at home. Loss to follow up in this study was at 60% (n=97) and the data was analysed using an intention to treat analysis approach. Results: Participants of an average age of 42.2 years (SD=8.5) constituted of 70.6% (n=113) female participants. Combination antiretroviral therapy containing stavudine, was used by 59% (n=94) of the participants and 59% (n=94) of the participants had moderate to severe neuropathy. Proximal muscles exhibited weakness (hamstring muscles strength = 3.43 kg force (SD=1.5)) when compared to leg muscles (gastrocnemius muscles strength = 12.8 kg force (SD=2.0)). Gait and balance scores did not show differences in effect between the intervention and the control group (95%CI 0.00-0.02, p = 0.8). Similarly there were no differences of effect for muscle strength (95%CI 0.00-0.08, p=0.13-0.8) and pain (95%CI 0.0-0.06, p>0.13). However the effect on quality of life changes were significantly different between the two groups (95%CI 0.00-0.12 p= 0.04). Quality of life was positively associated with gait, odds ratio 1.01 (95%CI 1.00 – 1.04), moderately associated with balance odds ratio 0.68, (95%CI 0.52 – 0.93) negatively associated with pain odds ratio 0.98 (95%CI 0.97 – 0.99). Conclusion: This research study established that progressive resisted exercises have positive effects on the health related quality of life in PLWHA related DSP. However this study did not show a difference of the effects of progressive resisted exercises on performance oriented mobility in PLWHA related DSP when compared to advice to exercise at home. The study findings may not be generalized to all individuals living with HIV/AIDS who have DSP as the participants were from a particular demographic setting. This project may be continued at the participating family care clinics as a roll on of the perceived benefits of exercise for people with HIV related DSP.

Aim The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of resisted sprint training in swimming on maximal swimming velocity and performance characteristics. The aim was also to examine how maximal swimming velocity is related to maximal swim power and maximal dry-land power. Method Eighteen competitive national level swimmers (9 male and 9 female; age: 18.3 ± 2.3 years, body mass: 72 ± 8.3 kg, height: 177.2 ± 4.6 cm, mean ± SD) were recruited to this study. Subjects were assigned to either resisted sprint training (RST) or unresisted sprint training (UST). Sprint training was performed two times per week during 6 weeks as 8x15m with a 2min send-off interval. RST performed sprint training using individualized load corresponding 10% of maximum drag load (L10), UST performed sprint training with no added resistance. A test-battery including dry-land strength assessment; maximal strength (MxS) and explosive strength (ExS), a timed 25m front-crawl swim and in-water force-velocity profiling was performed prior and following the training intervention. Maximal swim power (Pmax), maximum drag load (F0), theoretical maximum velocity (v0) and slope of force-velocity curve (SFv) was computed though force-velocity profiling. Results No significant within group differences occurred in neither RST nor UST following the 6-week intervention period in: swimming velocity, MxS, ExS, Pmax, F0, v0, and SFv. Strong correlations were found between swimming velocity and MxS (r = 0.75), ExS (r =0.82) and Pmax (r = 0.92). Conclusion Resisted sprint training in swimming using L10 did in the present study not elicit any improvements in maximal swimming velocity or examined performance characteristics. Resisted sprint training does not appear to be a superior method of improving swimming performance compared to unresisted sprint training. MxS, ExS and Pmax can be used as robust predictors of swim performance, however only Pmax was found to be casually related to swimming velocity.

