The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an eight-week weight training program upon leg strength and running speed of middle-school-age boys.

Masters Research - Master of Philosophy / Introduction Forty-six elite adolescent male rugby league players (12-17 years) participated in a nine-week study to determine the effects of three exercise training programs on 0-30 metres sprint running time and bounds performance (10 bounds). Subjects were randomly assigned to a rugby league fitness group (F) n=12, a sprint group (S) n= 14 and a sprint-bounds group (SB) n= 20. Forty-two subjects completed the study. Methods Separate sessions for fitness, speed, and bounds were conducted once a week for nine weeks. To determine the effect of training a two-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by post-hoc paired t-tests to allow pairwise comparisons when significant interactions were found. Significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Mac (version 13.1). Effect sizes were calculated to evaluate the meaningfulness of observed changes. Results Moderate improvements (p<0.05; 5%) were observed in both the F and SB groups over 10 m. Speed changes over 30 m differed more among the groups. The F group recorded moderate (p<0.01; 4%) improvements, small improvements (p<0.01; 3%) in the SB group and trivial difference (p<0.05) in the S group. The F and S groups improved by approximately 7% (p<0.01) in bounds performance over 10 bounds whereas the SB group improved by approximately 10% (p<0.01) in bounds performance over 10 bounds. Group S had faster sprint times (p<0.05) prior to training compared to groups F and SB. Discussion All three programs led to improvements in sprint speed and bounds distance, but the extent of the improvements varied with the specificity of the training program and pre-training performance level. Groups F and SB had 4-5% improvements in sprint speed over 30 m whereas group S showed relatively trivial changes. In all groups, the improvements were greater over 10 m and least over 30 m. Bounds distance improved more than sprint speed, and the greatest improvement was achieved in the SB group compared to the F and S groups. Conclusion Rugby league training (game specific drills and extended efforts) coupled with the various components of physical activity can improve speed and power as effectively as specific speed and power training in adolescent boys. Training for acceleration can selectively improve 0-10 m speed more than 0-30 m speed. Sprint and bounds training have been shown to be safe and effective methods to increase speed and power in this group of adolescents.

Greitumas – vienas iš svarbiausių judamųjų gebėjimų. Jis įvairiose sporto šakose pasireiškia skirtingomis formomis. Greitumo pratybos, tai tokios pratybos, kurios nemažina maksimalaus raumens susitraukimo ir atsipalaidavimo greičio, o jį padidina. Yra žinoma, kad jėgos pratybos yra kenksmingos greitumui. Mūsų nuomone, didžiausia problema sporto moksle - kaip padidinti jėgą nesumažinant raumens susitraukimo ir atsipalaidavimo greičio. Taip pat labai aktualu sužinoti, kaip skirtingų genų variantų žmonės geba didinti greitumą ir jo pasireiškimo formas. Šiuo metu pasirodė daug straipsnių apie ACTN3 R577X polimorfizmą. Yra žinoma, kad α-aktinino-3 baltymo nėra pas 16 % pasaulio žmonių. Įdomu tai, kad mutavusio (X) alelio ir ypač pilno α-aktinino-3 (alelis XX) deficito dažnis yra ženkliai mažesnis tarp sprinto ir galingumo atletus. Todėl mes savo tyrime analizavome greitumo pratybų įtaką didesnio jėgos indėlio reikalaujantiems pratimams ir gautus rezultatus lyginome tarp skirtingų RR ir XX genotipų. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti maksimalaus greitumo padidėjimo įtaką didesnio jėgos indėlio reikalaujantiems judamiesiems gebėjimams priklausomai nuo RR (gaminasi α-aktininas-3) ir XX (nesigamina α-aktininas-3) genotipo. Tyrimo objektas – greitumo pokytis ir to pokyčio įtaka didesnės jėgos reikalaujantiems judamiesiems gebėjimams RR ir XX genotipo grupėse. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti, kaip po 10 maksimalaus greitumo lavinimo pratybų kito RR ir XX grupių greitumo judamasis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Running speed is one of the most important physical properties. It has various forms. Speed training does not decrease muscle contraction and relaxation speed. It is well known, that strength training decrease running speed results. That’s why we think that maybe the most important problem in sport science is how to increase strength without maximum muscle contraction and relaxation speed decrease. Also it is important to know how people with different genotypes can increase running speed. There are only few articles about ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. A common nonsense mutation (R577X) in the ACTN3, resulting in a premature stop codon and lack of detectable protein in homozygous individuals for the ACTN3 null allele (XX genotype), has been demonstrated in the general human population with 16 % prevalence in Caucasians. Sprint athletes have lower 577XX genotype frequency endurance athletes. That’s why we analyze running speed workouts influence to more strength required physical properties between RR and XX groups. The aim of the study - to investigate running speed increment influence to more strength required physical properties and compare results between RR (with α-actinin-3) and XX (without α-actinin-3) groups. The object of the study - running speed change and this change influence to more strength required physical properties between RR (with α-actinin-3) and XX (without α-actinin-3) groups. Study tasks: 1. To investigate how after maximum speed workouts vary running speed... [to full text]