Plyometrics is primarily used by coaches and sport scientists to improve explosive power among athletes who participate in dynamic, high intensity type of sports. One of the plyometric-related training methods that has received attention in recent years, is loaded or resistance (resistive) jump training. Limited research does, however, exist with regard to the benefits and use of this training method as well as in conjunction with other training methods, especially among team sport participants. It is against this background that the research objectives of this study were firstly, to examine the effects of a 4-week combined rugby-conditioning and resisted jump training program compared to a combined rugby-conditioning and normal jump training program, on selected physical, motor ability and anthropometric components of university-level rugby players. The second objective was to examine the acute effects of a resisted compared to a normal jump training session on selected physical and motor ability components of university-level rugby players. Thirty rugby players (age: 19.60 ± 0.79 years) from the first and second u/19 and u/21 rugby teams of a university in South Africa were randomly selected to participate in the first part of study. For the second part of the study thirty senior rugby players (1st and 2nd senior teams) (age: 21.78 ± 1.86 years) of the Rugby Institute at a university in South Africa were randomly selected to participate in the study. For both studies the thirty players were in turn randomly divided into two groups of fifteen players each. One group formed the experimental and the other group the control group. The first objective was tested by subjecting the players to a 4-week combined sport-specific and resisted plyometric training program (experimental group) or a combined sport-specific and normal plyometric training program to investigate the adaptations of body composition, lower body flexibility, explosive leg power, speed, agility and leg strength. After a 10-week period (“wash-out period”) during which subjects continued with their normal rugby-conditioning program, the same testing procedures as before, were executed by following a crossover design. In order to test the second objective of the study players’ body weight and height were firstly measured after which they were subjected to a thorough warm-up, followed by the execution of the flexibility;Vertical Jump Test (VJT); 5-, 10- and 20 m speed tests; the Illinois Agility Run Test (IART) and the 6RM (repetition maximum) Smith Machine Squat Test (6RM-SMST). The experimental group was subject to the resisted jump training session on the Vertimax whereas the control group executed the same exercises on the floor. Directly after the training session each of the players again completed the test battery. After the first week, a crossover design was implemented. Although the overall study (independent t-test and main effect ANOVA) results of the first study suggested that the experimental group experienced more positive changes, especially with regard to the body fat, skeletal mass and somatotype-related anthropometric and flexibility-related measurements, only relaxed upper-arm girth, ectomorphy, left Active-straight-leg-raise-test and the left Modified Thomas Quadriceps Test values showed significant differences (p < 0.05) when the two groups of players were compared. Although the experimental group demonstrated significantly better average scores in the majority of the last-mentioned components, this group experienced a significantly higher reduction in relaxed upper-arm girth due to the conditioning program than the control group. The main effect ANOVA results of the acute study showed that no significant differences were obtained for any of the measured components between an acute resisted and normal jump training session. To conclude, the study revealed that a 4-week combined rugby-conditioning and resisted jump training program (experimental group) did not benefit university-level rugby players significantly more with regard to selected physical, motor ability and anthropometric components than a combined rugby-conditioning and normal jump training program (control group). Furthermore, despite the fact that the acute resisted and normal jump training exercises met all the requirements to produce post-activation potentiation, the study results showed that these exercise sessions did not lead to any significant acute changes in the physical and motor ability components of university-level rugby players. / MA (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this dissertation was to describe the basic characteristics of performing resisted sprint training using a push sled for the enhancement of sport performance. Specifically, this dissertation served to: 1.) quantify the frictional forces involved between a push sled and an AstroTurf® surface at 6 loads, 2.) derive an estimation of mechanical work performed during sled push training, 3.) outline the velocity characteristics of 3 sled pushing loads scaled to the athletes body mass for comparison against their sprinting ability and 4.) determine the interrelations of fitness characteristics to the ability to sprint under heavy resistance. The following are major findings of this dissertation. 1.) Coefficients of static friction (0.53 – 0.37) and dynamic friction (0.35 – 0.28) were calculated at multiple loads for the AstroTurf® surface. 2.) A direct near perfect relationship exists between total system load of the sled and the forces required to initiate and maintain movement of the sled. Although a direct measurement of force would be more precise and account for changes in velocity, the total system load may be a more practical alternative for daily use. 3.) Statistically significant changes in velocity characteristics were observed within each sled pushing load as well as when comparing each load to sprinting. Decrements in peak velocity ranged from about 40%-51% when comparing resisted to unresisted sprinting. Load increments of 25% body mass were heavy enough to cause statistically significant differences in velocity characteristics. 4.) Statistically significant correlations were observed in anthropometry, sprinting ability, jumping ability, and strength to sled pushing. The results indicate that larger athletes, who can not only produce greater force but produce those forces rapidly, in addition to excelling at jumping and sprinting compared to their peers demonstrate the ability to move faster against heavy loads and slow down less from unresisted conditions. The strongest athletes demonstrated statistically nonsignificant differences in peak velocity drop off when compared to their weaker counterparts; however, small to moderate effect sizes (d = 0.27 – 1.02) were observed indicating a practical difference between strength levels in peak velocity and peak velocity drop off.

Greitumas – vienas iš svarbiausių judamųjų gebėjimų. Siekiant išugdyti maksimalųjį bėgimo greitį, treniruočių metu pasitelkiamos tokios pagalbinės priemonės maksimaliams greitumui kelti, kaip bėgimas su sunkmena bei bėgimas su palengvinimu. Kuri iš šių treniravimo priemonių duoda didesnį prieaugį bėgimo greičiui yra mažai studijuota. Todėl šio darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti bėgimo su sunkmena ir su palengvinimu įtaką 60 m bėgimo rezultatui. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti didelio meistriškumo trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su palengvinimu. 2. Įvertinti nesportuojančiųjų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su palengvinimu. 3. Įvertinti didelio meistriškumo trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su sunkmena. 4. Įvertinti nesportuojančiųjų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su sunkmena. 5. Palyginti bėgimo su palengvinimu bei bėgimo su pasipriešinimu poveikį 60 m nuotolio bėgimo rezultatams. Darbo objektas – bėgimo su palengvinimu ir bėgimo su sunkmena įtaka didelio meistriškumo sprinterių, bei profesionaliai nesportuojančiųjų asmenų, bėgimo greičiui bei atsispyrimo trukmei. Tyrimo metu buvo atlikta bėgimo greičio kitimo analizė naudojant bėgimo parametrų matuoklį SBM – 1. Atsispyrimo trukmei įvertinti buvo naudojamas prietaisas „OptoJump“. Buvo analizuota: didelio meistriškumo trupųjų nuotolių bėgikų bei nesportuojančių asmenų 60 m bėgimo greičio kitimas ir atsispyrimo trukmių palyginimas, bėgant be krūvio ir po bėgimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Speed – is one of the most important ability of movement. Willing to improve maximum running speed, you need to have some certain helping equipment to improve you maximum speed such as resistance and assistance running. Which is more effective of those two methods nobody knows since there wasn’t enough research done in this case. This research the main point was to analyze assisted and resisted running influence to 60m running result. The following tasks were raised in order to achieve this purpose: 1. To evaluate high level athletes results after 60m assisted running. 2. To evaluate non athlete results after 60m assisted running. 3. To evaluate high level athletes results after 60m resisted running. 4. To evaluate non athletes results after 60m resisted running. 5. To compare resisted and assisted running influence to 60m running results. The object of this research – the influence of assisted and resisted running for high level sprinters and non athletes, running speed and take-off time. During this research has been done analysis how speed varies using speed measurement equipment SBM – 1. To evaluate taking-off time was used device “OptoJump”. Has been analyzed: high level athletes and non athletes 60m running speed variation and taking off duration while running normally and after resisted or assisted running. We can say that running with assistance or resistance before 60m race can help to improve results. We think that after running 60m with resistance will improve... [to full text]

Plyometrics is primarily used by coaches and sport scientists to improve explosive power among athletes who participate in dynamic, high intensity type of sports. One of the plyometric-related training methods that has received attention in recent years, is loaded or resistance (resistive) jump training. Limited research does, however, exist with regard to the benefits and use of this training method as well as in conjunction with other training methods, especially among team sport participants. It is against this background that the research objectives of this study were firstly, to examine the effects of a 4-week combined rugby-conditioning and resisted jump training program compared to a combined rugby-conditioning and normal jump training program, on selected physical, motor ability and anthropometric components of university-level rugby players. The second objective was to examine the acute effects of a resisted compared to a normal jump training session on selected physical and motor ability components of university-level rugby players. Thirty rugby players (age: 19.60 ± 0.79 years) from the first and second u/19 and u/21 rugby teams of a university in South Africa were randomly selected to participate in the first part of study. For the second part of the study thirty senior rugby players (1st and 2nd senior teams) (age: 21.78 ± 1.86 years) of the Rugby Institute at a university in South Africa were randomly selected to participate in the study. For both studies the thirty players were in turn randomly divided into two groups of fifteen players each. One group formed the experimental and the other group the control group. The first objective was tested by