Greitumas – vienas iš svarbiausių judamųjų gebėjimų. Siekiant išugdyti maksimalųjį bėgimo greitį, treniruočių metu pasitelkiamos tokios pagalbinės priemonės maksimaliams greitumui kelti, kaip bėgimas su sunkmena bei bėgimas su palengvinimu. Kuri iš šių treniravimo priemonių duoda didesnį prieaugį bėgimo greičiui yra mažai studijuota. Todėl šio darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti bėgimo su sunkmena ir su palengvinimu įtaką 60 m bėgimo rezultatui. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti didelio meistriškumo trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su palengvinimu. 2. Įvertinti nesportuojančiųjų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su palengvinimu. 3. Įvertinti didelio meistriškumo trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su sunkmena. 4. Įvertinti nesportuojančiųjų 60 m bėgimo rezultatus po bėgimo su sunkmena. 5. Palyginti bėgimo su palengvinimu bei bėgimo su pasipriešinimu poveikį 60 m nuotolio bėgimo rezultatams. Darbo objektas – bėgimo su palengvinimu ir bėgimo su sunkmena įtaka didelio meistriškumo sprinterių, bei profesionaliai nesportuojančiųjų asmenų, bėgimo greičiui bei atsispyrimo trukmei. Tyrimo metu buvo atlikta bėgimo greičio kitimo analizė naudojant bėgimo parametrų matuoklį SBM – 1. Atsispyrimo trukmei įvertinti buvo naudojamas prietaisas „OptoJump“. Buvo analizuota: didelio meistriškumo trupųjų nuotolių bėgikų bei nesportuojančių asmenų 60 m bėgimo greičio kitimas ir atsispyrimo trukmių palyginimas, bėgant be krūvio ir po bėgimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Speed – is one of the most important ability of movement. Willing to improve maximum running speed, you need to have some certain helping equipment to improve you maximum speed such as resistance and assistance running. Which is more effective of those two methods nobody knows since there wasn’t enough research done in this case. This research the main point was to analyze assisted and resisted running influence to 60m running result. The following tasks were raised in order to achieve this purpose: 1. To evaluate high level athletes results after 60m assisted running. 2. To evaluate non athlete results after 60m assisted running. 3. To evaluate high level athletes results after 60m resisted running. 4. To evaluate non athletes results after 60m resisted running. 5. To compare resisted and assisted running influence to 60m running results. The object of this research – the influence of assisted and resisted running for high level sprinters and non athletes, running speed and take-off time. During this research has been done analysis how speed varies using speed measurement equipment SBM – 1. To evaluate taking-off time was used device “OptoJump”. Has been analyzed: high level athletes and non athletes 60m running speed variation and taking off duration while running normally and after resisted or assisted running. We can say that running with assistance or resistance before 60m race can help to improve results. We think that after running 60m with resistance will improve... [to full text]