subjecting the players to a 4-week combined sport-specific and resisted plyometric training program (experimental group) or a combined sport-specific and normal plyometric training program to investigate the adaptations of body composition, lower body flexibility, explosive leg power, speed, agility and leg strength. After a 10-week period (“wash-out period”) during which subjects continued with their normal rugby-conditioning program, the same testing procedures as before, were executed by following a crossover design. In order to test the second objective of the study players’ body weight and height were firstly measured after which they were subjected to a thorough warm-up, followed by the execution of the flexibility;Vertical Jump Test (VJT); 5-, 10- and 20 m speed tests; the Illinois Agility Run Test (IART) and the 6RM (repetition maximum) Smith Machine Squat Test (6RM-SMST). The experimental group was subject to the resisted jump training session on the Vertimax whereas the control group executed the same exercises on the floor. Directly after the training session each of the players again completed the test battery. After the first week, a crossover design was implemented. Although the overall study (independent t-test and main effect ANOVA) results of the first study suggested that the experimental group experienced more positive changes, especially with regard to the body fat, skeletal mass and somatotype-related anthropometric and flexibility-related measurements, only relaxed upper-arm girth, ectomorphy, left Active-straight-leg-raise-test and the left Modified Thomas Quadriceps Test values showed significant differences (p < 0.05) when the two groups of players were compared. Although the experimental group demonstrated significantly better average scores in the majority of the last-mentioned components, this group experienced a significantly higher reduction in relaxed upper-arm girth due to the conditioning program than the control group. The main effect ANOVA results of the acute study showed that no significant differences were obtained for any of the measured components between an acute resisted and normal jump training session. To conclude, the study revealed that a 4-week combined rugby-conditioning and resisted jump training program (experimental group) did not benefit university-level rugby players significantly more with regard to selected physical, motor ability and anthropometric components than a combined rugby-conditioning and normal jump training program (control group). Furthermore, despite the fact that the acute resisted and normal jump training exercises met all the requirements to produce post-activation potentiation, the study results showed that these exercise sessions did not lead to any significant acute changes in the physical and motor ability components of university-level rugby players. / MA (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Abstract Aim was to investigate the effects of heavy resisted and unresisted sprint training protocols and see its effects on sprint time, vertical and horizontal jumping and sprint mechanics. Youth male soccer players [n=27] participated in this study, they were all individually assessed for the horizontal force-velocity profile using two unresisted sprints and load-velocity profile using four progressively resisted sprints (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% body mass). For all sprints an isotonic braking device was used. They also performed vertical and horizontal jumps, counter-movement jump (CMJ) was used for the former and standing long jump (SLJ) for the latter. They were put in three groups (RST: resisted sprint training; UST: unresisted sprint training and TAU: control group – “training as usual”). Athletes performed a 4-week training intervention (5x20m resisted sprint group; 8x20m unresisted sprint group) and were tested 7 days after completing their final training session. Only RST improved all sprint times (T30, T20, T10, T5) substantially (-4.2% to -7.9% in split times) and provided trivial or small changes in sprint mechanics. The small changes were seen in sprint mechanical parameters of RFmax, Pmax and F0. UST only showed trivial effects in those parameters, while TAU showed a small decrease in both Pmax and Vmax. Regarding the jumps, RST and UST both showed a small increase in standing long jump and a trivial effect in counter-movement jump, while TAU decreased in both. Main conclusion is that resisted sprinting has proven to be a worthwhile method to improve acceleration and sprint performance and can be used by practitioners across a wide array of sports. It also improved jumping performance and sprint mechanical outputs, which point toward an improvement in better application of force in a horizontal direction.

Submitted by Pedro de Camargo Guizelini null (pedroguizepa@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-14T16:56:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Guizelini - Repositorio.pdf: 2007705 bytes, checksum: d596b79d35b56dca87fdf230055fb823 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-03-14T18:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guizelini_pc_me_rcla.pdf: 1825856 bytes, checksum: ac375acb4fff466e5fdfa4ff2d5c2bf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T18:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guizelini_pc_me_rcla.pdf: 1825856 bytes, checksum: ac375acb4fff466e5fdfa4ff2d5c2bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / A inclinação da curva força-tempo, obtida durante contrações voluntárias explosivas é definida como taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF). Como a TDF reflete a capacidade de desenvolver rapidamente força muscular, ela tem sido considerada uma importante ferramenta para a análise de performance desportiva, principalmente em esportes onde contrações explosivas e/ou ações funcionais (locomoção e manutenção do equilíbrio) são necessárias. Vários protocolos de treinamento com diferentes características (intensidade, número de series, número de repetições, duração) têm produzido melhora significante na TDF. Nesses estudos, vários mecanismos fundamentais para a melhora da TDF foram identificados. No entanto, não há clareza sobre os efeitos que diferentes aspectos do treinamento – tais como o tipo de contração, a velocidade da contração, especificidade de posição corporal entre teste e treinamento e a duração do treinamento - têm sobre a melhora da TDF. Sendo assim, esses aspectos continuam elusivos e são necessárias mais evidências. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a influência do treinamento resistido na TDF em adultos. Adicionalmente, o objetivo da presente meta-análise foi investigar, através da meta regressão, os efeitos das variáveis específicas de treinamento: 1) intenção de realizar o movimento de forma explosiva, independente da velocidade; 2) tipo de treinamento; 3) especificidade; 4) duração total do treinamento na TDF. A busca sistemática na literatura foi realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas desde o início até Marco de 2017, e os estudos descrevendo o efeito do treinamento resistido na TDF em adultos saudáveis foram considerados elegíveis. Dezoito estudos relevantes foram incluídos após a revisão sistemática, compreendendo um total de 527 indivíduos saudáveis. O treinamento resistido proporcionou um efeito benéfico moderado na TDF (% mudança = 27,17, 95%LC 18,22 a 36,81, p < 0,001). O treinamento resistido realizado com ações musculares explosivas e alta velocidade de contração (i.e.,treinamento explosivo) teve um efeito superior na melhora da TDF quando comparado ao treinamento isométrico e de força. No entanto, as contrações musculares explosivas realizadas durante o treinamento de força (i.e., alta carga e baixa velocidade) e o treinamento isométrico não parecem ser capazes de induzir a uma maior melhora de TDF do que o treinamento sem contrações musculares explosivas. Assim, até o momento, ainda não é possível se identificar se a elevada TDF contrátil por si só é o principal estímulo do treinamento para a melhora da TDF na fase inicial da contração (i.e., < 100 ms). / The slope of the moment (force)-time curve recorded during explosive voluntary contractions has been defined as the rate of force development (RFD). The RFD can be measured at different time intervals from the onset of the muscle contraction, and has been classified as RFD early (< 100 ms) and RFD late (> 100 ms). Since RFD reflects the capacity to rapidly develop muscle force, it has been considered an important tool for the analysis of sports performance, specifically in explosive-type sports and functional tasks (e.g. locomotion and postural balance). Several training protocols with different characteristics (intensity, number of sets, number of repetitions, duration) have produced significant improvement in RFD. In these studies, mechanisms have been identified that are important for RFD enhancement after different resistance training protocols. However, there is no clarity about the effects of different training variables – such as contraction type, contraction speed, body position specificity between training and testing and training duration – on RFD. Therefore, these aspects remain elusive and more data is needed. Thus, the purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the general effects of resistance training on RFD in adults. Furthermore, the present meta-analysis, using meta-regression, examines how specific training variables, such as: 1) intention of performing explosive muscle actions irrespective of high velocity movements; 2) training type; 3) specificity; and 4) total training duration affect RFD. A systematic literature search on electronic databases was performed up to March 2017, and the studies describing the resistance training effect on RFD in healthy adults were considered eligible. Eighteen relevant studies were included after systematic review, comprehending a total of 527 healthy individuals. Resistance training yielded a moderate beneficial effect on RFD (% change = 27,17, 95%CI 18,22 to 36,81, p < 0,001). Resistance training performed with explosive muscle actions and high contraction velocity (i.e., explosive training) had a superior effect on RFD improvement, when compared to isometric and strength training. However, explosive muscle contractions performed during strength training (i.e., high loads and low velocity) and isometric training don’t seem to be able to induce a higher RFD improvement when compared to training without explosive muscle contractions. Thus, the actual data does not allow identifying the high contractile RFD per se, as the main training stimulus for early RFD enhancement. (i.e., < 100 ms).