Efektyvus didelio meistriškumo sprinterių treniruotės valdymas galimas tik turint objektyvią informaciją apie įvairius pasirengimo aspektus. Tai reikšmingi veiksniai, tiesiogiai įtakojantys sprinterio rezultatą. Mes savo darbe pabandėme netik palyginti ir išsiaiškinti geriausių pasaulio bei Lietuvos trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų privalumus bei trūkumus, bet ir pabandėme tyrimais atrasti pratimus, kurie padidintų sportininkų bėgimo greitį bei greičio prieaugį. Mūsų darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti didelio meistriškumo trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų bėgimo greičio įvairiomis sąlygomis rodiklius. Darbe iškėlėme šiuos uždavinius:1) išanalizuoti geriausių pasaulio ir Lietuvos trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų bėgimo greičio skirtumus bėgant 40m nuotolį; 2) išanalizuoti bėgimų greičio skirtumus bėgant 5 kartus po 40m per 5min poilsio; 3) išanalizuoti bėgimo greičio skirtumus bėgant su sunkmena; 4) išanalizuoti bėgimo greičio skirtumus bėgant su palengvinimu; 5) išanalizuoti bėgimo greičio skirtumus po jėgos ugdymo treniruotės; 6) išanalizuoti skirtingų treniruočių mikrociklų įtaką trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų bėgimo greičiui. Mūsų darbe buvo atliekami 6 tyrimai. Pirmojo tyrimo metu buvo lyginami Lietuvos ir pasaulio geriausių trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų 40 m bėgimo greičio rezultatai kas 10 m. Antrojo, trečiojo, ketvirtojo ir penktojo tyrimo metu tiriamieji prieš treniruotę ir po jos bėgo 40 m, tik skyrėsi taikytas krūvis treniruotėje. Buvo taikytos tokios treniruotės: a) 5 kartai po 40 m kas 5min poilsio; b)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objective information about various aspects of preparation is essential for efficient management in great technique sprinters’ training. These are very important factors, which influence sprinter’s result directly. In our work we tried not only to compare and find out advantages and disadvantages of the best sprinters in Lithuania and the world but also, according to our researches, to find out exercises, which increase runners speed and acceleration. The aim of this work is to analyse the indicators of running speed on various conditions of great technique short – distance runners. Following tasks have been set: 1) to analyse Lithuania’s and world’s best sprinters speed differences in 40 metres distance; 2) to analyse speed differences while running 40 metres distance 5 times with 5 minutes brakes; 3) to analyse speed differences while running with weights; 4) to analyse speed differences while running with abatement; 5) to analyse speed differences after strength training; 6) to analyse the influence of different training micro cycles on sprinters’ speed. 6 researches have been accomplished. In the first research, the world’s and Lithuania’s best sprinters results of 40 metres distance every other 10 metres were compared. In the second, third, fifth research, subjects of investigation had to run 40 metres distance before and after the training, only conditions of training were different. Following training systems were applied: a) 5 times of 40 metres distance with 5... [to full text]