O desenvolvimento de protocolos de fortalecimento muscular, tanto na reabilitação quanto no treinamento, é realizado por exercícios resistidos, os quais envolvem a aplicação de sobrecargas externas ao músculo exercitado. Estas sobrecargas podem ser do tipo constante ou variável. Dentre os recursos existentes para a aplicação da resistência variável, os tubos elásticos são amplamente utilizados por sua versatilidade e viabilidade econômica. No entanto, é um material que ainda não possui parâmetros de aplicação claramente delineados. Alguns estudos realizaram a caracterização biomecânica dos materiais elásticos e as formas de aplicação nos diferentes tipos de exercícios, mas poucos registraram o comportamento do músculo quando exercitado por esse tipo de resistência. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento do grupo muscular isquiotibial, no que se diz respeito a sua geração de força interna e a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG), durante exercícios resistidos, com tubo elástico e peso fixo. Este trabalho envolveu: o estudo das propriedades de tubos elásticos nacionais e importados, por meio de ensaios mecânicos realizados no EMIC; a avaliação da força exercida pelos isquiotibiais em exercícios resistidos, com o indivíduo em diferentes posições, utilizando-se simulações realizadas no Origin 6.0 e MatLab 6.5 e baseadas no modelo biomecânico; e análise do sinal EMG do músculo bíceps femoral, o qual correlacionado com a força e o torque dos isquiotibiais, durante ensaios experimentais. Estes ensaios foram realizados em 10 voluntários do sexo masculino, os quais foram posicionados no sistema mecânico de exercício em decúbito dorsal para a realização de movimentos de flexo extensão do joelho, com resistência elástica e fixa. A captação do sinal EMG foi feita no módulo condicionador de sinais modelo EMG1000. Registrou-se também, a posição angular da perna por meio do eletrogoniômetro e a força aplicada, por uma célula de carga. Os dados foram tratados em rotina desenvolvida em MatLab 6.5. Os resultados mostraram que não existem diferenças significativas na relação tensão-deformação entre os tubos elásticos nacionais e importados. A otimização da escolha do tipo de resistência, baseada na resposta de força muscular, depende também da escolha da posição adotada pelo indivíduo para realizar a flexão do joelho. A relação entre a força dos isquiotibiais e o sinal EMG da cabeça longa do bíceps femoral foi independente do tipo de sobrecarga utilizada. O sinal EMG dos exercícios realizado com peso foi menos harmônico e o músculo agiu numa menor extensão do movimento. E, por fim, o torque foi proporcional ao sinal EMG, nos casos de resistência constante e elástica / The development of protocols of strengthening, as in the rehabilitation as in the training, it is carried through resistives exercises, which involve the application of external overloads to the exercised muscle. These overloads can be of the constant or variable type. Among the existing resources for the application of the variable resistance, the elastic tubing are widely used by its versatility and economic viability. However, it is a material that still haven`t possess parameters of application delineated clearly. Some studies had carried through the biomechanic characterization of the elastic materials and the forms of application in the different types of exercises, but few had registered the behavior of the muscle when exercised by this type of resistance. In this context, the aim of this work was to characterize the behavior of the hamstrings, connected to generation of internal force and the electromyography (EMG) activity, during resisted exercises, with elastic tubing and constant weight. This work involved: the study of the properties of national and imported elastic tubing, during the experiments in the EMIC; the evaluation of the force exerted for hamstrings in resisted exercises, with the individual in different positions, through simulations realized by 6,0 Origin and MatLab 6,5, based in the biomechanic model; analysis of EMG activity of the femoral biceps, which was correlated with the force and torque of the hamstrings, during the experiments. These experiments had been carried out in 10 voluntaries of the masculine gender, that had been located in the mechanical system of exercise in supino position for the accomplishment knee of flexion-extension of the knee, with elastic and constant resistance. The captation of EMG activity was made by conditioning module of signals model EMG1000. It was also registered the angular position of the leg through goniometer and the applied force through a load cell. The data had been treated in routine developed in MatLab 6.5. The results had shown no significant differences in the tension-deformation relation between the national and imported elastic tubes. The improvement of the choice of type of resistance, based on the reply of muscular force, also depends on the choice of the position adopted for the individual to carry out the knee flexion. The relation between the force of the hamstrings and EMG signal of the long head of the femoral biceps was independent of the type of used overload. The EMG activity of the exercises carried out with weight was less harmonic and the muscle acts in a less extension of the movement. Finally, the torque was proportional to EMG signal in the cases of constant and elastic resistance

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No. of bitstreams: 1 pabloramondomingos.pdf: 1334747 bytes, checksum: 7427028f3e6306db0c724acca7cc7684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / O objetivo foi descrever e comparar uma sessão de treinamento de força no Tirante Musculador® (TM) com uma sessão no meio agachamento guiado (MA), e também a recuperação dos participantes após a execução de ambos exercícios. 19 voluntários de ambos os sexos (10 do feminino e 9 do masculino), com média de idade de 17,4 ± 1,5 anos (58,7 ± 9,2 kg de massa corporal; 170,1 ± 9,1 cm de estatura; 35,1 ± 11,5 mm no somatório de dobras cutâneas), atletas de atletismo. Foram realizados dez encontros. No encontro 1 foi randomizada à escolha de qual exercício seria realizado primeiro, e foram realizadas a avaliação antropométrica e o teste de 1RM de um exercício, e após 72h realizaram quatro séries de oito movimentos com 80% do 1RM (encontro 2), e a cada 24h foram realizados testes para a avaliação da recuperação, até 72h (encontros 3, 4 e 5), e para o segundo exercício todo o procedimento foi repetido (encontros de 6 a 10). Durante os encontros 2 e 7 foram realizadas coletas da EMG dos músculos vasto lateral (VL), reto femoral (RF) e vasto medial (VM) e medida a velocidade de execução dos movimentos, já para os encontros de 3 ao 5 e de 8 ao 10, foram realizadas medidas da escala de qualidade total de recuperação (QTR), de dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM), EMG do VL durante a CVIM e salto com contra movimento (SCM). Não houve diferença na EMG entre os dois exercícios (p>0,05), porém, o RF apresenta um tamanho de efeito grande (1,07), sugerindo maior participação do mesmo na execução do TM do que no MA, não encontrando diferença também entre a potência gerada no TM e no MA (p>0,05). Quando comparada a recuperação do TM com a do MA não encontramos diferença para nenhuma das variáveis medidas (p>0,05). Sendo assim, concluímos que tanto o TM, quanto o MA são bons exercícios para desenvolver a potência, e neste tipo de protocolo se recuperam rapidamente. O TM apresenta certa vantagem em relação ao MA devido às cargas externas absolutas serem menores que no MA e apresentarem respostas internas iguais. Qualitativamente, o efeito da carga aplicada parece durar mais tempo no TM do que no MA, mas, ambos acontecem na mesma magnitude, sendo assim, é necessário que novos estudos sejam realizados de maneira crônica para que se possa compreender de fato os possíveis efeitos. / The aim was to describe and compare a strength training session in the Tirante Musculador® (TM) with a session in the half squat guided (HS), and also the recovery of participants after the execution of both exercises. 19 volunteers of both sexes (10 female and 9 male), with an average age of 17.4 ± 1.5 years (58.7 ± 9.2 kg of body weight; 170.1 ± 9.1 cm stature; 35.1 ± 11.5 mm in the sum of skinfolds), track and field athletes. Ten meetings were held. On the meeting 1 was randomized to the choice of which exercise would be did first, anthropometric evaluation and the test of 1RM of exercise chosen were carried out, and after 72 hours performed four series of eight movements with 80% of 1RM (meeting 2), and every 24 hours did tests for the evaluation of recovery, until to 72 hours (3, 4 and 5 meetings) and for the second exercise the entire procedure was repeated (6 to 10 meetings). During the 2 and 7 meetings were captured electromyographic sings (EMG) of muscle which Vastus lateralis (VL), Rectus Femoris (RF) and Vastus medialis (VM) and measure the execution speed of the movements, to the meetings of 3 to 5 and 8 to 10, were collect total quality recovery scale measures (TRQ), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), maximum isometric voluntary contraction, (MIVC), EMG of the VL during the MIVC and a counter movement jump (CMJ). There was no difference in the EMG between the two exercises (p > 0.05), however, the RF features a large effect size (1.07), suggesting greater participation on implementation of TM than in HS, finding no difference also between the power generated in the TM and HS (p > 0.05). When compared to TM recovery with the HS did not find a difference to any of the variables (p > 0.05). Thus, we conclude that both the TM, as HS are good exercises to develop the power, and in this protocol type recover quickly. The TM presents a certain advantage when compared with the HS due to absolute external loads are smaller than in the HS and submit internal responses alike. Qualitatively, the effect of the applied load seems to last longer in TM than in MA, but both happen on the same magnitude, therefore, it is necessary that new studies be conducted in chronic way in order to understand the possible effects.