The phenotypes of hatchling reptiles are influenced by the environmental conditions that embryos experience during incubation, by yolk invested into the egg, and by the genetic contributions of the parents. Phenotypic traits are influenced by these factors in ways that potentially affect the fitness of hatchlings. The physical conditions that embryos experience within the nest affects development, hatching success, and hatchling phenotypes. Thus, the nest site that a female selects can influence the survival of her offspring as well as her overall fitness. In Chapter 1, I addressed this issue through a nest site selection experiment designed to determine the substrate temperature and moisture conditions that female eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) select when provided a range of conditions from which to choose. In general, I found that females selected nest sites with conditions that yield high hatching success. In Chapter two, I investigated the relative contributions of incubation moisture conditions, maternal yolk investment, and clutch (genotype) to variation in hatchling phenotypes and survival under field conditions. Eggs from 28 clutches were distributed among two moisture treatments; wet (-150 kPa) and dry (-530 kPa). In another treatment, yolk was removed from eggs to determine the affect of yolk quantity on hatchling phenotypes. After hatching, several phenotypic traits (mass, snout-vent length, tail length, body shape, thermal preference, running speed, desiccation rate, and growth rate) were measured. Hatchlings were subsequently marked and released at a field site in southwest Virginia. Hatchlings were recaptured twice weekly prior to winter and the following spring to monitor growth and survival. I found that incubation moisture and yolk removal affected only hatchling body size; individuals from the dry and yolk removed treatments were smaller in body size than those from the wet treatment. However, clutch was the most important source of phenotypic variation; all phenotypes were affected by clutch. Significant clutch effects suggested the possibility that phenotypic variation had at least some genetic basis. In the field, survival was not affected by incubation moisture and yolk removal, and overall survival was not associated with hatchling body size. Survivors and nonsurvivors differed only in growth rate in the field and running speed measured in the laboratory. Survivors ran faster and grew more slowly than nonsurvivors. To examine the association of clutch with survival, I used clutch mean values to look at the relationship between phenotype and survival. Clutches that produced relatively slow growing individuals and fast runners had higher survival rates than clutches that produced relatively rapid growing individuals and slow runners. In order to grow rapidly, an individual must eat more than slowly growing individuals. Thus, rapid growth rate may increase risk of predation through its association with foraging activity. Individuals that run fast should be capable of capturing prey and evading predators more effectively than individuals that run slowly. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of clutch to variation in phenotypes and survival in hatchling Sceloporus undulatus. / Master of Science

Gyroscopes have been used in previous studies to measure the peak angular velocity of the shoe or foot in the frontal plane (evVel). However, it is not clear whether different test conditions (footwear hardness or locomotion speed) can influence the accuracy of evVel. The purpose of the present study was to compare the accuracy of gyroscopes and electrogoniometers when measuring evVel and the time until evVel (t_evVel) in 12 different conditions using a single axis gyroscope attached to the heel cap. Twenty-four recreational runners were instructed to walk and run on a 15-m indoor track at four locomotion speeds (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s, and individual running speed) and in three footwear conditions (low to high hardness). The gyroscope data and electrogoniometer data were sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. Comparisons between both measurement devices showed small mean differences up to 49.8 ± 46.9 deg/s for evVel and up to 5.3 ± 3.5 ms for t_evVel. Furthermore, strong relationships between gyroscope and electrogoniometer data were found for evVel as well as for t_evVel for all conditions. It can be concluded that gyroscopes can be used to accurately determine evVel and t_evVel under a variety of conditions.

Gyroscopes have been used in previous studies to measure the peak angular velocity of the shoe or foot in the frontal plane (evVel). However, it is not clear whether different test conditions (footwear hardness or locomotion speed) can influence the accuracy of evVel. The purpose of the present study was to compare the accuracy of gyroscopes and electrogoniometers when measuring evVel and the time until evVel (t_evVel) in 12 different conditions using a single axis gyroscope attached to the heel cap. Twenty-four recreational runners were instructed to walk and run on a 15-m indoor track at four locomotion speeds (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s, and individual running speed) and in three footwear conditions (low to high hardness). The gyroscope data and electrogoniometer data were sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. Comparisons between both measurement devices showed small mean differences up to 49.8 ± 46.9 deg/s for evVel and up to 5.3 ± 3.5 ms for t_evVel. Furthermore, strong relationships between gyroscope and electrogoniometer data were found for evVel as well as for t_evVel for all conditions. It can be concluded that gyroscopes can be used to accurately determine evVel and t_evVel under a variety of conditions.

No description available.